John  Sv/ett 


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V     PROGRESSIVE  MAP  XV  I 


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A 

Manual 


OF 


General  History: 

Being  an  Outline  History  of  the  World 

from  the  Creation  to  the 

Present  Time. 

FULLY  ILLUSTRATED  WITH  MAPS. 

FOR  THE  USE  OP 

ACADEMIES,  HIGH-SCHOOLS,  AND  FAMILIES. 


BY 

JOHK  J.  AKDERSOISu  A.M., 

LATE  PRINCIPAL  OP  GRAMMAR-SCHOOL  NO.  31,  NEW  YORK  CITY;    AUTHOR  OP 

AN  INTRODUCTORY    SCHOOL-HISTORY,  A  COMMON-SCHOOL  HISTORY, 

A  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL  HISTORY,  AND  A  PICTORIAL  SCHOOL 

HISTORY   OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


NEW  YORK : 
CLARK  &  MAYNARD,  PUBLISHERS, 

5    BARCLAY    STREET. 

1870. 


SCHOOL   HISTORIES 


JOHN  J.  ANDERSON,  A.  M., 

Late  Principal  of  Grammar  School  No.  31,  New  York.  City. 


1.  Introductory  School    History    of  the  United 

Slates.    Illustrated  with  maps.    194  pp.    16mo. 

This  work,  though  arranged  on  the  catechetical  plan,  may  he  read  independ- 
ently of  the  questions  as  a  continuous  narrative,  the  text  having  been  fully  writ- 
ten before  the  questions  were  prepared.  It  is  designed  for  classes  of  ad- 
vanced AS  WELL  AS  LOWER  GRADES,  IN  WHICH  ONLY  AN  OUTLINE  OF  UNITED 

States  History  is  taught. 

2.  Common  School  History  of  the  United  States. 

Illustrated  with  maps.    350  pp.    16mo. 

This  work  is  more  catechetical  than  the  preceding,  since  the  answers  are  more 
independent  of  each  other.    It  is  designed  for  large  graded  schools. 

3.  Grammar  School  History  of  the  United  States. 

With  one  series  of  maps  showing  the  places  referred  to  in  the  work,  and  another 
showing  the  progress  of  the  country,  with  its  territorial  extent  at  different  pe- 
riods in  its  History.     252  pp.    16mo. 

The  narrative  plan  has  been  adopted  in  this  book,  with  one  set  of  questions 
at  the  bottom  of  the  pases,  and  another  for  topical  review  at  the  end  of  the 
sections.  This  work  will  meet  all  the  wants  of  graded  schools  and 
academies. 

4.  Pictorial  School  History  of  the  United  States. 

Fully  illustrated  with  maps,  portraits,  vignettes,  &c.    402  pp.    12mo. 

This  work  is  also  on  the  narrative  plan,  but  more  circumstantial  in  its  state- 
ments than  any  of  the  preceding.  It  is  designed  for  High  Schools  and 
Academies. 

***  All  of  the  above-named  works  contain  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
and  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  with  questions  and  explanations : 
and  in  the  Grammar  School  History  will  also  be  found  Washington's  Farewell 
Address. 

5.  A  manual  of  General  History.  Copiously  illus- 
trated with  maps,  and  accompanied  with  questions,  Chronological  Tables,  Tables 
of  Contemporaneous  History,  etc.  etc.    420  pp.    12mo. 

This  work  has  been  prepared  with  great  care  on  the  narrative  plan. 
Its  statements  are  brief  and  clear.    Designed  for  advanced  classes. 

6.  Anderson's  Rloss's  Ancient  History.    Illustrated 

with  colored  maps  and  a  chart.  445  pp.  12mo.  Designed  for  High  Schools 
and  Academies. 

One  of  the  leading  atms  in  all  of  Anderson's  Histories  is  to  con- 
nect the  geography  with  the  chronology. 

Clark  &  Maynard,  publishers, 

5  BARCLAY  ST.,  New  York. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1809. 

By  JOHN  J.  ANDERSON, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  tte 

Southern    District  of  New  York. 


TO  TEACHEES. 


This  work  is  designed  to  supply  what  the  author  be- 
lieves to  be  a  great  want  among  school  text-books  at 
the  present  time — namely,  a  convenient  manual  of  gen- 
eral history,  with  the  necessary  geographical  and  chro- 
nological accompaniments.  The  plan  pursued  corres- 
ponds with  that  of  the  author's  popular  school  his- 
tories of  the  United  States,  the  situation  of  the  differ- 
ent places  mentioned  in  the  text  being  shown  on  maps, 
specially  prepared  for  this  work.  These  maps,  as  far 
as  it  wras  found  possible  in  so  elementary  a  work,  also 
present  the  progressive  changes  in  the  various  polit- 
ical divisions  of  which  the  history  successively  treats. 
In  connection  with  them  is  given  a  system  of  map- 
questions,  by  which  the  pupil's  attention  is  called  to 
the  exact  location  of  places  just  previous  to  their  oc- 
currence in  the  History. 

The  value  of  this  plan  has  never  been  disputed  by 
any  teacher  or  student  by  whom  it  has  been  employed, 
experience  clearly  showing,  that  by  associating  events 
with  places,  both  are  more  permanently  impressed  on 
the  mind. 

The  questions  at  the  bottom  of  the  pages  are  chiefly 
designed  to  draw  attention  to  single  facts,  or  to  very 
brief  statements ;  those  at  the  end  of  the  sections, 
called  Bevieiv  Questions,  associate  facts  belonging  to 
the  same  individual,  place,  or  train  of  events,  and  are 
thus  of  a  topical  character.     This  system  of  exercises 

&4S51J4 


TO   TEACHERS. 


affords  all  that  is  needed  to  give  the  pupil  that  power 
and  readiness  of  grouping,  describing,  and  relating,  in 
which  the  chief  value  of  historical  study  consists. 

The  arrangement  of  matter  followed  is  that  by 
countries,  rather  than  by  periods,  the  author  being  of 
opinion,  that  the  latter  tends  to  confuse  very  much  the 
mind  of  a  student  who  has  not  already  acquired  a 
pretty  good  outline  of  the  history  of  each  country  de- 
scribed. By  dividing  the  whole  subject  into  the 
periods  of  Ancient,  Mediceval,  and  Modern  history,  the 
awkward  and  unsatisfactory  method  has  been  avoided 
of  keeping  the  pupil's  attention,  while  he  is  studying 
the  history  of  one  country,  entirely  away  from  the  con- 
temporaneous history  of  other  nations.  This  is  still 
further  obviated  by  the  several  tables  of  contemporane- 
ous events  interspersed  through  the  work.  Events 
that  are  connected  with  the  history  of  several  countries 
are  referred  to  briefly  in  each,  so  that  they  may  be  im- 
pressed upon  the  mind  more  clearly,  by  being  viewed 
from  each  as  a  stand-point. 

The  indicated  pronunciation  of  proper  names,  which 
in  the  study  of  general  history  (particularly  of  ancient 
history)  are  so  apt  to  be  mispronounced,  will  be  found 
a  source  of  great  convenience  to  both  teacher  and 
pupil,  to  whom  it  is  not  always  possible  to  consult 
such  vocabularies  as  contain  these  words,  and  who, 
therefore,  generally  acquire,  by  habit,  incorrect  methods 
of  pronunciation,  very  difficult  afterward  to  be  aban- 
doned. The  authorities  employed  are  Webster's  and 
Worcester  s  Dictionaries,  and  Lippincotfs  Pronouncing 
Gazetteer. 

Being  convinced  of  the  great  importance  of  chro- 
nology, the  author  has  inserted  dates  very  freely,  but 
generally  so  as  to  form  no  essential  part  of  the  narra- 


TO  TEACHERS. 


tive, — in  order  that,  while  the  pupil  need  not  be  ex- 
pected to  make  these  dates  a  matter  of  special  study., 
he  may  obtain,  by  keeping  them  in  view,  a  definite  idea 
of  the  events  in  their  order  of  occurrence,  and  of  the 
intervals  of  time  by  which  they  are  separated. — 
Teachers  need  not  be  admonished  against  the  folly  of 
requiring  dates  to  be  memorized  apart  from  the  nar- 
rative to  which  they  relate. 

The  maps  should  be  used  freely,  being  consulted 
constantly,  and  occasionally  drawn  on  the  blackboard, 
either  by  the  teacher,  or  one  of  the  pupils.  No  recita- 
tion should  be  permitted  without  a  reference  to  them. 
In  this  way,  the  conceptions  of  the  pupils  will  be  made 
clear  and  accurate,  the  eyes  as  well  as  the  ears  being 
called  into  requisition. 

Trusting  that  this  work  will  receive  the  generous 
patronage  and  consideration  awarded  to  his  other 
historical  publications,  the  author,  with  these  few 
remarks  and  suggestions,  commits  it  to  the  impartial 
examination  of  his  colaborers  in  the  cause  of  educa- 
tion. 


MAPS. 


MAPS. 


-♦-♦-, 

PAGH 


1.  The  Persian  Empire  under  Darius  (Progressive  Map,  No.  1), 

Frontispiece. 

2.  Ancient  Monarchies 12 

3.  Ancient  Greece  (Progressive  Map,  No.  2) facing    33 

4.  Asia  Minor 41 

5.  The  Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand  '. 47 

6.  The  Marches  of  Alexander  the  Great 52 

7.  Ancient  Italy  (Progressive  Map,  No.  3) facing    67 

8.  Vicinity  of  Rome 68 

9.  The  Roman  Empire    under  Augustus    (Progressive  Map, 

No.  4) facing  104 

10.  The  Barbaric  Monarchies  at  the  commencement  of  the  reign 

of  Justinian  (Progressive  Map,  No.  5) facing  131 

11.  The  Empire  of  Charlemagne  and  the  Contemporary  Mon- 

archies (Progressive  Map,  No.  6) facing  142 

12.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 158 

13.  France,  and  the  neighboring  Countries 188 

14.  Spain  and  Portugal 226 

15.  The  Places  referred  to  in  the  Modern  History  of  Europe 

(Progressive  Map,  No.  7) facing  232 

16.  Discoveries  and  Explorations  in  North  America 358 

17.  South  America  (Progressive  Map,  No.  8) facing  366 

18.'  Part  of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 372 

19.  The  United  States  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  (Progressive 

Map,  No.  9) facing  374 

20.  The  Niagara  Frontier 377 

21.  Taylor's  Campaign 380 

22.  Scott's  Campaign 381 

23.  Part  of  Maryland  and  Virginia 384 


CONTENTS. 


PAGH 

INTRODUCTION 9 

PART  I.    ANCIENT  HISTORY. 

SECTION  I.— The  Most  Ancient  Nations 11 

Babylonia  or  Chaldea  (12) ;  Assyria  (14) ;  Media  (16) ;  Lydia 
(17) ;  Ancient  Egypt  (19) ;  Ethiopia  (24) ;  Syria  and  Pales- 
tine (25) ;  Chronological  Recapitulation  (28). 

SECTION  II. — Persia,  Greece,  and  Macedonia 31 

Persia  (31);  Greece  (33);  Macedonian  Empire  (49) ;  Chrono- 
logical Recapitulation  (64). 

SECTION  III.— Rome 67 

Samnite  War  (75) ;  Punic  Wars  (77) ;  Pergamus  (84) ;  The 
Gracchi  (86) ;  War  against  Jugurtha  (88) ;  Social  War  (89) ; 
Mithridatic  War  (89) ;  Civil  War  of  Marius  and  Sylla  (90) ; 
Servile  War  (91) ;  Jewish  history  (92) ;  Conspiracy  of  Cati- 
line (93) ;  First  Triumvirate  (93) ;  Second  Civil  War  (95) ; 
Second  Triumvirate  (99) ;  Chronological  Recapitulation  (100) ; 
Table  of  Contemporaneous  Events  (102). 

SECTION  IV.— The  Roman  Empire 104 

Augustus  (104);  Tiberius  (105);  Caligula  (106);  Claudius 
(106) ;  Nero  (107) ;  Galba  (108) ;  Otho  (108) ;  Vitellius  (108) ; 
Vespasian  (109);  Titus  (109);  Domitian  (110);  The  Five 
Good  Emperors  (111);  Commodus  (113);  Pertinax  (114); 
Septimius  Severus  (114);  Caracalla  (115);  Macrinus  (115); 
Heliogabalus  (116) ;  Alexander  Severus  (116) ;  Maximin 
(116) ;  Gordian  (117) ;  Decius  (117) ;  Valerian  (117) ;  Gallie- 
nus  (118);  Claudius  (119);  Aurelian  (119);  Tacitus  (120); 
Diocletian  (120) ;  Constantine  (121) ;  Julian  the  Apostate 
(122) ;  Jovian  (123) ;  Theodosius  the  Great  (123) ;  Honorius 
(124) ;  Valentinian  III.  (125) ;  Maximus  (125) ;  Romulus  Au- 
gustulus  (127) ;  Chronological  Recapitulation  (127). 


CONTENTS. 


PART  II.    MEDIAEVAL  HISTOEY. 

SECTION  I.— The  Eastern  Empire 131 

SECTION  IL— The  Dark  Ages 142 

The  Franks  (142) ;  The  Normans  (146) ;  The  Saxons  in  Brit- 
ain (147) ;  The  Saracens  (149) ;  The  Feudal  System  (153) ; 
Chronological  Recapitulation  (154). 

SECTION  III.— England  in  the  Middle  Ages 157 

Norman  Kings  (160) ;  The  Plantagenets  (163) ;  Chronologi- 
cal Recapitulation  (184). 

SECTION  IV.— France  during  the  Mlddle  Ages 187 

Branch  of  Yalois  (196) ;  Chronological  Recapitulation  (202). 

SECTION  V.— The  Crusades 205 

First  Crusade  (206) ;  Second  Crusade  (207) ;  Third  Crusade 
(208) ;  Fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  seventh  Crusades  (209) ;  Influence 
of  the  Crusades  (210) ;  Chronological  Recapitulation  (211). 

SECTION  VI. — Central  and   Southern  Europe   during 

the  Middle  Ages 213 

Germany  (213);  The  Hanseatic  League  (216);  Switzerland 
(219) ;  Italy  (220) ;  Spain  (225) ;  Portugal  (227) ;  Chronologi- 
cal Recapitulation  (228) ;  Table  of  Contemporaneous  Events 
(230). 

PART  III.    MODERN  HISTORY. 

SECTION  I.— England 232 

The  Tudors  (232);  The  Stuart  Family  (245) ;  The  Common- 
wealth (254) ;  House  of  Brunswick  (267) ;  Chronological  Re- 
capitulation (281). 

SECTION  II.— France 285 

House  of  Bourbon  (295) ;  Chronological  Recapitulation  (329). 

SECTION  III.— European  States 325 

Germany  (325);  Austria  (330) ;  Prussia  (331) ;  Poland  (333); 
Holland  and  Belgium  (335);  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Den- 
mark (337);  Russia  (340);  Switzerland  (343);  Italy  (344); 
Spain  (346) ;  Portugal  (348) ;  Turkey  (349) ;  Greece  (352) ; 
Chronological  Recapitulation  (353);  Table  of  Contempo- 
raneous Events  (357). 

SECTION  IV.— American  History  359 

Discoveries  and  Settlements  (359);  United  States  (369); 
Mexico  (391) ;  Central  America  (392) ;  West  Indies  (393) ; 
Chronological  Recapitulation  (396). 


INTRODUCTION. 


HISTORY  AND  CHRONOLOGY — THEIR  DIVISIONS,  SOURCES,  ETC. 

1.  History  is  a  narration  of  the  events  which  have  hap- 
pened among  mankind,  including  an  account  of  the  rise 
and  fall  of  nations,  as  well  as  of  other  great  changes  which 
have  affected  the  political  and  social  condition  of  the 
human  race. 

2.  Chronology  is  a  department  of  history  which  treats 
of  the  exact  time,  or  date,  of  each  event,  with  reference  to 
some  fixed  time,  called  an  era  or  epoch.  The  epoch  usually 
employed  in  our  times  among  Christian  nations  for  reck- 
oning dates,  is  the  birth  of  Christ,  called  the  Christian 
Ura.*  All  dates  preceding  this  are  marked  b.  c,  that  is, 
Before  Christ;  and  all  subsequent  to  it  are  marked  A.  D., 
that  is,  Anno  Domini,  which  means  In  the  year  of  our 
Lord ;  that  is,  After  the  Mrth  of  Christ. 

3.  Previous  to  the  fifth  century  b.  c,  there  are  but  few 
dates  that  can  be  fixed  with  tolerable  certainty ;  that  is  to 
say,  no  uninterrupted  series  of  dates  can  be  accurately  and 
positively  assigned  to  events  which  are  known  to  have 
occurred.  In  the  earliest  ages  all  dates  are  uncertain, 
authorities  differing  very  much  with  regard  to  them,  from 

*  This  era  is,  however,  commonly  placed  four  years  after  the  time  a*  which  the  birth  of  Christ 
k  supposed  to  have  taken  place. 


Intkodtction.— 1.  What  is  history? 

2.  What  is  chronology  ?    What  is  an  era  or  epoch?    What  epoch  is  usually  em- 
ployed ?    What  does  B.  O  mean  ?    A.  D.  ? 

3.  When  do  dates  hecome  reliable? 

1* 


10  INTRODUCTION. 


the  absence  of  reliable  information  respecting  these  very 
remote  periods. 

4.  History  is  best  divided  into  Ancient,  Mediceval,  and 
Modern.  Ancient  history  is  considered  to  end  476  A.  d., 
the  date  of  the  destruction  of  the  western  division  of  the 
Eoman  Empire.  Mediaeval  history,  or  the  history  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  extends  from  476  a.  d.  to  about  the  time 
of  the  fall  of  the  eastern  division  of  the  Eoman  Empire,  in 
1453.  All  subsequent  history  belongs  to  the  third  division. 
This  mode  of  dividing  the  subject  is,  however,  entirely 
arbitrary. 

5.  The  most  important  facts  to  be  learned  in  history  are 
those  that  refer  to  the  progress  of  mankind  in  civilization, 
— in  the  arts,  sciences,  literature,  political  freedom,  social 
culture,  and  religious  truth.  Whatever  events  have  no 
immediate  bearing  upon  these,  though  often  affording  mat- 
ter for  curious  reflection  and  interesting  research,  are  of 
secondary  importance. 

6.  The  chief  sources  of  ancient  history  are  the  Sacred 
Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,  which  are  the 
compositions  of  inspired  writers,  the  works  of  ancient 
writers  not  divinely  inspired,  and  ancient  monuments, 
medals,  coins,  inscriptions,  etc. 

4.  How  is  history  divided  ?    At  what  date  does  ancient  history  end  ?   M  idiaeval 
history  ?    What  other  division  is  there  ? 

5.  What  are  the  most  important  facts  of  history  ? 

6.  What  are  the  chief  sources  of  ancient  history  ? 


PAET  I. 

ANCIENT    HISTO'BT. 


section  i. 

The  most  Ahcieht  Nations. 

Extending  from  the  Earliest  Ages  to  the  Foundation  of  the  Persian 
Empire  by  Cyrus  the  Great. 

1.  The  exact  date  of  the  Creation  and  Fall  of  Man  can- 
not be  fixed  with  any  degree  of  certainty,  neither  can  the 
interval  of  time  between  the  Creation  and  the  Deluge  be 
ascertained.  The  estimates  of  different  chronologists  as  to 
these  facts  yary  so  widely  that  they  seem  worthy  of  no 
credence  whatever.  The  difficulty  of  assigning  the  exact 
time  of  those  events  does  not,  however,  at  all  diminish  the 
evidence  of  their  actual  occurrence. 

2.  After  the  dispersion  of  mankind  at  Ba'bel,  it  is  sup- 
posed that  the  descendants  of  Shem,  the  eldest  of  Noah's 
sons,  went  to  the  east  and  populated  Asia ;  those  of  Ham, 
with  few  exceptions,  passed  into  Africa;  and  those  of 
Ja'phet  journeyed  to  the  west  and  occupied  different  parts 
of  Europe.  The  oldest  monarchies,  of  which  history  gives 
us  any  account,  are  those  of  Babylonia  and  Assy'ria  in 
Asia,  and  those  of  Egypt  and  Ethio'pia  in  Africa. 

Map  Questions. — (See  Map,  page  1?.)  What  rivers  unite  and  flow  into  the  Persian 
Gulf?  What  region  situated  between  them?  Where  was  Babylonia?  Assyria? 
Chaldea  ?  Persia  or  Elam  ?  Media  ?  What  city  in  Babylonia  ?  In  Chaldea  ?  In  As- 
syria? In  Media?  Where  was  Susa?  What  river  tributary  to  the  Euxine  or 
Black  Sea?  What  monarchy  in  Asia  Minor  ?  Its  capital?  What  regions  east  of 
the  Mediterranean  Sea  ?  Principal  cities  ?  What  two  great  cities  on  the  Nile 
River?  What  port  at  its  eastern  mouth  ?  What  port  at  the  head  of  the  Red  Sea  ? 
What  celebrated  mountain  near  to  it  ?    What  region  east  of  the  Euxine  Sea  ? 

Section  I.— 1.  Can  the  exact  date  of  the  creation  and  fall  of  man  be  fixed  ? 

2.  What  events  immediately  followed  the  dispersion  of  mankind  ?  Whither  did 
the  eons  of  Noah  migrate  ?    Which  are  the  oldest  monarchies  ? 


.% THE  2.I03T  ANCIENT  NATIONS.       [B.  C.  2200. 


Babylonia  or  Chaldea. 

3.  The  city  of  Bab'ylon  was  founded  by  Nimrod,  the 
son  of  Cush,  and  grandson  of  Ham.  It  was  situated  on 
the  river  Euphrates,  and  became  the  capital  of  Babylo'nia 
or  Chalde'a, — a  region  lying  along  that  river,  and  originally 
called  SM'nar. 

4.  Nimrod  is  described  in  the  Scriptures  as  a  "mighty 
hunter,"  and  is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  the  Be'lus  of 
whom  the  historians  speak  in  connection  with  the  early 
history  of  this  country,  or  the  Bel,  afterward  worshipped 
as  a  god  by  the  people.  The  constellation  Ori'on  is  thought 
to  represent  this  celebrated  hero. 


3.  By  whom  was  Babylon  founded  ?  How  situated  ?  Of  what  was  it  the  capital  J 

4.  Who  was  Nimrod  ? 


B.  C.  74?'.]  THE  MOST  ANCIENT  NATIONS.  13 

5.  Babylon  is  supposed  to  have  been  built  about  twenty- 
two  centuries  B.  c.  It  was  in  its  early  history  a  city  of 
minor  importance,  Ur  and  others  being  capital  cities  while 
it  remained  a  mere  village.  The  Ohaldees  (kal-decz')  seem 
to  have  occupied  at  first  the  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf, 
and  to  have  afterward  spread  northward,  until  about  1700 
B.  c,  when  the  seat  of  government  was  fixed  at  Babylon. 

6.  The  minute  history  of  this  monarchy  during  about  a 
thousand  years  from  this  date  cannot  be  given;  neither 
can  its  relations  to  the  neighboring  kingdoms  of  Assy'ria 
and  E'lam,  during  this  period,  be  positively  defined.  The 
explorations  made  in  recent  years  among  the  ruins  found 
in  this  whole  region  (called  Mesopotamia)  have  thrown 
much  light  upon  many  questions  pertaining  to  its  history ; 
but  an  exact  statement  of  the  particular  results  reached 
would  be  out  of  place  in  this  elementary  work. 

7.  The  line  of  Babylonian  kings  becomes  exactly  known 
to  us  from  the  year  747  b.  c.  The  "  Canon  of  Ptolemy," 
an  astronomical  work  of  the  great  geographer,  gives  us 
from  this  date  the  succession  of  monarchs  to  330  B.  c,  when 
Babylon  became  a  part  of  the  dominions  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  The  inscriptions  discovered  among  the  ruins  con- 
firm the  truth  of  this  work. 

8.  The  date  of  the  commencement  of  the  reign  of  Nabo- 
nas'sar  is  precisely  fixed  by  the  record  of  certain  astronom- 
ical phenomena,  made  by  Ptolemy.  This  date,  called  the 
Era  of  Nabonassar,  is  very  famous  in  history.  It  is  the 
year  747  B.  c.  (more  particularly,  Wednesday,  February  26th 
of  that  year). 

9.  About  680  b.  c.  Babylon  became  subject  to  Assyria, 
but  subsequently  regained  its  independence;    and  under 

5.  When  was  Babylon  built  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Chaldees  ? 

6.  To  what  extent  is  the  early  history  of  Babylonia  known  ?    What  region  was 
called  Mesopotamia  ?    Recent  discoveries  therein  ? 

7.  When  does  the  exact  history  of  the  Babylonian  kings  begin?    What  does 
the  "  Canon  of  Ptolemy"''  make  known  to  us  ?    How  confirmed  ? 

8.  What  is  the  Era  of  Nabonassar  ?    How  is  it  fixed  ? 

9.  When  was  Babylon  subject  to  Assyria?    Give  the  history  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar ? 


14  THE   MOST   ANCIENT   NATIONS.  [B.  C.  588. 

the  celebrated  monarch  Nebucliadnez'  zar,  acquired  very 
great  power.  This  king  defeated  the  king  of  Egypt,  sub- 
dued Jehoi'akim,  king  of  Judah,  and  in  consequence  of 
repeated  revolts,  destroyed  Jerusalem,  and  put  an  end  to 
the  kingdom  of  Judah  under  Zedeki'ah,  carrying  its  in- 
habitants captives  to  Babylon  (588  b.  c.)  He  afterward 
turned  his  attention  to  the  embellishment  of  his  capital, 
and  erected  in  Babylon  many  edifices  of  wonderful  extent 
and  magnificence. 

10.  After  his  death  the  Babylonian  empire  declined;  and 
In  538  b.  c,  during  the  reign  of  Belshaz'zar,*  as  recorded 
in  the  Scriptures,  the  city  was  taken  by  Cyrus,  king  of  the 
Persians ;  and  Babylonia  thus  became  a  Persian  province. 

Assyeia. 

11.  Of  the  three  countries  that  occupied  the  plain  of 
Mesopotamia,  Assyria  was  the  most  modern.  It  was  a  very 
fertile  and  populous  region,  and  at  the  height  of  its  pros- 
perity was  a  powerful  empire.  That  it  had  advanced  greatly 
in  civilization  and  the  arts,  is  proved  by  the  vast  ruins 
which  remain,  and  which  in  recent  years  have  been  dili- 
gently explored. 

12.  The  inscriptions  discovered  among  these  ruins  have 
shown  that  very  much  of  the  history,  previously  received 
upon  the  credit  of  the  Greek  historians,  is  quite  erroneous. 
The  statements,  however,  of  the  Babylonian  writer  Bero'- 
sus,  who  lived  about  268  b.  c,  and  whose  account  coincides 
very  nearly  with  the  Scriptures,  are  proved  to  be  correct. 

13.  Nineveh,  the  capital  city  of  Assyria,  built  on  the 
Tigris  River,  and  once  among  the  most  splendid  cities  of 
the  world,  was,  according  to  the  Scriptures,  built  by  Ash'- 

.      *  More  probably  STahona/dim  and  his  son  Belshaz'zar. 


10.  What  followed  the  death  of  Nebuchadnezzar?    When  and  by  whom  waa 
Babylon  taken  ? 

1 1 .  What  was  the  situation  of  Assyria  ?    How  is  it  described  ?    Evidences  of 
its  civilization  ! 

12.  What  have  the  inscriptions  shown  ?     What  is  said  of  Berosus  ? 

13.  Nineveh— its  situation  and  origin  ?     When  did  it  rise  to  greatness  ? 


B.  C.  721.]  THE   MOST  ANCIENT  NATIONS.  15 

ur,  after  the  foundation  of  Babylon  {Genesis,  x.  11).  That 
it  rose  to  greatness  after  Babylon  is  stated  by  Berosus  and 
proved  by  the  inscriptions. 

14.  Little  is  known  of  Assyria  previous  to  770  b.  a,  when 
Pul  invaded  Palestine,  but  was  bought  off  by  Men' ahem, 
king  of  Israel  (2  Kings,  xv.  19,  20).  In  738  B.  c,  Tig'lath 
Pile'ser,  another  king  of  Assyria,  conquered  Syria,  and  in- 
vading  Palestine,  carried  away  captive  many  of  the  Jews. 

15.  His  successor  Slial-man-e' ser  also  invaded  Palestine, 
and  laid  siege  to  Sama'ria,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Israel,  which  after  a  time  surrendered  (721  B.  a),  but  prob- 
ably to  Sar'gon,  the  successor  of  Shalmaneser ;  since  such 
seems  to  be  the  testimony  of  the  monuments  (2  Kings, 
xviii.  9,  10). 

16.  Sen-nacli'e-rib,  the  son  and  successor  of  Sargon,  ob- 
tained possession  of  Babylon,  and  made  two  expeditions 
against  Judea,  in  the  first  of  which  he  carried  away 
200,000  of  the  Jews  captive ;  but  in  the  second  he  failed 
entirely,  his  army  having  been  destroyed  by  a  pestilence, 
miraculously  sent  by  God  to  preserve  the  Jews.  This  was 
during  the  reign  of  the  Jewish  king  Hez-e-ki' ah.  Sen- 
nacherib was  a  short  time  afterward  slain  by  his  sons. 

17.  The  last  great  king  of  Assyria  was  E' sar-liad' don, 
son  of  Sennacherib,  who  reigned  also  over  Babylon,  at 
which  he  sometimes  held  his  court;  bricks  bearing  his 
name  having  been  recently  found  among  the  ruins  of  that 
city.  His  conquests  extended  over  a  large  part  of  Western 
Asia,  and  he  claimed  authority  over  Egypt  and  Ethiopia. 
Manas' sell,  king  of  Judah,  was  brought  as  a  prisoner  be 
fore  him  at  Babylon  ;  but  after  a  few  years'  detention  was 
restored  to  his  throne,  by  the  clemency  of  the  Assyrian 
monarch.    The  Babylonian  reign   of  Esar-haddon  lasted 

14.  First  well-established'date  in  Assyrian  history  ?     Date  of  Tiglath  Pileser'a 
invasion  of  Palestine  ?    What  conquests  did  he  make  ? 

15.  Give  an  account  of  Shalmaneser's  invasion  ? 

1 6.  What  expeditions  were  undertaken  by  Sennacherib  ?    Their  results  ? 

17.  Who  was  the  last  great  king  of  Assyria ?    His  conquests?    What  Jewish 
king  was  made  prisoner  by  him  ?    Duration  of  his  reign  ? 


16  THE   MOST   ANCIENT   NATIONS.  [B.  C.  606. 

thirteen  years  (from  680  b.  o.  to  667  b.  a),  but  how  long 
lie  reigned  subsequently  at  Nineveh  cannot  be  positively 
ascertained. 

18.  After  this  splendid  reign  Assyria  rapidly  declined, 
and  was  frequently  attacked  by  the  Medes,  then  rising 
into  power.  In  606  b.  c.  (or  625  B.  a),  Nin'eveh  was 
taken  and  destroyed  by  these  people,  under  their  king 
Cy-ax'a-res.  The  last  king,  Sar'acus,  called  Sar-dan-a-pa '- 
lus  by  the  Greeks,  finding  that  he  could  make  no  success- 
ful resistance,  set  fire  to  his  palace,  and  perished,  with  all 
belonging  to  him,  in  the  conflagration.  Assyria  then  be- 
came a  Median  province,  and  afterward,  with  Babylonia, 
formed  one  of  the  divisions  of  the  Persian  empire. 

19.  Nineveh,  in  the  time  of  Herod'otus,  had  ceased  to 
exist ;  and  when  Xen'ophon  passed  it  (401  B.  a),  during 
the  expedition  of  which  he  gives  an  account,  the  very 
name  had  been  forgotten,  though  he  testifies  to  the  extent 
of  the  deserted  city,  stating  that  the  height  of  the  ruined 
walls  was  150  feet. 

Media. 

20.  The  fall  of  Nin'eveh  produced  a  great  change  in  the 
condition  of  Western  Asia.  Babylon  became  independent 
under  a  line  of  native  kings,  who  in  a  short  time  raised 
their  country  to  a  very  high  degree  of  power  and  pros- 
perity. The  Medes,  then  just  risen  into  power,  rapidly 
overran  and  subdued  the  whole  region  from  the  Caspian 
Sea  to  the  Hd'lys  River,  and  made  war  upon  Lyd'ia,  a 
country  lying  farther  west. 

21.  These  people,  resembling  the  Persians  in  origin  and 
language,  coming  from  the  east,  had  settled  in  the  region 
lying  immediately  south  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  were  at 

18.  What  was  the  subsequent  history  of  Assyria  ?  When  and  by  whom  waa 
Nineveh  taken  ?  What  was  done  by  Saracus,  or  Sardanapalus  ?  What  became  of 
Assyria  ? 

1 9.  What  is  said  of  the  subsequent  history  of  Nineveh  ? 

20.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  fall  of  Nineveh  ?  What  was  accomplished  bv 
the  Medes  ? 

2 1 .  Who  were  the  Medes  ?    How  did  their  power  commence  ? 


B.  C.  T08.]  THE   MOST   ANCIENT   NATIONS.  17 

first  subject  to  the  Assyrians;  but  about  708  B.  a,  the 
various  tribes  united  and  threw  off  the  Assyrian  yoke, 
choosing  a  king  named  Defo-ces,  and  making  Eclat' ana 
their  capital. 

22.  His  son  Pliraor'tes  subdued  the  Persians,  and  at 
his  death  was  succeeded  by  Cyaxares,  who  spread  his  con- 
quests so  widely,  as  to  be  considered  the  founder  of  the 
Great  Median"  Empire.  He  was  succeeded  by  Astyages 
(as-ti'ah-jez),  whose  daughter  married  a  Persian  prince,  and 
gave  birth  to  Cyrus,  afterward  called  The  Great.  Cyrus, 
being  bold  and  aspiring,  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
Persian  tribes,  and  marching  with  a  large  army  into  Media, 
deposed  Astyages,  and  uniting  the  Median  and  Persian 
dominions  under  himself  as  monarch,  thus  founded  the 
Great  Persian  Empire. 

Lydia. 

23.  Lyd'ia  was  situated  in  the  western  part  of  Asia 
Minor,  and  was  especially  noted  for  its  fruitful  soil  and 
great  mineral  wealth,  its  chief  river,  the  Pactolus,  abound- 
ing in  gold,  which  was  also  found  in  the  neighboring 
mines.  Hence  the  Lydians  soon  became  corrupted  by 
luxury  and  vicious  indulgences.  They  are  supposed  to 
have  settled  in  Asia  Minor  about  720  b.  c.  The  early 
history  of  this  people  is  fabulous  and  unreliable. 

24.  During  about  two  centuries  the  Lydian  monarchy 
occupied  a  prominent  position  in  the  history  of  Western 
Asia ;  and  when  Cyaxares  the  Mede  overran  this  part  of 
the  country,  he  was  completely  checked  in  his  career  of 
conquest  by  the  Lydians  under  their  king,  Alyattes  (a-le- 
at'tez) ;  and  after  a  war  of  six  years,  in  which  he  had  been 
often  defeated  by  the  Lydians,  Cyaxares  retired  beyond  the 

22.  Conquests  of  Phraortes  and  Cyaxares  ?  By  whom  was  the  Median  Empire 
founded  ?  By  whom  and  in  what  manner  was  the  Persian  Empire  founded  ?  Ori- 
gin of  Cyrus  the  Great  ? 

23.  Where  was  Lydia  situated?  For  what  noted?  Sources  of  its  wealth? 
When  did  the  Lydians  settle  in  Asia  Minor  ?    Their  early  history  ? 

24.  Duration  of  the  Lydian  power  ?    What  war  during  the  reign  of  Alyattes  ? 


18  THE   MOST   ANCIENT   NATIONS.  [B.C.  610. 

Halys,    the  boundary  of  the   Lydian   kingdom   at  that 
time. 

25.  This  war  between  the  Lydians  and  Medes  is  said 
to  have  been  terminated  in  a  singular  way.  Their  two 
great  armies  had  come  to  an  engagement  (610  B.  c.*), 
when,  in  the  midst  of  the  battle  a  total  eclipse  of  the  sun 
occurred,  which  so  alarmed  the  soldiers  that  they  imme- 
diately retired  from  the  conflict.  The  two  monarchs  there- 
upon concluded  not  only  a  peace,  but  a  firm  treaty  of  alliance 
with  each  other ;  and  peace  continued  to  subsist  between 
these  two  powers  until  the  time  of  Cyrus,  about  half  a 
century  afterward. 

26.  Alyattes  is  said  to  have  reigned  about  forty  years 
after  the  close  of  this  war,  and  to  have  constructed  a  vast 
monument,  inferior  only  to  the  great  pyramids  of  Egypt. 
Its  base  was  formed  of  immense  blocks  ©f  stone,  the  struc- 
ture above  being  a  great  mound  of  earth.  This  mound 
has  been  explored  in  modern  times,  and  a  chamber  found 
within,  formed  of  solid  blocks  of  marble,  which  gave  evi- 
dence of  having  been  rifled  of  its  contents  long  before.  It 
was  without  doubt  the  tomb  of  Alyattes. 

27.  This  king  was  succeeded  (about  568  b.  c.)  by  his 
son  Croesus  (kre'sus),  noted  for  his  immense  wealth,  being 
by  far  the  richest  monarch  of  his  time.  He  is  also  dis- 
tinguished as  the  last  monarch  of  Lydia ;  for,  having  made 
war  upon  Cyrus  the  king  of  Persia,  he  was  entirely  de- 
feated ;  and  his  capital  Sardis  being  taken  by  the  enemy, 
he  was  made  a  prisoner,  and  condemned  by  Cyrus  to  be 
burnt  alive  upon  a  funeral  pyre,  but  was  afterward  released. 
"Thus,  within  a  very  few  weeks,  from  being  a  powerful 
and  prosperous  monarch,  ruler  over  thirteen  nations,  he 

*  This  is  Grote's  estimate.    According  to  Pliny,  581  B.  C. 


25.  In  what  remarkable  way  was  this  war  terminated?    Date  of  the  battle* 
How  long  did  peace  subsist  ? 

26.  How  long  did  Alyattes  reign  ?    What  singular  structure  did  he  erect  ? 

27.  By  whom  was  he  succeeded?  For  what  is  Croesus  noted  ?    His  fate  ?  What 
became  of  Lydia  ? 


B.C.  2700.]         THE   MOST   AN"CIEIsTT  NATIONS.  19 

was  reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  captive  and  a  beggar, 
dependent  upon  the  will  of  a  despot  whose  anger  he  "had 
provoked."  Lydia  consequently  became  a  province  of  the 
Persian  Empire. 

Akcient  Egypt. 

28.  Egypt  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  countries  de- 
scribed in  history,  being  greatly  celebrated  for  its  antiquity, 
its  remarkable  civilization,  singular  institutions,  and  great 
power  and  influence  in  the  ancient  world.  Its  early  history 
is  involved  in  fable ;  but  it  seems  to  be  settled  that  the  first 
king  was  called  Me'nes,  and  that  he  founded  the  famous 
city  of  Mem'phis,  although  the  time  at  which  he  lived  is 
variously  estimated  by  chronologists.  (Probably  about 
2700  b.  c.) 

29.  In  the  third  century  B.  c,  Ma-ne'tho,  an  Egyptian 
priest,  compiled  a  history  of  his  country,  in  which  he  di- 
vided the  period  from  Menes  to  the  final  loss  of  independ- 
ence (about  the  middle  of  the  fourth  century)  into  30 
dynasties.  Although  this  work  itself  has  perished,  chrono- 
logical abstracts  from  it  are  preserved  in  other  ancient 
writings ;  and  these,  together  with  the  allusions  found  in 
the  Bible,  and  the  accounts  given  by  Herodotus  and  other 
ancient  writers,  with  what  has  been  gleaned,  in  modern 
times,  from  the  hieroglyphic  inscriptions  on  the  monu- 
ments, constitute  all  the  sources  of  ancient  Egyptian  his- 
tory. 

30.  The  history  of  the  first  seventeen  dynasties,  occu- 
pying a  period  of  about  twelve  centuries,  is  very  much 
involved  in  obscurity,  the  monuments  only  affording  a  few 
scattered  facts  and  dates.  The  most  famous  of  the  pyra- 
mids are  supposed  to  have  been  erected  during  the  fourth 


28.  How  is  Egypt  distinguished?    Its  early  history  ?    The  first  king ? 

29.  What  are  the  sources  of  Egyptian  history  ?    How  many  dynasties  are  enu- 
merated hy  Manetho  ? 

30.  Dnringwhat  period  is  the  history  unknown  or  uncertain?    Date  of.  the 
Pyramids  ?    What  is  said  of  Memphis  ?    The  llyksos  ? 


20  THE  MOST  AKCIEXT  KATIOKS.  [B.C.  971. 

dynasty ;  in  which  period  the  city  of  Memphis  attained  a 
very  high  degree  of  splendor,  and  the  state  of  civilization 
of  the  people  was  quite  advanced.  The  most  noted  event 
was  the  invasion  and  conquest  of  the  country  by  a  foreign 
people  from  the  East,  who  ruled  probably  from  the  fifteenth 
to  the  eighteenth  dynasty,  under  the  name  of  the  Hyk'sos, 
or  "  Shepherd  Kings." 

31.  These  kings  ruled  in  Lower  Egypt  as  military 
despots,  and  very  much  oppressed  the  native  people.  It 
was  during  the  reign  of  one  of  these,  as  it  is  now  believed, 
that  Joseph  was  made  the  chief  minister,  and  that  Jacob 
and  his  family  were  allowed  to  settle  in  the  land  of  Goshen. 
It  is  supposed  that  they  remained  in  Egypt  a  little  more 
than  two  centuries,  and  that  the  exodus  took  place  about 
1652  B.  c,  during  the  rule  of  the  17th  dynasty,  which  ap- 
pears to  have  been  of  Assyrian  origin. 

32.  During  the  next  three  dynasties,  the  Egyptians  en- 
joyed an  independence  from  foreign  rule,  the  first  monarch 
of  the  eighteenth  dynasty  having  expelled  the  Shepherd 
Kings  and  reinstated  the  native  sovereigns.  Some  of  the 
greatest  of  the  Egyptian  monarchs  belong  to  this  period. 
The  most  noted  were  Thot'mes  III.,  who  subdued  Syria, 
and  reduced  Nineveh  and  perhaps  Babylon  to  his  sway 
(1444  B.  c.) ;  Thotmes  IV.,  who  caused  the  Great  Sphinx 
to  be  constructed ;  and  Ra-me'ses  I.  and  II,  the  latter  of 
whom,  called  Sesos'tris  by  the  Greeks,  was  a  very  great 
conqueror,  and  adorned  both  Egypt  and  Nubia  with  many 
splendid  temples  and  other  edifices.  The  exploits  of  these 
monarchs  are  recorded  in  pictures  and  hieroglyphs  on  the 
monuments. 

33.  Slie'shonk,  called  SM'shak  in  the  Bible  (1  Kings, 
xiv.  25),  attacked  Judah  and  took  Jerusalem,  despoiling  it 
of  all  its  treasures  (971  b.  c.)     This  event  is  depicted  on 

3 1 .  Where  and  how  long  did  the  Hyksos  rule  ?  At  what  period  are  the  Israelites 
supposed  to  have  settled  in  Egypt  ?     When  did  they  leave  it  ? 

32.  When  did  Egypt  become  independent?  What  is  said  of  Thotmes  III., 
Thotmes  IV.,  and  Rameses  I.  and  H.  ?    How  are  their  exploits  recorded  ? 


B.  C.  605.]  THE  MOST  AKCIEKT  NATIONS.  21 

monuments  found  in  the  great  temple  at  Karnak.  Tirha'- 
kali,  of  the  25th  dynasty,  came  to  the  assistance  of  the 
Jewish  king  Hezekiah  against  Sennacherib,  the  dreadful 
destruction  of  whose  army  has  been  already  mentioned. 
This  dynasty  was  of  Ethiopian  origin ;  and  hence  Tirhakah 
is  called  in  the  Bible  the  King  of  Ethiopia. 

34.  The  26th  dynasty  was  commenced  by  Psammet'ichus 
L,  who  by  means  of  Greek  mercenaries  acquired  an  abso- 
lute power  over  the  whole  country.  His  successor,  Neha'o, 
or  Ne'chos  IL,  attempted  the  construction  of  a  canal  across 
the  isthmus  of  Su'ez,  but  desisted  after  120,000  men  had 
perished  in  the  undertaking.  After  defeating  Josiah,  king 
of  Judah,  he  was  himself  defeated  by  Nebuchadnezzar, 
(605  B.  c.)  A-ma'sis,  virtually  the  last  of  this  dynasty,  had 
a  long  and  prosperous  reign ;  but  having  incurred  the  dis- 
pleasure of  Camby'ses,  king  of  Persia,  his  son  and  suc- 
cessor, Psammen'itus,  after  a  brief  reign  of  six  months, 
encountered  the  Persian  host,  and  was  defeated  at  Pelu'- 
sium,  525  B.  c.  Thus  Egypt  came  under  the  power  of 
Cambyses,  who  treated  the  people  with  very  great  cruelty. 

35.  During  the  remaining  dynasties,  from  the  battle  of 
Pelusium  to  350  B.  c,  Egypt  was  engaged  in  a  constant 
struggle  with  the  Persians  for  its  independence,  which  it 
often  regained,  but  as  often  lost.  In  these  efforts  it  was 
greatly  assisted  by  the  Greeks.  Its  final  conquest  by  the 
Persians  took  place  at  the  date  above  mentioned ;  since 
which  time  the  prophecy  of  Eze'kiel,  that  "  there  shall  be 
no  more  a  prince  of  the  land  of  Egypt,"  has  been  literally 
fulfilled,  for  not  one  native  ruler  has  ever  occupied  the 
throne  for  a  period  of  more  than  2000  years.  The  subse- 
quent history  of  Egypt  will  be  related  in  connection  with 
that  of  the  nations  to  whom  it  has  successively  belonged. 

« 

33.  Invasion  of  Jndah  by  Sheshonk?    What  is  said  of  Tirhakah  ?    Why  called 
in  the  Bible  "Kin*;  of  Ethiopia?"    Where  i*  Karnak  ?    Am.  At  Thebes. 

34.  Give  an  account  of  Psammetichus  I.    What  great  work  was  attempted  by 
Nechos  II.  ?    What  led  to  the  Persian  invasion  ?    Its  result  ? 

35.  In  what  contest  was  Egypt  engaged  during  the  remaining  dynasties  ?    By 
whom  was  it  aided?    Its  final  conquest,  and  the  fulfilment  of  Ezekiel'e  prophecy  ? 


22  THE  MOST  ANCIENT  NATIONS. 

36.  Civilization  of  the  Egyptians.  The  early 
population  and  civilization  of  Egypt  were  due  to  its  ex- 
traordinary fertility,  caused  by  the  annual  inundations  of 
the  Nile.  In  fact,  this  region  may  be  geographically 
described  as  the  valley  of  that  river,  extending  about  500 
miles  from  north  to  south,  and  bounded  on  the  western 
side  by  a  rocky  ridge  sloping  into  the  Great  Desert,  and  on 
the  east  by  low  ranges  descending  to  the  Eed  Sea.  It  was 
anciently  divided  into  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Egypt 

37.  Upper  Egypt,  or  the  Theb'-a-is,  as  it  was  often  called, 
included  the  narrow  valley  in  the  extreme  southern  part. 
Its  capital  was  the  great  city  Thebes,  which,  in  the  time  of 
its  splendor,  is  said  to  have  extended  over  twenty-three 
miles,  and  to  have  had  one  hundred  gates.  The  ruins  of 
splendid  temples,  colossal  statues,  obelisks,  and  sphinxes 
still  bear  witness  to  its  wonderful  size  and  grandeur. 

38.  Middle  Egypt,  or  Heptan'omis,  as  it  was  called  on 
account  of  its  seven  districts,  embraced  the  wider  portion 
of  the  Nile  basin  below  the  Thebais.  Its  capital  was 
Memphis,  the  City  of  the  Pharaohs  who  received  and  pro- 
tected the  Israelites.  This  district  contains  the  finest  of  the 
pyramids,  which  are  situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  Nile, 
and  extend  for  a  distance  of  about  seventy  miles. 

39.  Lower  Egypt  consists  of  the  Delta  of  the  Wile,  an 
extremely  fertile  region,  and  anciently  very  populous.  The 
entire  population  of  Egypt  must  have  been  large  at  the 
earliest  periods.  It  has  been  estimated  at  seven  millions, 
under  the  Pharaohs.  The  construction  of  the  Great 
Pyramid,  it  is  said,  required  the  constant  employment  of 
100,000  men. 

40.  The  Egyptians  were  a  brown  race,  and  were  divided 
into  seven  distinct  castes,  or  ranks, — of  which  the  priests 

36.  Cause  of  the  civilization  of  Egypt?    Of  its  extraordinary  fertility?    Ho\i 
is  its  situation  described  ?    How  was  it  divided  ? 

37.  Describe  Upper  Egypt.    What  is  said  of  its  capital,  Thebes  ? 

38.  How  is  Middle  Egypt  described  ? 

39.  Lower  Egypt  ?    What  estimate  is  given  of  the  population  of  Egypt  ? 

40.  The  Egyptians— their  color,  castes,  and  religion  ? 


THE   MOST  ANCIENT  NATIONS.  23 

and  warriors  were  the  most  honored;  next,  the  agricul- 
turists, merchants,  mariners,  and  artisans;  while  shep- 
herds, the  lowest  caste,  were  held  in  great  abomination. 
The  Egyptian  religion  was  a  gross  superstition,  the  lower 
orders  of  the  people  worshipping  the  most  degraded  ani- 
mals, idols,  &c.  Astrology  formed  a  prominent  part  of 
the  national  belief;  hence  their  close  observation  of  the 
heavenly  bodies. 

41.  Their  progress  in  the  mechanical  arts  was  consider- 
able, as  is  seen  in  the  inscriptions  on  the  monuments. 
The  weaving  of  cotton  and  linen  cloth,  working  in  copper 
and  brass,  and  pottery,  were  among  the  most  prominent 
branches  of  manufacture.  Agriculture  was  pursued  with 
great  skill  and  industry.  A  considerable  traffic  was  car- 
ried on  with  other  countries,  gold,  ivory,  ebony,  skins,  and 
slaves  being  brought  from  Ethiopia ;  incense  from  Arabia ; 
and  spices  from  India ;  and  for  these  articles  were  ex- 
ported principally  grain  and  cloths.  This  commerce  was 
chiefly  carried  on  by  Greek  and  Phoenician  merchants, 
since  the  Egyptians  had  not  attained  any  skill  in  ship- 
building. 

42.  Much  advancement  was  made  also  in  the  fine  arts, 
painting,  sculpture,  and  music.  The  skill  in  architecture 
which  they  had  acquired  is  shown  by  the  magnificent 
edifices,  the  ruins  of  which  still  exist ;  such  as  the  tem- 
ples, pyramids,  obelisks,  &c.  These  exhibit  a  peculiar 
style,  but  are  very  remarkable  for  their  massive  grandeur 
and  regularity.  The  great  pyramids  were,  in  ancient  times, 
counted  among  the  wonders  of  the  world. 

43.  The  government  was  an  absolute  monarchy,  but  the 
priestly  caste  had  very  great  influence,  since  there  was  a 
close  union  between  the  government  and  religion  of  the 

4 1 .  What  mechanic  arts  were  pursued  ?  Agriculture  ?  Commerce  ?  How  car- 
ried on  ? 

42.  What  progress  had  the  Egyptians  made  in  painting,  sculpture,  &c.  ?  Their 
architecture  ? 

43.  How  is  their  government  described?  How  connected  with  religion  ?  Origin 
ol"  the  custom  of  embalming  ? 


24  THE   MOST  ANCIENT   NATIONS.  [B.  C.  750. 

country.  There  were  religious  ceremonies  prescribed  for 
every  important  action,  and  these  even  the  kings  were 
obliged  to  observe.  The  general  belief  that  the  soul  would, 
after  a  certain  long  period,  return  to  the  body  from  which, 
at  death,  it  had  departed,  caused  great  care  to  be  taken  to 
preserve  the  body  from  decay.  Hence  the  custom  of  em- 
balming, and  hence  also  the  pyramids,  which  seem  to  have 
been  only  tombs,  constructed  by  the  kings,  to  preserve 
their  mortal  remains  from  decay. 

Ethiopia. 

44.  Directly  south  of  Egypt  lay  the  country  of  the 
Ethiopians,  a  nation  the  origin  of  which  is  lost  in  anti- 
quity. Its  capital,  Mer'o-e,  from  its  situation  on  the  upper 
Nile,  became  the  emporium  of  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  other 
great  nations  in  its  vicinity ;  and  Ethiopia  grew  to  be  one 
of  the  most  powerful  states  of  the  ancient  world  (about 
1000  B.  c.)  For  a  time  it  was  tributary  to  Egypt ;  but  (about 
750  b.  c.)  it  acquired  its  independence,  under  Sab'acus,  and 
in  its  turn  subdued  Egypt,  which  it  kept  under  its  sway 
about  sixty  years. 

45.  During  the  reign  of  Psammetichus,  240,000  Egyp- 
tians emigrated  to  Ethiopia,  and  settling  there  added 
greatly  to  the  prosperity  of  the  State.  After  subduing 
Egypt,  Cambyses  invaded  Ethiopia ;  but  his  soldiers  suf- 
fered incredible  hardships  from  famine  in  the  deserts,  and 
having  reached  Mereo,  which  he  captured,  he  was  obliged 
to  relinquish  his  design  and  return  to  Egypt.  About  five 
centuries  later,  Ethiopia  was  conquered  by  the  Romans. 

Phoenicia. 

46.  This  region,  bordering  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the 

44.  Situation  of  Ethiopia  ?  Its  capital  ?  To  what  country  was  it  tributary  ? 
Under  what  king  did  it  achieve  its  independence  ? 

4  5.  What  emigration  took  place  from  Egypt  to  Ethiopia?  What  monarch  at- 
tempted its  conquest  ?    The  result  ?    When  conquered  by  the  Romans  ? 

46.  What  was  the  situation  of  Phoenicia  ?  For  what  noted  ?  What  is  said  of 
Tyre  and  Sidon  ?  Which  were  the  most  ancient  colonies  of  the  Phoenicians  1 
Which  was  the  greatest  of  their  colonies  ? 


B.C.  878.]  THE   MOST  ANCIENT  NATIONS.  25 

Mediterranean  Sea,  is  noted  as  having  contained  Si' don 
and  Tyre,  the  most  ancient  commercial  cities  mentioned 
in  history.  These  two  cities  were  independent,  each  being 
under  a  government  of  its  own.  They  were  not  only  cele- 
brated for  their  commerce,  but  became  the  great  colonizing 
powers  of  the  ancient  world.  Their  most  ancient  colonies 
were  Ga'des  (now  Cadiz),  in  Spain,  and  U'tica,  in  Africa. 
Some  of  the  earliest  settlements  in  Greece  are  said  to  have 
been  made  by  Phoenicians.  The  greatest  of  their  colonies 
was  Car'thage,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa,  founded 
by  Di'do,  a  Tyrian  princess,  878  b.  c. 

47.  Their  manufactures  of  glass  and  linen,  perfumes 
and  purple  dye,  were  sources  of  unbounded  wealth ;  and 
they  were  universally  considered  the  most  skilful  workmen 
in  gold,  silver,  ivory,  bronze,  &c.  Their  ships  visited  the 
most  remote  parts  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  even 
passed  the  Straits  into  the  Atlantic,  reaching  Britain  and 
the  Cana'ries.    They  also  carried  on  an  active  slave-trade. 

48.  Sidon  (or  Zidon)  was  under  the  dominion  of  Tyre 
in  the  eighth  century,  when  the  country  was  invaded  by 
Shalmaneser,  king  of  Assyria.  It  then  submitted  to  the 
invader,  and  Tyre,  after  a  long  siege,  was  also  subdued. 
The  latter  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Nebuchadnez'zar 
(587  b.  a);  and  both  cities  were  afterward  reduced  by 
Cyrus  (538  b.  c.)  Having  revolted  against  the  Persians, 
in  351  B.  c,  Sidon  was  fired  by  its  own  inhabitants  and 
entirely  destroyed.  It  was,  however,  afterward  rebuilt; 
and  both  cities,  in  332  b.  c,  were  compelled  to  submit  to 
Alexander  the  Great,  Tyre  yielding  to  the  conqueror  after 
a  determined  resistance  of  seven  months. 

Sykia  and  Palestine. 

49.  Syria  is  the  name  given  to  a  region  of  indefinite 

47    Sources  of  their  wealth  ?    To  what  countries  did  their  ships  penetrate  ? 

48.  What  is  said  of  Sidon?    By  whom  were  Tyre  and  Sidon  conquered  in  the 
eighth  century  ?    Give  their  subsequent  history. 

49.  What  was  the  situation  of  Syria  ?    What  is  said  of  Damascus  ?    Who  were 
its  most  noted  kings  ? 

2 


26  THE   MOST  ANCIENT   tfATIO^S.         [B.C.  1095. 

extent  situated  to  the  east  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  It 
was  called  by  the  Hebrews  A  'ram.  Damascus  was  the  old- 
est and  most  important  city,  and  seems  to  have  been  an 
important  place  even  in  the  times  of  Abraham,  while  in 
the  subsequent  history  of  the  Jews  it  became  quite  promi- 
nent. King  David  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  Syrians 
of  Damascus,  and  reduced  their  city.  It  afterward,  how- 
ever, regained  its  independence,  and  under  the  three  noted 
kings  named  Ben-Jia'-dad  contended  repeatedly  with  Israel. 
Haz'-a-el  gained  important  victories  over  the  Israelites,  rav- 
aged their  territory,  and  plundered  Jerusalem.  Damascus 
was  afterward  successively  subdued  by  the  Assyrians,  Per- 
sians, Macedonians,  and  Eomans. 

50.  Palestine  was  situated  between  the  Mediterranean 
and  the  valley  of  the  Jordan,  extending  about  145  miles 
from  north  to  south,  with  an  average  breadth  of  less  than 
fifty  miles.  Yet  within  this  small  area  were  enacted  the 
most  momentous  events  in  the  world's  history.  Pales- 
tine is  but  another  name  for  Pliilis'tia,  or  the  country  of 
the  Philis' tines,  those  fierce  idolaters,  with  whom  so  many 
and  so  long  wars  were  waged  by  the  Israelites.  Their  chief 
cities  were  Ash'dod  or  A-zo'-tus,  As'ke-lon,  Gath,  Garza, 
and  Ek'-ron,  all  noted  in  sacred  history. 

51.  Of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  nine  and  a  half  were 
located  to  the  west  and  two  and  a  half  to  the  east  of  the 
Jordan.  Into  this  region  they  had  been  led  by  Joshua, 
Moses  being  only  permitted  to  catch  a  distant  glimpse  of 
the  promised  land.  After  the  death  of  Joshua,  followed 
the  period  of  the  Judges,  which  lasted  about  five  centuries. 
The  last  of  the  Judges  was  Samuel,  who,  when  the  people 
demanded  a  king,  anointed  Saul  (1095  B.  a). 

52.  Saul  was  succeeded  by  David,  during  whose  reign 

50.  What  was  the  extent  of  Palestine  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Philistines  ?  Give 
the  names  of  their  chief  cities  ? 

51.  What  was  the  location  of  the  twelve  trihes  of  Israel  ?  Give  an  account  of 
their  early  history  there.    Who  was  their  first  king? 

52.  How  long  did  David  reign  ?  What  was  the  extent  of  the  kingdom  during 
his  reign  ?    What  was  the  character  of  David's  reign  ? 


B.C.  975.]  THE   MOST   ANCIENT   NATIONS.  27 

(from  1055  to  1015  b.  a),  the  kingdom  of  Israel  'stretched 
from  the  Mediterranean  Sea  to  the  Euphrates  Biver,  and 
from  Syria  to  the  Eed  Sea ;  and  probably  contained  a  pop- 
ulation of  at  least  five  millions.  He  encouraged  navigation 
and  trade,  particularly  with  Tyre,  and  sought  to  instruct 
his  people  in  the  arts.  The  events  of  his  splendid  but 
troubled  reign,  with  a  minute  account  of  his  character  and 
conduct,  are  recorded  in  the  Bible  (2  Sam.  and  1  Chron.). 

53.  The  reign  of  Solomon  (1015-975  B.  c.)  was  the  most 
splendid  period  of  the  Jewish  history.  For  him  was  re- 
served the  honor  of  building  the  great  temple  of  Jehovah. 
He  formed  alliances  with  the  surrounding  nations,  opened 
an  active  trade  with  Egypt,  and,  to  facilitate  his  commer- 
cial objects,  erected  Tad'mor  in  the  desert,  which  after- 
ward became  so  renowned  as  Palmy'ra.  He  also  built  a 
superb  navy,  at  a  port  [E 'zi-on-ge'ler)  which  he  established 
at  the  northern  part  of  the  Bed  Sea.  The  history  of  his 
wisdom,  his  prosperity  and  wealth,  and  his  fall  into  idol- 
atry and  sin,  is  greatly  interesting  and  instructive.  (1  Kings, 
ii.-xi.) 

54.  After  the  death  of  Solomon,  the  kingdom  was  di- 
vided, in  consequence  of  the  tyranny  and  insolence  of  his 
son  Re-lio-lo' am,  against  whom  ten  tribes  revolted  and  fol- 
lowed Jer-o-bo'am,  who  established  himself  at  She'cJiem,  as 
king  of  Israel.  To  Behoboam  were  thus  left  only  two 
tribes,  forming  the  kingdom  of  Judah.  A  desultory  war 
was  maintained  between  the  two  divisions  during  most 
of  the  reign  of  Jeroboam,  which  lasted  twenty-two  years. 
(1  Kings,  xii.) 

55.  Israel. — The  history  of  the  successive  kings  of  Israel 
is  a  sad  record  of  war  and  sin.  These  kings  were  noted 
only  for  their  wickedness  and  idolatry,  and  brought  upon 
the  people,  in  consequence,  the  severe  punishments  of  God. 

53.  Describe  the  reign  of  Solomon. 

54.  What  caused  the  division  of  the  kingdom  ?    What  kingdoms  were  formed  f 
What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Jeroboam  ? 

55.  What  is  said  of  the  kings  of  Israel  ?    How  did  this  kingdom  end  ? 


28  THE   MOST   ANCIENT   NATIONS.  [B.  C.  536. 

It  was  terminated  by  the  invasion  of  the  Assyrians,  to 
whom  the  last  king,  Ho-she'a,  was  compelled  to  surrender 
Samalria,  and  the  ten  tribes  were  carried  into  captivity 
(721  B.C.).  (2  Kings,  xvii.  6.)  Their  place  was  supplied  by 
Babylonian  settlers,  from  whom,  with  a  small  part  of  the 
Jewish  population,  was  derived  the  Samaritan  race. 

56.  Judah. — This  kingdom  lasted  135  years  longer. 
Most  of  its  kings  were  wicked  and  idolatrous;  but  three 
reigns  were  marked  by  virtue  and  piety.  During  the  reign 
of  Je-hosti a-pliat  the  kingdom  was  in  a  more  prosperous 
condition  than  it  had  been  since  the  days  of  Solomon. 
Hezekiah's  reign  is  remarkable  for  the  invasion  of  Sen- 
nacherib, and  the  miraculous  destruction  of  his  army.  It 
was  on  this  occasion  that  the  shadow  on  the  sun-dial  was 
made  to  move  back  to  confirm  the  wavering  faith  of  Heze- 
kiah.    (2  Kings,  xx.  9.) 

57.  The  last  king  was  Zed-e-M ah,  during  whose  reign 
Nebuchadnezzar,  king  of  Babylon,  took  Jerusalem,  and 
destroyed  it,  sending  the  unfortunate  monarch  in  chains 
to  Babylon,  whither  were  also  transported  the  miserable 
inhabitants  (588  B.  a).  The  temple  was  razed  to  the  ground 
(2  Kings,  xxxv.)  ;*  and  for  more  than  fifty  years  the  holy 
city  perished,  except  in  the  memory  of  the  heart-broken 
exiles.  The  restoration  of  the  Jews  took  place  in  536  b.  c, 
in  pursuance  of  an  edict  of  Cyrus,  the  great  Persian 
monarch.     (2  Chron.  xxxv.  22,  and  Ezra,  i.) 

CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

B.  C. 

2700.  Menes,  king  of  Egypt. 

2000.  Invasion  of  Egypt  by  the  Hyksos,  or  Shepherd  Kings. 

1867.  Settlement  of  the  Israelites  in  Egypt. 

1732.  Birth  of  Moses. 

*  See  also  2  Chronicles,  xxxvi.  11-21,  and  Jeremiah,  xxxix. 


56.  How  much  longer  did  Judah  last  ?    What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Jehosha- 
phat  ?  What  noted  events  of  Hezekiah's  reign  are  mentioned  ? 

57.  "Who  was  the  last  king?    What  was  his  fate?    By  whom  was  Jerusalem 
destroyed  ?    How  and  when  were  the  Jews  restored  ? 


THE   MOST   ANCIENT  NATIONS.  29 

1700.  Babylon,  the  capital  of  the  Chaldees. 

1652.  Exodus  of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt. 

1612.  Death  of  Moses. 

1 444.  Syria  subdued  by  the  Egyptians,  under  Thotmes  II. 

1320.  Rameses  the  Great,  king  of  Egypt. 

1095.  Saul,  the  first  king  of  Israel. 

1055.  David  begins  to  reign  over  Israel. 

1015.  Accession  of  Solomon. 

975.  Secession  of  the  Ten  Tribes,  and  the  division  of  the  kingdom, 

971.  Jerusalem  taken  by  Shishak,  king  of  Egypt. 

878.  Carthage  founded  by  the  Tyrians. 

750.  Sabacus  restores  the  independence  of  Ethiopia. 
747.  Era  of  Nabonassar. 

721.  Samaria  taken — and  end  of  the  Kingdom  of  Israel. 

720.  The  Lydians  settle  in  Asia  Minor. 

625.  Taking  of  Nineveh  by  the  Medes. 

610.  Famous  battle  between  the  armies  of  Alyattes  and  Cyaxares. 

588.  Destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  the  captivity 
of  the  Jews. 

587.  Tyre  taken  by  Nebuchadnezzar. 

568.  Commencement  of  the  reign  of  Croesus. 

546.  Croesus  taken  prisoner  by  Cyrus. 

538.  Babylon  taken  by  Cyrus. 

536.  Restoration  of  the  Jews  by  an  edict  of  Cyrus. 

525.  Pelusium  taken,  and  Egypt  subdued  by  Cambyses. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  What  events  immediately  followed  the  Deluge  ? 11 

2.  Name  the  most  ancient  monarchies 11 

3.  Give  an  account  of  the  establishment  of  the  Babylonian  monarchy 12 

4.  Who  were  the  Chaldees  ? 13 

5.  What  is  meant  by  the  Era  of  Nabonassar  ? 13 

6.  What  were  the  principal  events  of  Nebuchadnezzar's  reign  ? 14 

7.  Relate  the  subsequent  history  of  Babylon 14 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  foundation  of  the  Assyrian  Empire 14 

9.  Mention  the  most  noted  of  its  monarchs 15-16 

10.  What  were  the  principal  events  of  their  reigns  ? 15-16 

11.  How  did  the  Empire  terminate  ?    Its  last  king  ? 16 

12.  Give  an  account  of  the  rise  of  the  Median  Empire 16 

13.  What  led  to  the  foundation  of  the  Persian  Empire  ? 17 

14.  Who  were  the  Lydians,  and  where  did  they  settle  ? 17 

15.  Name  their  most  noted  kings 17-18 

16.  Relate  the  principal  events  of  their  reigns 17-18 


30  THE   MOST  ANCIENT  NATIONS. 

17.  By  whom  was  the  Lydian  monarchy  overturned  ? 18 

18.  For  what  was  Croesus  noted  ? 18 

19.  State  the  sources  of  Egyptian  history 19 

20.  What  portion  of  it  is  involved  in  obscurity  ? 19 

21.  Who  were  the  most  noted  kings  of  Egypt  ? 20-21 

22.  What  were  the  most  important  events  of  their  reigns  ? 20-21 

23.  What  great  work  was  undertaken  by  Nekao  ? 21 

24.  Who  was  thelast  of  the  26th  Dynasty  ? 21 

25.  By  whom  was  Egypt  subdued  in  525  B.  c.  ? 21 

26.  Give  a  sketch  of  its  history  for  the  next  two  centuries 21 

27.  What  prophecy  has  been  fulfilled  in  its  history  ? 21 

28.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  geography  of  Egypt 22 

29.  Describe  the  civilization,  government,  &c,  of  the  Egyptians 22-23 

30.  What  powerful  state  so.uth  of  Egypt  ?    Its  capital  ? 24 

31.  Give  a  sketch  of  its  history 24 

32.  Which  were  the  most  noted  commercial  cities  of  antiquity  ? 25 

33.  Mention  their  most  important  colony 25 

34.  What  were  the  sources  of  their  wealth  ? 25 

35.  Give  a  sketch  of  their  history 25 

36.  Give  a  brief  account  of  Syria  and  Damascus 26 

37.  Where  did  the  Philistines  dwell  f    Their  chief  cities  ? 26 

38.  Mention  the  most  noted  events  in  the  history  of  Palestine 26-27 

39.  What  was  the  extent  of  the  Jewish  kingdom  during  the  reign  of  David  ?         27 

40.  What  were  the  chief  events  of  Solomon's  reign  ? 27 

41.  Into  what  separate  kingdoms  was  Israel  afterward  divided  ? 27 

42.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  oi  the  kingdom  of  Israel 27-28 

43.  How  did  it  end  ? 28 

44.  Give  an  outline  of  the  history  of  Judah 28 

45.  During  whose  reign  was  the  miracle  of  the  sun-dial  ? 28 

46.  What  terminated  the  kingdom  of  Judah  ? 28 

47.  How  and  when  were  the  Jews  restored  to  their  own  country  ? 28 

48.  What  is  the  oldest  date  referred  to  in  ancient  history  ? 28 

49.  Is  it  reliable  ? 19 

50.  What  were  the  principal  events  between  2000  b,  c.  and  1500  b.  c.  ? 28-29 

51.  What  were  the  chief  events  between  1500  b.  c.  and  1000  b.  c.  ? 29 

52.  What,  between  1000  b.  c.  and  500  b.  c.  ? 29 

53.  Name  the  different  kingdoms  treated  of  in  this  section  in  the  order  of 

their  foundation 12-28 

54.  State  the  geographical  situation  of  each.    (See  Map,  p.  12.) 12 

55.  What  was  the  capital  of  each  ?    (See  Map,  p.  12.) 12 


B.C.  525.]     PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.  31 


section  ii. 

Persia,  Greece,  and  Macedonia. 

From  the  Foundation  of  the  Persian  Empire  to  the  Conquest  of 
Greece  by  the  Romans. 

1.  Persia,  at  first  of  small  extent,  under  Cyrus  became 
a  vast  empire  extending  from  the  JEgean  (e-ge'an)  Sea  be- 
yond the  Euphrates ;  and  included,  besides  the  original 
territory,  Media,  Assyria,  Babylonia,  Asia  Minor,  and  Syria. 
All  these  countries  were  subdued  by  Cyrus  in  the  short 
space  of  twenty-nine  years  (558-529  b.  c.)  ;  so  great  were 
the  activity,  enterprise,  and  address  of  that  extraordinary 
man.  His  death  took  place  during  an  expedition  against 
the  Mas-sag' e-tce,  (g  like  j,)  a  barbarous  tribe  living  east  of 
the  Caspian ;  and  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Cam-by' ses. 

2.  The  reign  of  Cambyses  lasted  nine  years,  its  chief 
event  being  the  invasion  and  conquest  of  Egypt  (525  b.  a), 
in  which  country  he  played  the  part  of  a  ruthless  tyrant. 
A  large  army  which  he  despatched  against  the.  temple  of 
Ammon  in  an  oasis  of  the  Desert  (Si-tvati)  perished  in  a 
simoom.  He  cruelly  murdered  his  brother  Smer'dis ;  but 
an  impostor,  under  the  name  of  Smerdis,  usurped  the  throne 
of  Persia,  during  his  absence  in  Egypt;  and  a  short  time 
after  this  the  death  of  Cambyses  took  place  in  consequence 
of  a  wound  which  he  received  from  his  own  sword  while 

Map  Questions.— (See  Progressive  Map  No.  1.)  Name  the  principal  divisions  of 
Asia  Minor.  What  region  southeast  of  the  Euxine  Sea  ?  What  mountains  between 
the  Euxine  and  Caspian  Seas  ?  What  country  south  of  the  Caspian  ?  What  people 
farther  east  ?  What  rivers  tributary  to  the  Sea  of  Aral  ?  What  country  between  ? 
What  river  bounded  the  Persian  Empire  on  the  east  ?  Its  chief  tributaries  ?  To 
what  water  was  the  Indus  tributary?  What  desert  region  north  of  the  Erythraean 
Sea  ?  Where  was  Persepolis  1  What  country  northwest  of  the  Euxine  Sea  ?  What 
country  south  of  the  Danube  River  ? 

1.  What  was  the  extent  of  Persia  under  Cyrus?  What  countries  did  it  com- 
prise ?    When  and  how  did  the  death  of  Cyrus  occur  ? 

2  What  was  the  length  of  Cambyses'  reign  ?  What  were  its  chief  events  ?  What 
were  the  circumstances  of  his  death  ? 


32  PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.    [B.  C.  449. 

mounting  his  horse. — This  king  appears  to  have  been  the 
A-has-u-e'rus  spoken  of  in  Ezra. 

3.  Smerdis,  the  impostor,  on  the  discovery  of  the  fraud, 
was  quickly  deposed  by  the  Persian  nobles,  who  elected  Da- 
rius /.,  called  Hys-tas'pes,  as  king.  This  monarch  was 
active  and  successful.  During  the  thirty-six  years  of  his 
reign  (521-485  b.  c.)  he  perfected  the  organization  of  the 
empire,  dividing  it  into  twenty  provinces,  over  which  he 
placed  governors  called  by  the  Persians  satraps,  and  select- 
ed as  his  capital  Susa  in  the  spring;  Ecbat'ana  in  sum- 
mer; and  Babylon  in  the  winter.  The  most  important 
wars  which  he  waged  were  those  against  the  Scythians  and 
the  Greeks. 

4.  With  an  immense  army  he  crossed  the  Bos'porus  by 
means  of  a  bridge  of  boats,  and  advanced  against  the 
Scythians,  a  barbarous  race  dwelling  on  the  other  side  of 
the  Danube,  in  what  is  now  European  Turkey.  The  expe- 
dition Avas  unsuccessful ;  and  leaving  a  force  to  conquer 
Thrace,  he  returned  to  Persia,  and  marched  his  army  to 
the  East,  extending  his  authority  as  far  as  the  Indus.  The 
Io'nians,  a  Grecian  colony  dwelling  on  the  western  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  having  revolted,  and  having  been  assisted  by 
some  of  the  Greeks,  who  took  Sardis  and  burnt  it,  he  de- 
termined to  bring  the  whole  of  Greece  under  his  authority. 
In  two  expeditions,  however,  he  was  entirely  defeated,  and 
while  preparing  for  a  third  died,  485  B.  c. 

5.  Xerxes  I.  (zerx'ez),  the  son  and  successor  of  Darius, 
renewed  the  attempt  to  subdue  the  Grecian  States,  col- 
lecting a  vast  army  and  fleet  for  the  purpose;  but  he 
also  was  defeated,  and  after  a  reign  of  twenty  years,  trans- 
mitted the  enterprise  to  his  son  Ar-tax-erx'es  I.,  who  was 
compelled  finally  to  make  peace  with  the  Greeks,  after  the 
war  had  continued  about  fifty  years  (449  B.  a).     The  sub- 

3.  Who  succeeded  Smerdis  the  impostor?    What  is  said  of  Darius  I.  ? 

4.  How  did  his  war  against  the  Scythians  result  ?    That  against  the  Greeks  ? 

5.  Who  renewed  the  attempt  ?  Under  whose  reign  did  the  war  end  ?  Who  was 
th  ■  last  king  of  Persia?  By  whom  was  he  subdued?  How  long  had  the  Persian 
Empire  lasted  ? 


PROGRESSIVE  MAP  N?  2 


B.  C.  329.]    PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.  33 

sequent  history  of  Persia  is  of  no  importance  except  as  it  is 
connected  with  that  of  the  Greeks.  The  last  king  was  Darius 
III.,  called  Cod-o-man!  nus,  who  was  subdued  by  Alexander 
the  Great,  and  Persia  became  a  part  of  the  Macedonian 
Empire,  having  lasted  a  little  over  two  centuries.  (329 
B.  c.) 

6.  The  Persians,  at  first,  and  until  after  the  reign  of 
Cyrus,  were  a  hardy  race,  of  simple  manners,  and  great 
courage  in  war;  but  subsequently  they  became,  like  the 
Medes,  soft  and  effeminate,  losing  their  bold  hardihood, 
and  becoming  entirely  corrupted  by  luxury  and  vicious 
indulgence.  Their  religion  was,  before  the  conquest  of  the 
Medes,  a  simple  worship  of  the  Spirit  of  Good  ( O-ro-mas'des), 
and  a  belief  in  an  Evil  Spirit  (Ah'ri-man)  to  be  hated  and 
•shunned.  They  afterward  became  converts  to  the  religion 
of  Zo-ro-as'ter,  and  worshipped  the  element  of  fire,  under 
priests  called  Ma-gi.  The  impostor  Smerdis  belonged  to 
the  Magian  priesthood. 

Greece. 

7.  The  country  known  in  history  as  Greece  anciently 
consisted  of  three  quite  distinct  parts :  the  first  in  the 
north,  composed  of  Thes'sa-ly  and  E-pl'rus  ;  the  second,  in 
the  middle,  called  Hel'las,  which  was  the  most  important 
part ;  and  the  third,  the  peninsula  forming  the  southern 
portion  of  the  country,  called  Pel-o-pon-ne'sus  (now 
called  Mo-re' a).  To  these  was  afterward  added  Mace- 
do' nia,  which  was  situated  to  the  north  of  Thessaly  and 

Map  Questions.  (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  2).— What  was  the  situation  of  Bel- 
la? ?  Peloponnesus  ?  Epirus  ?  Thessaly  ?  Macedonia  ?  What  were  the  divisions 
of  Hellas?  Of  Peloponnesus  ?  What  was  the  capital  of  Laconia  ?  Messenia?  Elis  ? 
Arirolis?  Attica?  Name  the  principal  towns  of  Boeotia.  What  town  in  Achaia ? 
Phocis  ?  Euboea  ?  Epirus  ?  What  town  near  the  east  coast  of  Attica  ?  What 
towns  in  Thessaly  ?  Macedonia  ?  What  gulfs  south  of  Macedonia  ?  East  of 
Peloponnesus?  South  of  it?  What  island  in  the  Saron'ic  Gulf?  What  island 
near  the  coast  of  Messenia?  What  river  in  Laconia  ?  InAcarnania?  What  moun- 
tains east  of  Epirus?  South  of  Thessaly?  What  pass  leading  from  Thessaly 
into  Greece? 

6.  Describe  the  Persians.    What  was  their  religion  ?    Who  were  the  Magi  ? 

7.  Of  what  parts  did  Ancient  Greece  consist  ?  Name  the  most  important  states 
of  each,  and  point  them  out  on  the  map. 


34  PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND  MACEDONIA.     [B.  C.  776. 

Epirus.     Central  Greece  and  Peloponnesus  were  divided 

into   several   small  states,  of  which  the  most  important 

were  the  following: — 

Hellas. — At'tica,  Bceo'tia,  Plio'cis,  East  and.  West  Lo'cris, 

Do'ris,  JE-to'lia,  and  Ac-ar-na'ni-a.    To  the  west  was 

the  large  island  of  Eubcea  (u-be'ah). 

Peloponnesus. — Laco'nia,  Ar'go-lis,  Achaia  {a-ha'yali), 

Ar-ca'dia,  E'lis,  and  Mes-se'nia.    (See  Map  of  Greece.) 

8.  The  primitive  inhabitants  of  Greece  are  supposed  to 
have  been  the  descendants  of  Ja/van,  the  son  of  Ja'phet ; 
and  hence  it  was  called  by  the  Hebrews  Javan.  A  Celtic 
race  from  the  East,  called  the  Pe-las'gi,  settled  in  Thrace  in 
very  ancient  times;  and  these  with  other  kindred  races 
passed  into  Greece,  and  are  known  in  the  fabulous  history 
of  the  period  as  Hel-le'nes,  Lel'e-ges,  &c.  The  Hellenes 
appear  to  have  been  the  most  energetic,  since  the  rest  of 
the  Pelasgians  disappeared  before  them.  They  also  gave 
to  the  country  its  name,  Hellas,  by  which,  exclusively,  it 
was  known  in  ancient  times. 

9.  The  history  of  this  country  may  be  divided  into  two 
portions -;  the  legendary  or  traditional  history,  and  the 
authentic  history.  The  first  commences  at  the  earliest 
periods  and  extends  to  the  first  Olympiad  (776  b.  a).  The 
second  extends  to  the  conquest  of  Greece  by  the  Eomans 
(146  B.  a).  The  most  ancient  traditions  represent  the 
country  as  divided  into  a  large  number  of  small  states, 
each  under  its  own  chief  or  petty  king,  and  engaged  in 
war  and  piracy.  This  period  of  the  history  is  often  called 
the  Heroic  Age,  since  it  abounds  in  fabulous  stories  of  men 
of  superhuman  strength  and  valor,  such  as  Her'cules,  The- 
seus (the'-suse),  Achilles  (a-Jcil'lez),  &c. 

10.  The  most  important  events  of  the  Heroic  Age  were 


8.  Who  were  the  successive  inhabitants  of  Greece?    Who  were  the  Pelasgi? 
What  is  said  of  the  Hellenes  ? 

9.  How  may  the  history  of  Greece  be  divided  ?    When  does  each  division  com- 
mence ?    What  is  meant  by  the  Heroic  Age  ? 

10.  What  was  the  Argonautic  Expedition  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Trojan  War  T 


B.  C.  776.]      PERSIA,    GREECE,    AND    MACEDONIA.  35 

the  Argonaut ic  Expedition  and  the  Trojan  War.  The  first, 
supposed  to  have  occurred  about  1225  B.  c,  was  an  enter- 
prise the  object  of  which,  according  to  the  tradition,  was 
to  bring  from  Colchis  (kol'Jcis)  a  golden  fleece.  The 
heroes  who  engaged  in  it,  sailing  in  a  vessel  called  Argo, 
were  called  the  Argonauts.  Whether  it  was  actually  a 
voyage  of  discovery  or  commerce,  or  a  mere  piratical  expe- 
dition, cannot  be  ascertained.  The  only  account  of  the 
Trojan  War  is  contained  in  the  poems  of  Homer.  Troy 
was  besieged  ten  years  by  the  Greeks,  and  was  finally  taken 
by  stratagem  (1184  b.  a). 

11.  This  period  appears  to  have  been  followed  by  one  of 
great  •revolutions  and  migrations  of  the  Hellenic  races. 
The  JEo'lians  were  driven  from  their  home  in  Thessaly, 
and  proceeded  southward,  expelling  in  their  turn  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  the  lands  which  they  settled  (1124 
B.  a).  Another  race  from  Thessaly,  called  the  Do'rians, 
invaded  the  Peloponnesus,  and  made  an  entire  conquest 
of  it  (1104  b.  a).  This  movement,  being  conducted  by 
the  descendants  of  Her'cules,  who  had  been  banished 
more  than  a  century  previously,  is  called  in  history  the 
Return  of  the  Heradeidm*  (her-a-cli'de).  Other  migra- 
tions led  to  the  iEo'lian,  Dor'ic,  and  Ion'ic  colonizations  of 
Asia  Minor.  The  dates  of  these  events  are  not  entirely 
reliable. 

12.  The  authentic  history  of  Greece  may  be  properly 
considered  as  commencing  776  B.  c. ;  that  is,  at  the  first 
recorded  Olympiad,  a  period  of  four  years,  which  elapsed  be- 
tween two  celebrations  of  the  Olympic  games.  These  games 
were  celebrated  in  honor  of  Jupiter,  at  Olym'pia,  in  Elis, 
and  constituted  the  most  splendid  national  festival  of  the 
Greeks.     Their  origin  is  lost  in  the  darkness  of  antiquity.. 

*  Heradeidm  is  a  Greek  word  which  means  descendants  of  Hercules. 


1 1 .  What  migrations  followed  the  Trojan  War  ?    What  is  meant  hy  the  Return 
of  the  Heracleiche  ?    What  colonies  were  established  in  Asia  Minor  ? 

12.  What  was  an  Olympiad  ?    What  were  the  Olympic  games  ?    Who  was  Ly- 
curgus  ?    His  age  ? 


36  PERSIA,    GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.      [B.  C.  517. 

It  was,  as  is  supposed,  about  this  time  (776  B.  c.)  that  Lycur- 
gus  reformed  the  government  and  laws  of  Sparta,  and  gave 
to  it  the  constitution  by  which  it  afterward  acquired  the 
supremacy  in  Grecian  affairs. 

13.  Sparta,  the  capital  of  Laconia,  sometimes  called 
Lacedcemon  (las-e-de'mon),  was  originally  Pelasgian,  but  was 
conquered  by  the  Dorians  when  they  invaded  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, and  soon  became  the  chief  of  the  Dorian  states. 
Lycurgus  by  his  laws  designed  to  perpetuate  the  primitive 
simplicity  and  hardihood  of  the  people,  by  preventing  the 
spread  of  luxury,  and  by  educating  the  youth  so  as  to 
make  them  brave  and  patriotic  soldiers.  The  effect  was 
soon  brought  to  a  test  in  the  wars  with  the  Messeftians, 
the  first  of  which  lasted  twenty  years  (743-723  B.  c.) ;  the 
second,  seventeen  (685-668  b.  a),  and  resulted  in  the 
entire  defeat  of  the  Messenians,  and  their  dispersion  into 
various  parts.  For  the  next  three  centuries  Messenia 
formed  a  part  of  Laconia. 

14.  Wars  were  also  waged  by  Sparta  with  the  other 
states  of  the  Peloponnesus,  and  resulted  in  extending 
her  authority  over  the  whole  peninsula.  The  Arcadians 
had  become  her  subject  allies  (560  b.  c.)  ;  Ar'gos*  was  too 
much  weakened  by  defeat  to  make  any  resistance  (547 
b.  c.) ;  and  no  northern  state  at  this  period  could  com- 
pete with  her  in  military  power.  The  government  of 
Laconia  was  vested  in  two  hereditary  kings,  a  Senate 
elected  by  the  nobles,  and  five  magistrates  called  the 
Eptio-ri.\  The  kings  were  of  limited  power;  they  pre- 
sided in  the  Senate,  and  led  the  armies.  The  Ephori  were 
annually  elected,  and  were  clothed  with  very  great  author- 
ity.    They  could  restrain  the   kings,    control  the  public 

*  In  Grecian  history  the  states  are  often  called  by  the  names  of  their  capital  cities.  Thus,  La- 
conia is  generally  known  as  Sparta,  ;  Argolis,  as  Arijos,  &c. 

t  Ephori,  plural  of  ephonu,  which  means  an  overseer  or  inspector. 


13.  What  is  said  of  Sparta?    What  was  the  design  of  the  laws  of  Lycurgus  ? 
What  wars  were  waged  with  the  Messenians  ? 

1 4.  What  conquests  were  made  hy  the  Spartans  ?  Describe  the  Spartan  govern 
ment.    Who  were  the  Ephori  ?    What  were  their  powers  ? 


B.  C.  560.]     PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.  37 

assemblies,    and    they   were    the    arbiters    of   peace   and 
war. 

15.  The  most  important  state  of  Central  Greece,  and 
afterward  the  great  rival  of  Sparta,  was  Attica,  the  capi- 
tal of  wjrich  was  Atli'ens,  in  some  respects  the  most 
renowned  city  in  the  world.  It  was  the  seat  of  learning 
and  the  arts,  and  may  justly  be  considered  the  mother  of 
modern  civilization.  Its  population  was  of  Ionian  origin, 
although  in  the  mythic  history  of  Athens  it  is  said  to  have 
been  first  settled  by  a  colony  from  Egypt,  under  Ce' crops. 
Its  government  was  until  the  eleventh  century  monarchi- 
cal ;  but  after  the  return  of  the  Her'aclei'dse,  it  was  vested 
in  elective  magistrates,  called  Archons  {ar'hons).  The 
last  king  of  Athens,  Co'drus,  in  a  war  with  the  Dorians, 
sacrificed  his  life  to  save  the  city  from  capture. 

16.  Athens  suffered  for  centuries  from  anarchy  and  mis- 
rule ;  but  in  the  seventh  century  (624  B.  c.)  it  adopted 
the  laws  proposed  by  Dra'co,  which  were  so  severe  that 
they  were  said  to  have  been  written  in  blood.  They  gave 
place  (594  b.  c.)  to  the  constitution  and  laws  devised  by 
So' Ion.  According  to  these,  the  government  was  vested  in 
a  Senate  or  Council,  an  assembly  of  the  people,  and  a 
chief  magistrate  called  Archon,*  with  eight  inferior  execu- 
tive officers,  also  called  by  the  general  name  of  archons. 
The  most  venerable  court  of  justice  was  the  A-re-op'a- 
gus,\  the  members  of  which  were  inspectors  of  education 
and  morals,  as  well  as  administrators  of  the  laws. 

17.  The  legislation  of  Solon  laid  the  foundation  of 
Athenian  greatness,  and  though  sometimes  disturbed  by 
usurpation,  remained  in  force  for  more  than  four  centuries. 
In  560  b.  c,  the  government  was  seized  by  Pi-sis' -tra-t us, 

*  Archon  means  in  Greek  a  ruler. 

+  Areopagus,  Mam'1  Hill,  the  Court  being  so  called  from  its  situation  on  a  small  eminence  at 
Athens  named  the  "  Hill  of  Mars." 


1 5.  What  is  said  of  Athens  ?   Her  population  and  government  ?  Her  last  king  ? 

1 6.  What  is  said  of  Draco  ?    Of  Solon  and  his  laws  ? 

1 7.  Who  was  Pisistratus  ?    What  was  the  character  of  his  government  ?    Who 
were  his  successors  ?    How  long  did  they  reign  ? 


38         PEESIA,  GREECE,  ANT>  MACEDONIA.  [B.  C.  510. 

who  exercised  a  despotic  sway  for  thirty-three  years,  and 
transmitted  his  authority  to  his  two  sons,  Hip'pias  and 
Hippar'chus,  called  the  Plsistrat'idce.*  He  ruled  with 
moderation,  patronized  literature  and  the  arts,  opened  a 
public  library,  and  collected,  it  is  said,  the  poems  of 
Homer.  Hip'pias  and  Hippar'chus  also  governed  for  some 
years  with  mildness  and  justice ;  but  in  514  b.  c,  an  act 
of  tyranny  committed  by  Hippias  caused  a  conspiracy  to 
be  raised  against  them,  and  Hipparchus  was  slain.  Hip- 
pias ruled  with  great  severity  for  four  years  longer,  and 
then  was  expelled  (510  b.  c.)  with  the  aid  of  the  Spartans. 
He  took  refuge  at  the  court  of  Darius,  king  of  Persia. 

18.  Age  of  Despots.  It  was  not  in  Athens  alone  that 
despotic  power  overturned  the  popular  government.  From 
650  to  500  b.  c,  there  were  few  of  the  Grecian  cities  that 
escaped  this  calamity.  Hence  this  period  has  been  called 
the  Age  of  Despots.  In  the  city  of  Sicyon  (sish'e-on)  a 
despotic  dynasty  lasted  for  more  than  a  hundred  years ; 
and  another  in  Cor'inth,  seventy-four  years.  The  most 
noted  of  the  latter  was  Per-i-an'der,  whose  sway  (from  625 
to  585  B.  a),  though  oppressive  and  cruel,  made  Corinth 
the  wealthiest  and  most  powerful  of  all  the  commercial 
cities  of  Greece  at  that  time.  Like  Pisistratus,  he  was  a 
patron  of  literature  and  the  arts,  and  was  enumerated 
among  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece. 

19.  After  the  expulsion  of  the  tyrant  Hippias  from 
Athens,  the  government  underwent  some  modifications, 
and  a  very  remarkable  institution  was  devised  to  prevent 
for  the  future  any  powerful  and  ambitious  citizen  from 
making  himself  despot.  This  was  the  famous  Ostracism, 
by  which  any  .citizen  could  be  banished  for  ten  years,  with- 
out trial  or  even  any  formal  accusation ;  but  simply  by  a 

*  PisistrcUidce  is  the  plural  of  Pisistratides,  which  means  son  of  Pisistratus. 


1 8.  What  was  the  "  Age  of  Despots  ?"    Who  was  Periander  1 

1 9.  What  was  the  Ostracism  ?    Its  design  and  effect  ? 


B.  C.  490.]      PEKSIA,   GREECE,   AKD   MACEDONIA.  39 

vote  of  the  people,  each  citizen  writing  the  name  of  the 
person  whom  he  wished  to  banish  on  a  shell,*  and  six 
thousand  votes  being  required  against  the  person  to  deter- 
mine his  condemnation.  No  attempt  at  usurpation  fol- 
lowed the  establishment  of  this  law. 

20.  The  Persian  War.  The  Greek  colonies  in  Asia 
Minor  had  been  subject  to  Crce'sus,  but  when  the  Lydian 
monarchy  was  overturned  by  Cyrus,  they  fell  under  the 
Persian  yoke,  and  thus  continued  until  500  B.  0.,  when  an 
insurrection  against  Darius  broke  out  at  Mi-le'tus,  and 
spread  through  all  the  Greek  cities  in  Asia.  In  this  revolt 
assistance  was  rendered  by  the  Athenians,  who  crossed  to 
Asia  Minor  and  burnt  Sar'dis ;  but  the  Ionian  fleet  having 
been  defeated,  and  the  city  of  Miletus  captured  by  the 
forces  of  Darius,  the  revolt  was  speedily  subdued,  and  the 
Greek  colonies  were  completely  subjugated,  and  treated  with 
great  severity, — all  the  inhabitants  of  Miletus  being  either 
put  to  death  or  sent  into  captivity. 

21.  The  aid  given  by  Athens  to  the  Ionians  drew  dowi 
the  wrath  of  Darius  upon  all  Greece,  which  he  determined 
to  subdue,  being  still  further  instigated  to  this  by  the 
tyrant  Hippias,  then  a  resident  at  his  court.  In  pursu- 
ance of  this  design,  he  despatched  an  expedition  under 
Mar-do' ni-us,  which  proved  an  entire  failure,  the  fleet  being 
wrecked  off  Mount  Ath'os,  and  a  large  part  of  the  army 
drowned.  The  forces  were  still  further  weakened  in  a 
night  attack  made  by  the  Thracians,  and  Mardonius  was 
compelledto  return  (492  b.  a). 

22.  A  second  expedition,  under  Da' Us  and  Ar-ta-pher'nes, 
sailed  across  the  iEge'an  Sea,  and  after  reducing  several  isl- 
ands, landed  at  Mar'a-thon,  twenty-two  miles  from  Athens. 

*  Called  Ostracon— whence  the  name  Ostracism. 


20.  What  was  the  cause  of  the  Persian  War  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  revolt  of 
the  Ionians.    How  did  it  result  ? 

21 .  What  expedition  against  Greece  in  492  b.  c.  ?    Where  is  Mt.  Athos  ?    (Map 
No.  2.) 

22.  Give  an  account  of  the  second  expedition.    What  is  said  of  the  battle  ol 
Marathon  ?    Its  date  ? 


40  PERSIA,    GEEECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.      [B.  C.  480. 

Here  they  were  met  by  a  small  army  of  Athenians,  under 
Mil-ti'a-des,  and  completely  routed  (490  b.  a).  This  con- 
flict is  reckoned  among  the  world's  great  battles ;  for  had 
the  Persians  succeeded,  the  character  of  European  civiliza- 
tion would  have  been  entirely  changed,  becoming  Asiatic ; 
and  besides,  the  extraordinary  disparity  of  the  forces  (the 
Persians  being  about  ten  times  as  numerous  as  the  Greeks), 
makes  it  a  very  remarkable  engagement, — especially  as,  up 
to  that  time,  the  Persian  conquests  had  scarcely  known  a 
check.  The  credit  of  this  great  victory  belongs  to  the 
Athenians,  since  they  had  only  the  aid  of  a  small  band  of 
Platasans  (pla-te'ans). 

23.  Ten  years  afterward,  the  attempt  was  renewed  by 
Xerxes,  who  collected  one  of  the  largest  armies  the  world 
has  ever  known,  besides  an  immense  fleet,  and  crossing  the 
Hellespont  by  means  of  two  bridges  which  he  caused  to  be 
constructed,  marched  to  the  Pass  of  Ther-mop'y-lce,*  where 
he  was  opposed  by  a  small  army  under  Le-on'i-das,  a  Spartan 
general.  The  defence  was  successful  until  a  traitor  dis- 
covered to  the  Persians  a  path  across  the  mountains,  when, 
seeing  no  hope  of  victory,  but  being  forbidden  by  the  laws 
of  Sparta  to  flee  from  the  enemy,  Leonidas  dismissed  the 
forces  of  the  allies,  and  fell  upon  the  Persians  with  his 
little  baiid  of  300.  After  making  vast  slaughter,  they  all 
perished  (480  b.  a). 

24.  The  great  Persian  fleet  came  to  action  with  the  much 
smaller  one  of  the  Greeks  in  the  narrow  strait  of  Sal'a-mis,\ 
and  was  defeated  withimmense  loss ;  so  much  so  that  Xerxes, 
who  had  witnessed  the  fight,  fled  in  dismay  to  Persia,  and  left 
the  conquest  of  Greece  to  his  general  Mardonius  (480  b.  a). 
The  chief  command  of  the  allied  fleet  had  been  assigned 
to  Eu-ry-Wa-des,  the  Spartan ;  but  the  credit  of  the  victory 

*  Thermopi/la>—Hot  Gates,  so  called  from  the  hot  springs  there.    This  pass  led  from  Thessaly 
into  Phocis.—  (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  2.) 
t  Between  the  Island  of  Salamis,  in  the  Saronic  Gulf,  and  the  mainland. — (See  Map  of  Greece.) 


23.  What  attempt  was  made  by  Xerxes  ?    Describe  the  battle  of  Thermopylae. 

24.  What  great  uaval  battle  was  fought  ?    With  what  result  ? 


B.C.  479.]     PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA. 


41 


was  given  to  The-mis'to-cles,  the  Athenian,  through  whose 
influence  and  sagacity  the  action  was  brought  on. 


30  East   from  loudon    35 


25.  In  the  meanwhile  the  land  forces  of  the  Persians  had 
invaded  Attica,  and  taken  and  destroyed  Athens,  the  inhab- 
itants unfit  for  war  having  fled  to  the  neighboring  islands 
for  protection ;  but  the  army  of  Mardonius,  300,000  strong 
and  assisted  by  Grecian  auxiliaries,  did  not  come  to  any 
decisive  action  till  the  next  year  (479  b.  a),  when  it  was  de- 
feated and  almost  utterly  destroyed  at  Pla-tcz'a*  by  the  allied 
army  of  the  Greeks,  consisting  of  110,000  men,  under  Pau- 
sa'-ni-as,  a  Spartan  general,  assisted  by  the  Athenian 
Ar-is-W des.     On  the  same  day  the  Athenians  gained  a 

*  A  town  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Bceotia.—  (Map  No.  2.) 


Map  Questions.— In  what  part  of  Asia  Minor  was  Asia  ?  Galatia  ?  Cappa- 
docia  ?  Pontus  ?  Bithynia  ?  Pamphylta  ?  Cilicia  ?  Where  was  Mysia  ?  Caria  ? 
Phrygia  ?  Lydia  ?  Paphlagonia  ?  What  town  was  in  the  western  part  oi 
Lydia  ?  What  town  was  in  the  southern  part  of  Cilicia  ?  In  the  eastern  part  ? 
What  town  was  in  the  southern  part  of  Caria?  In  Ionia?  In  Phrygia  ?  What 
river  in  Pamphylia ?  What  promontory  west  of  Caria?  What  island  "vest  of 
Mysia  ? 

25.  What  happened  to  Athens?  When  and  hy  whom  was  the  Peisian  army 
defeated  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Mycale. 


42  PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.      [B.  C. 471. 

great  victory  over  the  combined  land  and  Laval  forces  of 
the  Persians,  at  Myc'ale,  in  Asia  Minor. 

26.  Having  driven  the  Persians  from  their  country,  the 
Greeks  sent  a  fleet  under  Pausanias  to  invade  the  Persian 
dominions.  This  expedition  was  entirely  successful;  the 
Greek  cities  of  Cyprus  were  set  free,  and  Byzantium  (be- 
zan'she-um),*  after  a  long  siege,  surrendered.  At  this  point, 
the  Spartans,  who  had  been  the  leaders  in  the  war,  lost 
their  ascendency  by  the  treason  of  Pausanias.  Intoxicated 
by  the  fame  and  wealth  which  he  had  acquired  at  Plataea 
and  by  his  subsequent  success,  and  ambitious  of  more 
splendor  and  influence  than  he  thought  the  little  state  of 
Sparta  could  confer  upon  him,  he  sent  a  letter  to  Xerxes, 
offering  to  deliver  Greece  into  his  power  if  he  would  give 
him  his  daughter  in  marriage,  thus  connecting  him  with 
the  royal  family  of  Persia. 

27.  This  plot  was,  however,  discovered  before  its  consum- 
mation. Pausanias  was  recalled  and  put  to  death  by  order 
of  the  Ephori  (471  B.  a),  and  the  command  of  the  allied 
forces  was  transferred  to  Aristides.  A  league  was  also 
formed  among  the  Ionians  and  some  of  the  Greek  islands, 
under  the  leadership  of  Athens,  which  was  called  the 
"  Confederacy  of  Delos,"f  since  the  deputies  met  at  that 
island.  This  great  maritime  alliance  contributed  very  much 
to  the  subsequent  influence  of  Athens.  It  lasted  about  70 
years.  The  well-established  character  of  Aristides  for  in- 
tegrity and  prudence,  contributed  no  little  to  this  impor- 
tant measure.  Indeed,  the  justice  of  this  distinguished 
man  had  passed  into  a  proverb.  He  and  Themistocles, 
during  the  interval  between  the  victory  at  Marathon  and 
the  invasion  by  Xerxes,  had  contended  for  political  su- 
premacy in  the  public  assemblies  at  Athens ;  but  Aristides 

*  Byzantium  was  on  the  Bosporus  :  it  was  afterward  called  Constantinople. 
+  Principal  island  of  the  Cyclades,  a  group  in  the  ^Egean  Sea. 

26.  What  act  of  treason  did  Pausanias  commit  ? 

27.  What  was  his  fate  t  What  league  was  formed  ?  What  is  said  of  Aristides  ? 
Who  was  his  rival  ? 


B.  C.  449.]      PEKSIA,   GKEECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.  43 

failing,  had  been  banished  by  the  Ostracism  (483  b.  a).  He 
returned,  however,  just  in  time  to  aid  his  country  at  the 
battle  of  Salamis. 

28.  The  glory  gained  by  Themistocles  at  Salamis,  to- 
gether with  his  great  ability  and  prudence,  gave  to  him  at 
Athens  unlimited  influence.  He  caused  the  city  to  be 
rebuilt  and  strongly  fortified,  notwithstanding  the  opposi- 
tion prompted  by  the  mean  jealousy  of  the  Spartans. 
Being,  however,  accused  of  participating  in  the  treason  of 
Pausanias,  he  was  banished  by  the  Ostracism  (471  B.  a), 
and  took  refuge  in  the  dominions  of  the  Persian  monarch 
Artaxerxes,  where  he  lived  in  great  splendor  and  dignity 
till  his  death  (449  B.  a).  Aristides  survived  the  banish- 
ment of  his  great  rival  only  four  years.  He  died  honored 
by  his  countrymen,  and  with  a  reputation  for  virtue  and 
patriotism  which  no  one  could  impeach. 

29.  Ci'mon,  son  of  Miltiades,  succeeded  Aristides  in  the 
leadership  at  Athens.  He  gained  a  splendid  victory  over 
the  Persians  at  the  Eu-rym'e-don  Kiver,*  but  afterward  gave 
offence  to  the  Athenians  by  favoring  the  Spartans,  and 
was  banished  (461  B.  a),  through  the  contrivance  of  his 
rival  Per'i-cles,  who  by  this  means  obtained  the  leadership 
at  Athens,  which  he  retained  until  his  death,  more  than 
thirty  years  afterward.  Pericles  possessed  extraordinary 
talents  as  an  orator  and  statesman,  and  his  administration 
was  the  most  splendid  the  Athenians  ever  had.  Art  and 
literature  flourished,  and  the  city  was  embellished  with  the 
most  magnificent  edifices. 

30.  Cimon  was,  after  a  few  years,  recalled  from  exile,  and 
prosecuted  the  war  against  the  Persians ;  but  died  during 
the  siege  of  Oitium  (sish'e-um),  in  Cyprus.    The  Athenians, 

*  In  Pamphylia,  southern  part  of  Asia  Minor. — (See  Map,  p.  41.) 


28.  What  was  the  character  of  Themistocles  ?    What  caused  his  hanishment  ? 
When  did  the  death  of  Aristides  occur  ? 

29.  What  victory  was  gained  hy  Cimon  ?    How  and  when  did  the  administra- 
tion of  Pericles  commence  ?    What  was  its  character  ? 

30.  How  did  Cimon's  death  occur?    When  did  the  Persian  war  end?    What 
war  and  truce  with  the  Spartans  ? 


44         PEESIA,  GEEECE,  AND  MACEDONIA.   [B.  C.  422. 

however,  gained  another  decisive  victory  over  the  Persians, 
which  ended  this  long  war  (449  b.  a).  In  the  meanwhile 
war  had  been  carried  on  with  the  Spartans,  with  whom 
a  truce  was  concluded  at  first  for  five,  and  afterward 
for  thirty  years.  The  latter  truce  was  broken  by  a  great 
conflict  between  Athens  and  Sparta,  each  assisted  by  its 
allied  states.     This  was  the  famous  "  Peloponnesian  War." 

31.  The  immediate  cause  of  the  war  was  a  difficulty  be- 
tween Cor'inth  and  Cor-cy'ra,*  one  of  her  colonies ;  and  as 
Athens  took  sides  with  the  latter,  the  Dorian  Confederacy 
accused  her  of  violating  the  terms  of  the  thirty  years'  truce, 
and  a  Spartan  army  invaded  Attica  (431  B.  a).  Unable, 
with  his  few  allies,  to  contend  against  the  superior  military 
power  of  the  Spartans,  Pericles  pursued  the  policy  of  keep- 
ing within  the  city,  and  sending  his  numerous  fleet  to  ravage 
the  enemies'  coasts.  A  violent  plague,  however,  broke  out 
in  Athens,  and  Pericles  fell  a  victim  to  it,  in  429  b.  c. 

32.  The  most  noted  events  of  the  early  part  of  the  war 
were  the  revolt  of  Les'bos\  from  Athens,  and  the  brave  de- 
fence of  Platsea  against  the  Spartans.  The  flower  of  the 
Spartan  army  having  been  blockaded  by  the  Athenian  fleet 
at  Sphac-te'ri-a,  the  Spartans  applied  to  the  Athenians  for 
peace,  which,  through  the  influence  of  Cle'on,  a  low  and 
noisy  demagogue,  who  had  succeeded  Pericles  in  the 
leadership  of  the  popular  assemblies,  was  refused.  Sphac- 
teria  was  afterward  attacked,  and  the  Spartans  compelled 
to  surrender.  The  Athenians  were  severely  defeated  by  the 
Boeotians  at  De'li-um,  and  a  short  time  afterward  lost  their 
empire  in  Thrace  by  the  battle  of  Am-phip'o-Ms,  in  which 
Bras'i-das,  a  distinguished  Spartan  leader,  defeated  Cleon, 
the  Athenian,  both  generals  being  slain  (422  B.  a). 

*  A  large  island  off  the  western  shore  of  Epirus  :  now  Corfu. 

+  A  lurge  and  noted  island  off  the  western  coast  of  Mysia,  in  Asia  Minor.  Capital,  Mityleine. 
(See  Map,  p.  41.) 

3 1 .  What  was  the  cause  of  the  Peloponnesian  war  ?  How  and  when  did  it  com- 
mence ?    Policy  pursued  by  Pericles  ?    Cause  and  time  of  his  death  ? 

32.  What  were  the  principal  events  of  the  early  part  of  the  war?  Why  did  the 
Spartans  sue  for  peace  ?  Who  was  Cleon  ?  In  what  battle  were  the  Athenians 
defeated  ?  Who  fell  at  Amphipolis  ?  Where  was  Amphipolis  ?  (See  Map  of  Greece.) 


B.  C.  405.]     PERSIA,   GREECE,   AXD   MACEDONIA.  45 

33.  The  next  year,  through  the  influence  of  Nicias  (nish'- 
e-as),  who  succeeded  Cleon  at  Athens,  peace  was  made  with 
Sparta.  Though  designed  to  be  a  fifty  years'  truce,  it  lasted 
only  a  few  months.  Al-ci-M'a-des,  a  handsome  and  talented, 
but  dissolute  pupil  of  the  great  philosopher  Soc'ra-tes,  per- 
suaded Argos  to  renew  the  war.  He  then  induced  the  Athe- 
nians to  send  an  expedition  against  Syracuse,  to  the  com- 
mand of  which  himself  and  Nicias  were  assigned.  Alcibiades 
was,  however,  recalled ;  and  being  accused  of  committing 
an  act  of  great  outrage  and  impiety,  and  condemned  to 
death,  fled  to  Sparta.  Nicias  suffered  a  most  disastrous 
defeat;  and  as  the  armament  had  been  one  of  the  finest 
ever  sent  out  by  the  Athenians,  they  were  greatly  weakened 
by  this  event  (413  b.  a). 

34.  Alcibiades  passed  from  Sparta  to  Sardis,  taking 
refuge  with  the  Persian  satrap,  Tis-sa-pher'nes.  He,  how- 
ever, succeeded  in  gaining  some  brilliant  naval  victories 
for  the  Athenians,  and  was  recalled  by  them  with  great 
enthusiasm  and  joy,  but  only  again  to  be  driven  into  exile 
(407  B.  a).  Athens  unjustly  caused  six  of  her  generals  to 
be  put  to  death,  for  alleged  neglect  of  duty,  after  which 
the  chief  command  was  conferred  upon  Co'non.  Though 
an  able  officer,  he  allowed  himself  to  be  surprised  by  the 
Spartan  general  Ly-san'der  at  JE'gos-pot'a-mos,  on  the  Hel- 
lespont, and  nearly  all  the  fleet  was  destroyed  (405  B.  a). 
Lyssnder  the  next  year  proceeded  to  Athens,  captured  the 
city,  and  thus  ended  this  long  war.  For  a  minute  account 
of  these  events  we  are  indebted  to  the  hjtorians  Thu-cyd'- 
i-des  and  Xen'o-phon. 

35.  Athens  was  thus  driven  to  the  most  humiliating  sub- 
mission. She  was  compelled  to  destroy  her  port,  agree  to 
undertake  no  military  enterprise  except  under  the  com- 


33.  What  was  the  "Peace  of  Nicias?"    How  was  the  war  renewed  ?    Give  an 
account  of  the  expedition  against  Syracuse.  Where  is  Syracuse  ?  (See  Map,  No.  3.) 

34.  What  is  related  further  of  Alcibiades?    What  ended  the  war?    HiBtoriana 
of  the  war  ? 

35.  Results  of  the  defeat  of  Athens  ?    Who  restored  the  popular  government  ? 


46  PERSIA,   GREECE,   A^D   MACEDONIA.      {B.  C.  399. 

mand  of  Sparta,  and  also  to  consent  to  the  abolition  of 
her  popular  government,  and  to  accept  in  its  stead  that 
of  thirty  magistrates,  styled  afterward,  from  their  cruel 
and  oppressive  measures,  the  Thirty  Tyrants.  The  demo- 
cratical  government  was,  however,  soon  restored  through 
the  patriotism  and  gallantry  of  Thras-y-bu'lus,  by  whom 
and  his  associates  the  tyrants  were  expelled  (403  b.  a). 

36.  A  few  years  after  this,  perished,  by  an  unjust  sen- 
tence of  the  Athenian  judges,  at  the  age  of  70  years, 
Socrates,  the  most  virtuous  and  illustrious  of  all  the  an- 
cient philosophers,  whose  uninspired  teachings  make  the 
nearest  approach  to  the  morality  of  the  Gospel.  Accused 
of  irreligion  and  of  corrupting  the  youth  by  false  doctrine, 
he  defended  himself  with  great  boldness,  .but  displeased  the 
judges  by  not  supplicating  their  mercy.  He  spent  the  in- 
terval of  thirty  days  between  his  condemnation  and  death 
in  tranquil  discourse  with  his  disciples,  and  having  drank 
the  cup  of  hemlock  with  a  firm  and  cheerful  countenance, 
amid  his  weeping  friends,  died  with  perfect  composure,  ex- 
pressing to  the  last  his  belief  in  an  immortality  beyond  the 
grave  (399  B.  a).  His  most  eminent  disciples  were  Pla'to  and 
Xenophon,  from  whom  we  derive  our  knowledge  of  his 
doctrines,  since  he  himself  committed  nothing  to  writing. 

37.  Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand.  A  short  time 
after  the  close  of  the  Peloponnesian  War,  the  Greek  soldiers 
being  unemployed,  a  large  number  (about  14,000),  under  a 
Spartan  leader,  named  Cle-ar'chus,  entered  into  the  service 
of  Cyrus,  surnamed  the  Younger,  a  Persian  prince,  and  the 
brother  of  the  reigning  king,  Artaxerxes  II.  His  object 
was  believed  by  them  to  be  an  attack  upon  the  Pisidians, 
but  the  design  really  was  to  deprive  his  brother  of  the 
throne  of  Persia.  They  marched  to  Cu-nax'a,  near  Babylon, 


36.  Give  an  account  of  the  condemnation  and  death  of  Socrates.  Who  were 
his  most  eminent  pupils  ? 

37.  Into  whose  service  did  some  of  the  Greek  soldiers  enter?  For  what  ob- 
ject ?  What  battle  was  fought  ?  With  what  result  ?  (Where  was  Cunaxa  ?  See 
Map,  p.  47.) 


B.C.  401.]      PERSIA,    GREECE,    AND   MACEDONIA. 


where  an  immense  army  of  900,000-  Persians  engaged  the 
forces  of  Cyrus,  consisting  of  300,000  together  with  the 
Greek  mercenaries.  The  latter  gained  an  entire  victory; 
but  Cyrus,  in  a  rash  attempt  to  slay  his  brother,  was  killed, 
and  the  expedition  was  abandoned  (401  B.  a). 


East    Iroin.    XoncLan. 


38.  On  their  retreat,  the  Greek  generals  were  drawn  into 
a  conference  with  the  Persians,  and  treacherously  put  to 
death.  Xenophon,  who  had  been  a  volunteer  in  the  expe- 
dition, was  immediately  chosen  commander ;  and  the  retreat 
was  continued  by  the  Greeks  for  a  distance  of  more  than 
1500  miles,  amid  incredible  hardships  from  cold,  hunger, 
and  the  assaults  of  their  enemies,  until  they  at  last  reached 
the  Euxine,  when  they  found  their  numbers  reduced  to 
about  10,000.  This  celebrated  expedition,  as  well  as  the 
retreat  which  closed  it,  forms  the  subject  of  perhaps  the 
most  interesting  work  of  Xenophon.  He  afterward  with 
the  same  forces  entered  into  the  service  of  a  Thracian  king, 
and  subsequently  assisted  the  Spartans  in  Asia  Minor 
against  the  Persians. 

38.  Give  an  account  of  the  retreat.  What  led  to  the  election  of  Xenophon? 
At  what  place  were  the  generals  killed?    (see  Map,  p.  47.) 


48  PERSIA,   GREECE,   A^D   MACEDONIA.      [B.C.  371. 

39.  In  this  war  with  the  Persians,  A-ges-i-la'us,  the 
Spartan  king,  gained  some  important  victories,  but  was 
suddenly  recalled  to  defend  his  country  against  a  powerful 
league,  consisting  of  Argos,  Corinth,  Athens,  and  Thebes, 
formed  to  attack  her.  The  confederate  army  was,  how- 
ever, defeated  by  Agesilaus  in  the  battle  of  Cor-o-ne'a;  but 
about  the  same  time  the  Spartan  fleet  was  almost  entirely 
destroyed  at  Cnidus  (ni'dus)  by  Co'non,  the  Athenian 
(394  b.  a).  The  Athenians  by  this  victory  regained  the 
naval  supremacy  which  they  had  lost  at  iEgospotamos. 

40.  Peace  of  Antalcidas.  The  Grecian  states  being 
thus  at  war  with  each  other,  each  party  contended  for  the 
alliance  and  aid  of  the  Persians.  Conon,  who  by  means  of 
Persian  gold  had  been  enabled  to  equip  his  fleet,  and  to 
rebuild  the  walls  of  Athens,  was,  through  the  machinations 
of  Sparta,  brought  into  suspicion  with  the  Persian  monarch 
and  thrown  into  prison.  The  Spartans  thus  obtained  the 
alliance  of  the  Persians,  and  through  their  emissary,  An- 
tal'ci-das,  negotiated  a  peace  by  which  the  Greek  cities  of 
Asia  were  given  up  to  Persian  rule.  This  disgraceful  treaty 
was  ratified  by  the  other  states  (387  b.  a). 

41.  Theban  War.  The  Spartans,  having  unjustly 
seized  the  citadel  of  Thebes,  were  expelled  through  the  influ- 
ence of  Pe-lop'i-das  and  E-pam-i-non' das,  two  distinguished 
Theban  patriots.  This  brought  on  a  war  between  Thebes 
and  Sparta,  in  which  the  former  state  gained  great  glory. 
In  the  noted  battle  of  Leuc'tra  (371  B.  c.)  the  Spartan 
army  was  defeated  by  forces  much  inferior  in  number,  com- 
manded by  Epaminondas  and  Pelopidas,  and  the  Pelopon- 
nesus was  thus  thrown  open  to  invasion.  Agesilaus,  however, 
by  his  vigorous  measures  saved  Sparta  from  capture;  and 
Epaminondas,  after  laying  waste  the  territory  of  Laconia 

*    39.  What  victories  were  gained  by  Agesilaus ?    What  one  by  Conon?    What 
was  its  effect  ? 

40.  How  was  peace  made  with  the  Persians  ? 

41.  What  caused  a  war.  between  Thebes  and  Sparta?     What  battles  were 
fought  ?    (Where  were  Leuctra  and  Mantinea  ?    See  Map  of  Greece.) 


B.  C.  359.]     PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.  49 

with  fire  and  sword,  retired  from  the  peninsula.  Other 
invasions  of  the  Peloponnesus  were  afterward  made  by  the 
Thebans ;  and  in  the  last  of  these,  the  famous  battle  of 
Man-ti-ne'a  was  fought  (362  B.  a),  in  which  the  Spartans, 
under  Agesilaus,  were  again  defeated  by  Epaminondas,  but 
the  latter  was  mortally  wounded. 

42.  Epaminondas  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  greatest 
heroes  and  patriots  Greece  ever  produced.  Wise  in  council, 
and  brave  and  skilful  in  battle ;  an  accomplished  statesman 
and  orator;  and, what  is  still  more,  a  man  of  unswerving 
truth  and  honesty,  he  was,  during  all  the  subsequent  history 
of  Greece,  universally  considered  the  best  model  for  imi- 
tation. With  him  the  influence  of  Thebes  began  and  ended. 
His  last  advice  was  followed  by  his  mourning  countrymen, 
and  peace  was  concluded  before  they  departed  from  the 
Peloponnesus.  Agesilaus  died  the  next  year,  in  an  expe- 
dition in  which  he  had  engaged,  though  80  years  of  age,  to 
assist  Egypt  against  the  Persians.  The  subsequent  history 
of  Greece  is  closely  connected  with  that  of  Macedonia. 

Macedonian  Empire. 

43.  Previous  to  the  time  of  Philip,  Macedo'nia  occupied 
only  an  obscure  position  among  the  nations  of  the  world, 
though  it  had  existed  as  a  kingdom  for  about  four  centu- 
ries. Being  detained  as  a  hostage  at  Thebes,  Philip  had 
enjoyed  the  benefit  of  a  thorough  education  under  Epami- 
nondas ;  and  when,  at  the  age  of  24,  he  ascended  the  throne 
(359  b.  a),  he  possessed  all  the  accomplishments  of  a  skil- 
ful soldier  and  statesman ;  while  his  great  talent  for  arti- 
fice made  him  especially  suited  for  the  part  of  a  wily 
politician. 

44.  Greece,  at  that  time,  presented  an  excellent  field  for 
these  peculiar  talents.    Torn  to  pieces  by  internal  dissen- 

42.  What  was  the  character  of  Epaminondas?  When  did  the  death  of  Agesi- 
laus occur  ? 

43.  What  is  said  of  the  early  history  of  Macedonia  ?  Of  the  character  and  edu- 
cation of  Philip  ? 

44.  What  was  the  state  of  Greece  at  that  time  ? 


50  PERSIA,   GREECE,   A^D  MACEDONIA.     [B.  C.  357. 

sions,  possessing  no  national  union,  the  states  were  con- 
stantly forming  temporary  leagues  against  each  other,  and 
preparing  themselves  for  the  attack  of  some  crafty  and 
powerful  invader.  Athens,  distinguished  for  her  progress 
in  literature  and  art,  was  very  much  weakened  by  luxury; 
Sparta  had  become  corrupted  and  enervated  by  the  gold 
gained  in  her  conquests,  and  though  still  warlike,  was 
actuated  only  by  the  meanest  sentiments  of  jealousy  and 
revenge  toward  her  sister  states.  The  other  states  were 
only  influential  in  promoting,  by  petty  disputes,  the  general 
anarchy. 

45.  Having  organized  a  powerful  and  well-trained  army, 
Philip  began  his  schemes  by  seizing  Amphipolis  and  estab- 
lishing a  military  station  at  Phi-lip' pi.  Meanwhile  a  war 
broke  out  between  Athens  and  her  maritime  allies,  called 
the  Social  War,  which  having  lasted  about  three  years, 
ended  in  the  defeat  of  Athens  and  secured  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  more  important  allies  (355  b.  a).  In  the 
meantime  another  war  had  broken  out  in  Greece,  called 
the  Sacred  War  (357  b.  a),  caused  by  the  Pho'cians,  who 
instead  of  paying  a  fine  imposed  by  the  Am-phic-ty-ori ic 
Council,  for  having  occupied  and  cultivated  a  tract  of  land 
devoted  to  the  Delphian  Apollo,  invaded  the  sacred  terri- 
tory, and  surprised  and  took  Delphi*  itself. 

46.  This  brought  on  a  general  war,  most  of  the  states 
taking  up  arms  against  the  Phocians,  who,  however,  suc- 
ceeded in  forming  an  alliance  with  Athens  and  Sparta. 
After  the  respective  parties  had  been  weakened  by  several 
battles,  Philip  interfered.  Having  totally  defeated  the 
army  of  the  Phocians  in  Thessaly,  he  took  and  destroyed 
Q-lyn'thus;\  and  then  marched  .into  Greece,  and  after  tak- 
ing possession  of  Phocis,  occupied  Delphi.    He  then  as- 

*  A  town  in  Phocis,  noted  for  its  celebrated  temple  and  oracle  of  the  god  Apollo, 
t  A  celebrated  city  on  the  southern  coast  of  Macedonia.    (Map  of  Greece.) 

45.  How  did  Philip  begin  his  schemes  of  conquest  ?  WTiat  was  the  social  war  ? 
Its  result  ?    What  was  the  sacred  war  ? 

46.  What  part  did  Philip  take  in  this  war  ?    Its  result  ? 


B.  C.  336.]     PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.  51 

sembled  the  Ampliic'tyons,  and  procured  a  decree  that  the 
towns  of  the  Phocians  should  be  destroyed,  and  that  their 
two  votes  in  the  council,  of  which  they  were  deprived, 
should  be  transferred  to  Macedonia.  This  ended  the  Sacred 
War  (346  B.  a),  the  effect  of  which  was  to  make  Macedon 
the  leading  state  in  Greece. 

47.  Meanwhile  the  great  Athenian  orator,  De-mos'tlie-nes, 
had  endeavored,  by  his  splendid  eloquence,  to  arouse  his 
countrymen  against  the  crafty  designs  of  Philip ;  but  al- 
though the  latter  persisted  in  his  schemes  of  conquest,  it 
was  not  until  338  b.  c.  that  any  effort  was  made  to  oppose 
his  progress.  In  that  year  a  battle  was  fought  at  Chm-ro-ne' a, 
in  which  Philip  disastrously  defeated  the  combined  forces 
of  Athens  and  Thebes,  and  thus  completed  the  subjugation 
of  all  Greece.  He,  however,  left  to  the  states  a  nominal 
independence  in  their  local  affairs,  he  himself  controlling 
all  public  measures. 

48.  Philip  next  convened  a  congress  of  the  Grecian 
states  at  Corinth,  obtained  from  them  a  formal  declaration 
of  war  against  Persia,  and  returned  home  to  prepare  an 
expedition  for  the  conquest  of  that  country,  which  he  had 
for  some  time  meditated.  Before,  however,  these  prepara- 
tions were  completed,  he  was  assassinated  by  Pausanias, 
a  young  Macedonian  noble  (336  b.  c.)  ;  and  Alexander, 
afterward  called  the  Great,  ascended  the  throne,  being 
then  only  twenty  years  of  age,  but  thoroughly  educated, 
partly  under  the  celebrated  philosopher  Ar'is-to-tle. 

49.  The  Thebans  having  revolted,  Alexander  immediately 
marched  against  them,  and  taking  their  city,  razed  it  to  the 
ground,  and  sold  its  inhabitants,  to  the  number  of  30,000, 
in  to  slavery.  After  this  terrible  example,  leaving  An-tip'a-ter 

47.  What  is?  said  of  Demosthenes?  Battle  of  Chaeronea?  Its  result?  Where 
was  Chferonea  ?    (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  2.) 

48.  What  measures  were  adopted  by  Philip  against  Persia ?  What  caused  his 
death  ?    By  whom  was  lie  succeeded  ? 

49.  How  did  Alexander  suppress  the  revolt  of  Thebes?  Where  was  his  first 
battle  with  the  Persians  fought?  What  was  its  result?  Describe  the  battle  of  Is- 
bus.  What  was  its  result  ?   (Where  was  Issus  ?    See  Map,  p.  52.) 


B.  C.  332.]     PEKSIA,   GKEECE,   AND   MACEJONTA.  53 

as  regent  in  Macedonia,  he  proceeded  on  the  expedition 
planned  by  his  father  (334  b.  a).  Having  crossed  the 
Hellespont  with  an  army  of  35,000  men,  he  advanced  to 
the  Gra-nl'cus  river,  and  defeated  the  Persian  army, 
120,000  strong,  assembled  on  its  banks.  He  then  passed 
through  Asia  Minor,  all  of  the  cities  of  which  surrendered 
to  him;  and  the  next  year  defeated  a  vast  army,  under 
Darius,  the  Persian  monarch,  at  Is'sus.  So  complete  was 
the  rout,  that  Darius  fled  in  dismay,  leaving  his  mother  and 
wife  to  the  mercy  of  the  victor.  These  Alexander  ordered 
to  be  treated  with  the  greatest  respect  and  attention. 

50.  He  then  advanced  toward  the  south,  and  all  the  cities 
of  Phoenicia  surrendered  to  him,  except  Tyre,  the  siege  of 
which  delayed  him  seven  months.  He  built  a  pier  across 
the  strait,  half  a  mile  wide,  which  separated  the  city  from 
the  main  land,  and  thus  having  gained  access  to  the  walls, 
he  battered  them  to  pieces  and  took  the  city  by  storm 
(332  b.  a).  No  mercy  was  shown  to  the  wretched  inhabit- 
ants, eight  thousand  of  whom  are  said  to  have  been  mas- 
sacred, and  the  remainder  sold  into  slavery. 

51.  In  the  mean  while  Darius  solicited  peace,  offering  to 
cede  to  Alexander  the  western  half  of  the  empire,  and  to 
give  him  his  daughter  in  marriage.  This,  however,  Alex- 
ander promptly  refused,  and  continued  his  march  toward 
Egypt,  capturing  Gd'za  on  the  way.  Passing  through 
Egypt,  he  penetrated  the  Lib'yan  desert,  and  paid  a  visit  to 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Am'mon.  He  also  founded  in  Egypt 
the  city  of  Alexandria,*  which  for  many  centuries  after- 

*  This  was  the  first  city  founded  by  Alexander  and  named  after  him.  He  subsequently 
founded  no  less  than  seventeen  cities,  in  different  parts  of  Asia,  to  each  of  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  Alexandria.     (See  Map,  p.  52.) 

Map  Questions.  (See  Map,  page  52.)  Name  the  places  on  Alexander's  march 
from  the  Granicus  to  Issus.  What  places  did  he  pass  from  Issus  to  Alexandria  ? 
On  his  return  from  Alexandria  to  Arbela  ?  From  Arhela  to  Ecbatana  ?  From 
Ecbatana  to  Maracanda  ?  What  was  the  most  northern  point  reached  ?  The  most 
eastern  ?  What  places  did  he  pass  on  going  from  Alexandria  the  Farthest  to  the 
point  of  return  on  the  Hyphasis  ?  At  what  points  did  great  battles  occur?  De- 
scribe his  return  route.    Which  way  did  the  fleet  proceed  under  Nearchus  ? 

50.  How  was  Tyre  taken  ?    How  were  the  inhabitants  treated  ? 

51.  What  offer  was  made  by  Darius?  What  country  did  Alexander  next  in- 
vade ?    What  city  did  he  found  ?    What  did  Alexandria  become  ? 


54  PERSIA,   GREECE,  AKD  MACEDONIA.     [B.  C.  328. 

ward  was  the  first  commercial  city  in  the  world,  being  the 
grand  emporium  of  Europe,  Africa,  and  India. 

52.  Turning  again  to  the  east,  he  crossed  the  Euphrates, 
and  prepared  for  the  battle  which  was  to  decide  the  fate  of 
Persia.  On  the  plain  of  Gau-ga-me'la,  a  few  miles  from  Ar- 
he'la,  Darius  drew  up  his  immense  army,  consisting  of  oyer 
a  million  Persians,  which,  with  40,000  foot  and  7000  horse, 
Alexander,  after  a  brief  engagement,  entirely  defeated  and 
put  to  flight  (331  B.  a).  Proceeding  to  Babylon,  he  en- 
tered that  city  in  triumph,  having  made  himself,  at  the  age 
of  twenty-fiye,  the  master  of  all  Western  Asia,  together  with 
Egypt.   " 

53.  He  next  advanced  to  Su'sa,  a  treasure-city  of  the 
Persians,  which  surrendered  without  resistance.  Here  were 
obtained  gold  and  silver  to  the  amount  of  50,000  talents, 
and  what  was  still  more  interesting  to  the  Greeks,  the 
spoils  which  Xerxes  had  carried  off  from  Greece.  Per-sep'- 
o-Ms,  the  real  capital  of  the  Persian  kings,  was  the  next  city 
occupied  by  the  invader;  and  here,  it  is  said,  the  treasure 
captured  amounted  to  120,000  talents.  Darius  had  in  the 
mean  while  fled  to  Ecbatana,  and  thither  Alexander  went 
in  pursuit,  which  he  continued  with  great  rapidity,  until 
he  reached  Bactria,  where  the  Persian  monarch  had  been 
seized  and  put  to  death  by  the  satrap  of  that  province. 

54.  Alexander,  still  pursuing  his  career  of  conquest,  de- 
feated the  Scythians  on  the  banks  of  the  I-ax'ar-tes,  and 
took  possession  of  Mar-a-can'da  (now  Samarcand),  the 
capital  of  Sog-di-a'na,  where  he  married  a  Bactrian  prin- 
cess, named  Rox-a'na  (328  B.  a).  Here  too  it  was  that,  at 
a  banquet,  in  a  fit  of  anger,  he  murdered  his  friend  Cly'tus, 
who  had  saved  his  life  at  the  battle  of  the  Granicus.  He 
next  invaded  India,  defeated  Po'rus,  the  king  of  that  coun- 

52.  What  was  the  final  engagement  with  Darius  ?    Its  result  ? 

53.  What  other  cities  and  countries  were  subdued?    What  was  the  fate  of 
Darius  ? 

54.  What  further  conquests  were  made  by  Alexander?  Whom  did  he  marry  ? 
Whom  did  he  slay  in  anger  ?    Why  did  he  at  last  retreat  ? 


B.  C.  323.]      PERSIA,    GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.  55 

try,  on  the  banks  of  the  Hy-das'pes,  and  after  a  brief  rest, 
pushed  on  to  the  Hyj)h'a-sis,  when  the  soldiers,  worn  out 
with  their  toils,  positively  refused  to  proceed  any  farther. 
He  then  gave  orders  to  return. 

55.  Having  built  a  fleet,  he  sailed  down  the  Indus  to  its 
mouth  ;  and  then,  leaving  Ne-ar'chus  to  pursue  the  voyage 
of  exploration,  he  marched  through  the  burning  desert  to 
Persepolis,  and  thence  by  way  of  Susa  and  Ecbatana  to 
Babylon,  where  he  indulged  in  various  schemes  of  further 
conquest.  But,  as  he  was  about  to  set  out  on  a  campaign  in 
Arabia,  he  was  seized  with  a  fever,  said  to  have  been  oc- 
casioned by  intemperance ;  and  after  eleven  days'  illness,  he 
expired  (323  b.  a).  On  his  death-bed,  being  asked  by  one 
of  his  generals,  to  whom  he  desired  to  leave  his  throne,  he 
answered :  "  To  the  worthiest  among  you ;  but  I  am  afraid 
my  obsequies  will  be  celebrated  with  bloody  hands."  He, 
•however,  gave  his  ring  to  Per-dic'cas. 

56.  Of  all  the  conquerors  of  antiquity  Alexander  was, 
without  doubt,  the  most  enterprising  and  renowned.  The 
splendor  of  his  military  achievements  should  not,  however, 
blind  us  to  the  moral  depravity  which  could  sacrifice,  with- 
out a  single  pang  of  remorse,  so  many  thousands  of  his 
fellow-creatures,  merely  to  gratify  a  thirst  for  vain-glory. 
This  insatiable  desire  seems  to  have  been  unmixed  with 
any  wish  to  benefit  his  subjects  or  mankind,  although  he 
founded  cities  which  promised  to  be  useful  to  him  in  car- 
rying out  his  ambitious  views,  and  in  perpetuating  his 
memory.  In  the  hands  of  Providence,  however,  he  was 
undoubtedly  an  instrument  of  good;  since,  by  his  con- 
quests, the  two  continents  were  brought  into  closer  com- 
munication with  each  other,  and  the  language,  literature, 
and  arts  of  Greece  were  carried  into  the  East. 


55.  In  what  way  did  he  return?  (Trace  his  route  both  in  advance  and  on  his 
return,  from  Map,  p.  52.)  What  other  conquests  were  meditated  by  him  ?  When 
and  how  did  his  death  take  place  ?    Did  he  leave  a  successor  ? 

56.  What  was  the  character  of  Alexander?  What  was  the  result  of  his  con- 
quests ?   (Point  out  on  the  Map  the  towns  founded  by  him,  and  named  Alexandria.) 


56  PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND  MACEDONIA.      [B.  C.  322. 

57.  In  the  mean  while,  the  Spartans,  "under  their  king 
A'gis,  had  made  a  vigorous  effort,  in  union  with  most  of 
the  other  states  of  Peloponnesus  (331  B.  a),  to  throw  off 
the  yoke  of  Macedon ;  but  they  were  defeated  with  great 
slaughter  by  Antipater,  Agis  being  slain  in  the  battle. 
Athens  had  taken  no  part  in  this  struggle ;  but  under  the 
influence  of  Pho'cion,  illustrious  for  the  wisdom  and 
moderation  of  his  counsels  and  his  stern  republican  sim- 
plicity and  honesty,  prosecuted  the  orators  who  had  been 
active  against  the  Macedonians,  and,  under  a  charge  of 
bribery,  drove  them  into  exile.  Among  these  was  Demos- 
thenes. When,  however,  news  arrived  of  the  death  of 
Alexander,  the  city  gave  way  to  the  most  excessive  de- 
monstrations of  joy,  and  Phocion's  party  lost  all  their 
influence. 

58.  The  Lamian  War.  In  an  expedition  under  Le-os'- 
tlie-nes,  the  Athenians  and  their  allies  gained  some  impor- 
tant victories  over  Antipater  near  La'mi-a  ;*  but  Antipater 
being  joined  by  Crat'e-rus,  with  a  considerable  force  from 
Asia,  entirely  defeated  them  in  Thessaly,  and  the  war  was 
at  an  end  (322  b.  c).  Athens  was  compelled  to  give  up 
her  orators,  including  Demosthenes,  who  had  been  recalled 
from  exile  during  the  war :  the  latter,  however,  escaping, 
was  finally  compelled  to  take  poison  in  order  to  escape  from 
his  pursuers ;  while  the  others  were  cruelly  put  to  death. 

59.  Alexander's  Successors.  After  Alexander's 
death,  his  half-brother  Philip,  and  his  infant  son  by  Eoxa- 
na,  were  declared  partners  of  the  throne,  while  the  empire 
itself  was  parcelled  out  among  the  generals  who  were  to 
rule  as  satraps,  but  Perdiccas  was  to  act  as  regent.     Being 

*  A  fortified  town  near  the  southeastern  border  of  Thessaly.    (See  Map  of  Greece.) 


57.  What  effort  did  the  Spartans  make  to  regain  their  freedom  ?  What  course 
did  Athens  pursue  ?  Why  ?  Who  were  banished  ?  Effect  of  Alexander's  death 
at  Athens  ? 

58.  The  Lamian  war  and  its  result  ?    (Where  was  Lamia  ?    See  Map,  No.  3.) 

59.  How  were  the  dominions  of  Alexander  disposed  of?  What  league  was 
formed  against  Perdiccas  ?    Who  succeeded  him  a3  regent  ? 


B.C.  301.]  PERSIA,  GREECE,  AND  MACEDONIA.         57 

suspected  of  a  design  to  place  himself  upon  the  throne,  a 
league  was  formed  against  Perdiccas  by  An-tig'o-nus,  Ptol'- 
e-my,  An-tip'a-ter,  and  Crat'e-rus ;  and,  in  a  war  against 
them,  he  was  assassinated  (321  b.  a).  Antipater  was  then 
made  regent,  and  the  empire  was  again  divided. 

60.  Antipater  died  three  years  afterward,  at  the  age  of 
eighty,  and  left  the  regency  to  Pol-y-sper'clion,  a  veteran 
general  of  Alexander.  This  displeased  Cas-san'der,  Antip- 
ater's  son,  who  had  expected  to  succeed  his  father,  and 
kindled  a  war  of  several  years  between  the  two  generals. 
During  this  war  Cassander  placed  the  administration  at 
Athens  under  De-me'tri-us  Pha-le're-us,  a  distinguished 
Athenian  orator,  statesman,  and  writer,  who  ruled  the 
city  for  ten  years  with  so  much  popularity  that  the  Athe- 
nians raised  360  brazen  statues  to  his  honor.  War  having 
arisen  between  Antigonus  and  the  other  generals,  Athens 
surrendered  to  Deme'trius  Po-M-or-ce'tes,*  the  son  of  Antigo- 
nus ;  and  Phalereus,  who,  by  his  dissipated  habits,  had  lost 
his  popularity,  was  compelled  to  flee,  all  his  statues  being 
thrown  down  except  one. 

61.  After  several  years  more  of  war,  a  decisive  battle 
was  fought  near  Ip'sus,  in  which  Antigonus  was  slain  and 
his  army  entirely  defeated  (301  b.  a).  This  led  to  a  more 
permanent  division  of  the  empire,  and  nearly  closed  this 
long  series  of  wars,  which  so  fully  demonstrated  the  pro- 
phetic sagacity  of  Alexander,  when  he  said  his  obsequies 
would  be  bloody.  It  also,  perhaps,  still  further  proved  the 
wickedness  and  wanton  cruelty  of  his  nature,  since  he 
took  no  means  to  prevent  so  dreadful  a  result  by  definitely 
appointing  a  successor.  During  these  wars  the  whole  of 
Alexander's  relations,  including  his  mother,  O-lym'pi-as, 
and  his  wife  and  son,  were  successively  put  to  death. 

*  Poliorcetes  means,  in  Greek,  the  "  Besieger  of  Cities." 


60.  Who  was  the  successor  of  Antipater  ?    What  war  ensued  ?    What  is  said 
of  Demetrius  Phalereus  ?    Demetrius  Poliorcetes  ? 

61.  Where  was  Antigonus  defeated?    (Where  was  Ipsus  ?     See  Map,  p.  41.) 
What  was  the  result  ?    What  became  of  Alexander's  relations  ? 


58  PERSIA,   GREECE,   AtfD  MACEDONIA.     [B.C.  283. 

62.  In  the  partition  of  the  empire  which  took  place 
after  the  battle  of  Ipsus,  Cassander  obtained  Greece  and 
Macedonia ;  Ptolemy  was  confirmed  in  the  possession  of 
Egypt ;  Ly-sim'a-chus  had  the  greatest  part  of  Asia  Minor ; 
and  Se-leu'cus,  the  whole  country  from  the  coast  of  Syria 
to  the  Euphrates.  The  latter  founded  on  the  river  O-ron'- 
tes  a  new  capital  of  his  empire,  which  he  named  An'tioch, 
after  his  father,  An-ti'o-chus. 

63.  Demetrius,  the  son  of  Antigonus,  was  not  subdued. 
He  retreated  from  Ipsus,  and  proceeded  to  Greece ;  but  the 
Athenians  refused  to  receive  him.  After  forming  an  alliance 
with  Seleucus,  he  again  appeared  before  Athens,  which,  after 
a  long  siege,  he  captured,  expelling  the  tyrannical  governor 
whom  Cassander  had  appointed  (295  b.  a).  The  Atheni- 
ans were  greatly  moved  by  his  noble  forgiveness  and  lenity ; 
for  instead  of  the  dreadful  punishment  which  they  had 
expected,  he  supplied  their  wants,  and  did  his  best  to 
relieve  the  miseries  occasioned  by  the  long  siege  which 
they  had  suffered. 

64.  After  the  death  of  Cassander,  Demetrius  possessed 
himself  of  the  throne  of  Macedon  (294  b.  a),  which  he 
occupied  for  seven  years,  when  it  was  seized  by  Pyr'rlms, 
king  of  Epirus,  and  in  a  few  months  afterward  by  Lysim- 
achus  (287  b.  a).  Thus  the  whole  Macedonian  Empire, 
excepting  Egypt,  under  Ptolemy,  was  divided  between 
Lysimachus  and  Seleucus.  Demetrius  died  a  captive  at 
the  court  of  the  latter,  283  b.  c.  The  throne  of  Macedon 
was  filled  by  Lysimachus  only  six  years,  when,  hostilities 
having  arisen  between  him  and  Seleucus,  he  was  defeated 
by  the  latter  in  a  battle  near  Sardis,  and  slain.  This  gave 
nearly  the  whole  empire  to  Seleucus,  who,  however,  sur- 
vived  the   conquest  only  one   year,   being   treacherously 

62.  What  partition  of  the  empire  was  made  ?  (Where  was  Antioch  ?  See  Pro- 
gressive Map,  No.  4.)    By  whom  was  it  founded  i 

63.  What  was  done  by  Demetrius  ?    What  was  his  conduct  toward  Athens  ? 

64.  By  what  kings  was  the  throne  of  Macedon  successively  filled  ?  Into  whoso 
power  did  nearly  all  the  Macedonian  Empire  fall?  In  what  way?  What  became 
of  Demetrius  ?    Of  Seleucus  ? 


B.C.  243.       PEKSIA,    GREECE,   AJsTD   MACEDONIA.  5'J 

assassinated  in  Thrace  (280  b.  a),  by  Ptolemy  Ce-rau'nus, 
son  of  Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt. 

65.  Macedonia  and  Thrace  were  the  same  year  invaded 
by  an  immense  host  of  Gauls,  under  a  leader  named  Bren- 
nus,  and  Ptolemy  fell  in  a  battle  which  he  fought  to  repel 
them.  The  Gauls  then  passed  into  Greece,  and  reached 
Delphi,  where  they  were  repulsed  with  great  loss.  Some 
of  them  afterward  settled  on  the  Danube ;  others,  in 
Thrace ;  while  a  third  part  passed  into  Asia,  and  settled 
in  the  country  called  after  them,  Ga-la'tia . 

66.  After  the  death  of  Ptolemy,  the  throne  of  Macedon 
was  occupied  by  Antigonus  Go-na'tas,*  son  of  Demetrius, 
who  reigned  till  243  b.  c,  exercising  a  severe  rule  over  the 
Greeks,  whose  cities  he  governed  by  means  of  petty  tyrants 
appointed  by  himself.  This  tyranny  led  to  a  noted  con- 
federacy, styled  in  history  the  "Achaean  League,"  it 
being  in  fact  the  revival  of  an  ancient  league  which  had 
existed  among  the  tAvelve  chief  cities  of  Achaia.  It  was 
soon  joined  by  most  of  the  important  states  of  Greece,  in- 
cluding Athens ;  and,  under  its  wise  and  patriotic  leader, 
A-ra'tus  of  Sicyon  (sish'e-on),  acquired  very  great  influence 
(243  b.  a). 

67.  At  this  period  three  powers  contended  for  mastery 
in  Greece :  the  A-chce'an  League,  the  2E-to'li-an  League,  and 
the  Spartans.  The  iEtolian  league  was  a  confederation  of 
tribes,  which  had  gradually  made  themselves  masters  of 
Locris,  Phocis,  Boeotia,  and  some  other  states.  The  Spar- 
tans, under  their  celebrated  kings  A'gis  and  Cle-om 'e-nes, 
had  attempted  to  regain  their  ancient  simplicity  of  man- 
ners and  military  hardihood. 

*  So  called  from  Gonni,  a  town  in  Thessaly,  where  he  was  born. 


65.  Give  an  account  of  the  invasion  by  the  Gauls.    Where  did  they  settle? 
(What  was  the  situation  of  Galatia  ?  See  Map,  p.  41.) 

66.  What  noted  league  was  formed  among  the  Greek  states  ?    What  led  to  it? 
Who  was  at  its  head  ?    (Where  was  Sicyon  ?   See  Map  of  Greece.) 

67.  What  three  powers  were  there  in  Greece  at  this  time  ?    What  was  the  J2tO- 
Iian  league  ?    What  did  Agis  and  Cleomenes  attempt  ? 


60  PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.     [B.C.  183. 

68.  Aratus,  in  a  war  with  the  Spartans,  was  obliged  to 
call  in  the  assistance  of  Antigonus  Do' son,*  king  of  Mace- 
don,  who  defeated  Cleomenes  and  captured  Sparta,  which 
hitherto  had  remained  unconquered  (221  B.  a).  Aratus 
afterward  entered  into  an  alliance  with  Philip,  king  of 
Macedon,  in  a  war  against  the  iEtolians,  which  lasted  till 
217  b.  c. ;  but  having  displeased  Philip,  he  was  by  the 
orders  of  the  latter  poisoned  (213  b.  a). 

69.  Phil-o-pce'men,  styled  "  the  last  of  the  Greeks,"  suc- 
ceeded Aratus  in  administering  the  affairs  of  the  Achaean 
league.  He  was  a  man  of  great  talents  and  virtue.  In 
207  b.  c,  he  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  Spartans,  not- 
withstanding they  were  assisted  by  the  Eomans ;  and,  in 
the  general  assembly  of  the  Greeks,  was  hailed  as  the  liber- 
ator of  their  country.  The  Eomans  a  few  years  after  this 
made  war  upon  Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  and  defeated  him 
in  the  famous  battle  of  Cyn-os-cepli'a-lce,\  in  Thessaly  (197 
b.  a).  Philip  was  then  compelled  to  withdraw  his  garri- 
sons from  the  Grecian  towns,  and  the  independence  of 
Greece  was  solemnly  proclaimed  by  the  Eomans. 

70.  The  iEtolians  having  made  war  upon  the  Eomans, 
were  completely  subdued  (139  b.  a).  Meanwhile  Sparta 
joined  the  Achaean  league;  but  the  Messenians  having  re- 
volted against  it,  Philopcemen,  in  an  attempt  to  reduce 
them,  was  taken  prisoner  and  barbarously  put  to  death,  at 
the  age  of  seventy  (183  b.  a).  Mes-se'ne  was,  however, 
captured  by  the  Achaaans  the  next  year,  and  the  murderers 
of  Philopoemen  punished. 

71.  The  Eomans,  again  invading  Macedonia,  defeated 

*  Doxon  means  about  to  give,  and  was  applied  to  this  king  on  account  of  his  habit  of  promising 
hut  not  performing. 

+  Oynoacephalm  means  dorjJ  henrte,  and  was  given  to  a  range  of  elevated  rocks  in  Thessaly 
resembling  in  appearance  the  heads  of  dogs.     It  is  sometimes  written  Ci/nocephale. 

68.  What  befell  Sparta  ?    What  caused  the  death  of  Aratus  ? 

69.  Who  was  Philopoemen  ?  How  did  he  become  distinguished  ?  Describe 
the  battle  of  Cynoscephahe  and  its  result.  (Where  was  Cynoscephalae  ?  See  Map 
of  Greece.) 

70.  What  ended  the  ^Etolian  league  ?    What  caused  the  death  of  Philopoemen  ? 

71.  When  was  the  battle  of  Pydna  fought?  Its  consequences?  Where  was 
Pydna  ?— (See  Map  of  Greece.)    When  and  by  whom  was  Greece  finally  subdued  ? 


B.  C.  146.]     PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.  01 

its  last  king,  Per' sens,  in  the  battle  of  Pyd'na  (168  B.  c.j, 
and  reduced  it  to  a  province.  The  Koman  general,  entering 
Greece,  surrendered  many  of  its  cities  to  the  pillage  of  the 
soldiers ;  and  no  fewer  than  150,000  of  the  inhabitants  were 
captured  and  sold  as  slaves.  A  few  years  later,  the  Koman s 
under  Mum'mi-us  again  invaded  Greece,  being  invited  by 
the  Spartans,  who  had  quarrelled  with  the  Achaeans.  The 
last  army  of  the  latter  surrendered  at  Corinth  (146  B.  a), 
and  Greece  became  a  Eoman  province,  under  the  name  of 
Achaia. 

72.  Grecian  Colonies. — These  were  very  numerous 
and  widespread.  The  southern  part  of  Italy  was  called 
Mag'na  Grcecia,  from  the  large  number  of  Greek  cities 
which  it  contained.  One  of  the  earliest  was  Cu'mce,  an 
iEolic  colony,  on  the  Bay  of  Naples ;  but  the  most  promi- 
nent were  Syb'a-ris,  noted  for  its  effeminacy  and  debauchery, 
and  Cro'ton,  distinguished  for  its  athletes  and  physicians. 
After  the  destruction  of  Sybaris  by  its  rival  Croton,  Taren'- 
tum  took  the  lead  among  the  cities  of  Magna  Graecia. 
Sicily  also  contained  a  large  number  of  Greek  cities,  of 
which  the  most  noted  were  Mes-sa'na,  Syr'a-cuse,  and  Ag-ri- 
gm'tum.  Syracuse  was  a  Corinthian  colony,  founded  734 
b.  c.  Its  history  will  be  given  in  connection  with  that  of 
Rome. 

73.  There  was  also  a  cluster  of  colonies  at  the  western 
nart  of  the  Mediterranean,  of  which  Mas-sd'li-a  (now  Mar- 
seilles), founded  600  B.  c,  was  the  chief.  On  the  African 
coast,  Cy-re'ne  was  established  by  the  Spartans  (630  B.  a). 
It  afterward  became  the  capital  of  Cyrenaica  (si-re-na'e- 
kali).  The  Ionic  cities  of  Asia  Minor  were  especially  noted 
for  their  enterprise;  and,  during  the  eighth  and  seventh 
centuries,  Miletus  was  the  first  commercial  city  of  Hellas ; 
but  Eph'e-sus  afterward  rivalled  it  in  size  and  importance. 

72.  What  were  the  principal  Greek  colonies  in  Italy  ?  In  Sicily  ?  Point  them 
out  on  the  Map.    (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  3.) 

73.  What  other  colonies  were  there?  What  is  said  of  Miletus?  Ephesus? 
Point  them  out.    (See  Map,  p.  41.) 


G2  PERSIA,   GKEECE,   AND   MACEDONIA. 

On  the  Propontis  and  the  Euxine  there  were  also  numerous 
colonies,  of  which  Cyz'i-cus  and  Sin'o-pe  were  the  most  cele- 
brated. 

74.  The  Greeks  were  remarkable  not  only  for  keenness 
of  intellect  and  delicacy  of  taste,  but  for  the  skill  and  tact 
with  which  they  employed  these  faculties,  both  in  the  useful 
and  in  the  fine  arts.  Architecture,  painting,  and  sculpture 
were  carried  by  them  to  a  degree  of  perfection  which  has 
never  been  surpassed.  The  works  of  their  poets  and  orators 
still  remain  unequalled  by  those  of  any  subsequent  age  or 
country ;  while  their  various  systems  of  philosophy  show  a 
genius  for  deep  speculation  and  subtle  distinction,  mingled 
with  a  refinement  of  sentiment,  to  be  found  in  those  of  no 
other  people.  Had  their  virtue  and  patriotism  been  equal 
to  their  intellectual  grandeur,  Greece  could  never  have 
been  subdued. 

75.  Being  destitute  of  any  political  union,  the  Hellenic 
States  destroyed  each  other  by  their  mutual  dissensions  and 
wars.  This  was  partly  due  to  the  traditional  animosities  and 
jealousies  of  the  different  races,  and  partly  to  the  geograph- 
ical character  of  Greece  itself,  which,  crossed  in  every  direc- 
tion by  mountain  chains  or  divided  by  deep  gulfs,  provided 
those  natural  barriers  which  encourage  local  pride  and  hos- 
tility. There  were,  however,  three  institutions  that  gave 
them  a  certain  degree  of  national  unity : — the  Amphictyonic 
Council,  the  Oracles,  and  the  Public  Games  and  other  re- 
ligious festivals. 

76.  The  Amphictyonic  Council  was  of  very  ancient  or- 
igin. It  consisted  of  deputies  from  the  different  states,  and 
met  usually  twice  a  year, — at  Delphi  in  the  spring,  and  at 
Thermopylae  in  the  autumn.  Its  express  objects  were  to 
prevent  acts  of  aggression  against  its  members,  and  to  pro- 

74.  For  what  were  the  Greeks  remarkable  ? 

75.  What  caused  the  political  disunion  of  the  Grecian  states  ?   What  gave  them 
a  certain  degree  of  unity  ? 

76.  Describe  the  Amphictyonic  Council.    What  were  the  Oracles  ?    Which  wa* 
the  principal  one  ?    How  generally  was  it  consulted  ? 


PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA.  63 

tect  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  The  Oracles  were 
certain  sacred  spots  where  it  was  thought  the  will  of  the 
gods  might  be  ascertained  through  the  inspired  answers 
of  the  priestesses.  There  were  several,  the  most  noted  of 
which  was  that  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  Thither  messengers 
came  from  all  parts  of  Greece,  and  even  from  foreign  coun- 
tries, to  consult  the  Oracle. 

77.  There  were  four  great  festivals  at  which  the  public 
games  were  celebrated,  called  the  Olympic,  Pyth'ian,  Ne-me'~ 
an,  and  Isth'mian  games.  The  Olympic  games  were  cele- 
brated at  Olympia,  in  Elis,  every  fifth  year,  in  honor  of 
Jupiter,  and  drew  together  an  immense  assemblage  from 
all  parts  of  Greece,  as  well  as  from  foreign  countries.  The 
exercises  consisted  of  running,  wrestling,  boxing,  chariot- 
racing,  etc. ;  and  to  be  proclaimed  a  victor  in  these  games 
was  considered  the  highest  honor  a  Grecian  could  attain. 
None  could  contend  in  them  but  those  of  the  Hellenic  race, 
and  all  who  entered  into  these  contests  were  obliged  to  take 
an  oath  that  they  would  use  no  unfair  means  to  obtain  the 
victory.  The  only  prize  bestowed  on  the  victor  was  a  sim- 
ple garland  of  wild  olive. 

78.  The  Pythian  games  were  celebrated  in  honor  of 
Apollo,  every  fifth  year,  near  Delphi ;  the  Nemean  and 
Isthmian  games,  once  in  two  years :  the  first,  at  Ne-me'a,  in 
honor  of  Jupiter ;  and  the  second,  by  the  Corinthians  on 
their  isthmus,  in  honor  of  Neptune,  the  god  supposed  to 
preside  over  the  sea.  In  these  three  festivals  there  were 
contests  in  poetry  and  music,  as  well  as  trials  of  strength 
and  skill.  The  Olympic  games  were  the  most  ancient. 
They  were  revived,  it  is  said,  by  Lycurgus  in  776  B.  c. ;  and 
hence  this  date,  called  the  First  Olympiad,  was  afterward 
employed  by  the  Greeks  as  their  principal  chronological  era. 

77.  How  many  and  what  public  games  ?    Describe  the  Olympic  games. 

78.  Describe  the  Pythian,  Nemean,  and  Isthmian  games.  What  was  the  origin 
of  the  Olympiads  ? 


64 


PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND   MACEDONIA. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION", 
c. 

f  1225.  Argonautic  Expedition. 

J  1184.  Troy  taken  and  burnt  by  the  Greeks. 

]  1124.  iEolic  migration  from  Thessaly. 

1 1104.  Return  of  the  Heracleidse. 

f  770.  Commencement  of  the  Olympiads.    Age  of  Lycur- 

i  gus. 

I  743-23.    First  Messenian  War. 

J    685-68.    Second  Messenian  War. 
i    624.         Draco  gives  laws  to  Athens. 

Legislation  of  Solon. 

Usurpation  of  Pisistratus. 

Insurrection  at  Athens. — Death  of  Hipparchus. 

Hippias  expelled  from  Athens. 

Ionian  revolt  in  Asia  Minor. 

Miletus  taken  and  the  Ionian  revolt  subdued. 

Invasion  of  Europe  by  Mardonius. 

Battle  of  Marathon. — Persians  defeated. 

Accession  of  Xerxes  to  the  throne  of  Persia. 

Aristides  banished  from  Athens  by  the  ostracism. 

Themistocles  the  leading  man  at  Athens. 

Invasion  of  Greece  by  Xerxes. — Battle  of  Salamis. 

Battle  of  Platsea. 

Leadership  transferred  from  Pausanias  to  Aristides. — 
Commencement  of  Athenian  supremacy. 
471.         Themistocles  banished  by  the   ostracism. — Death  of 

Pausanias. 
461.         Pericles  at  the  head  of  public  affairs  at  Athens. 
449.         Death  of  Cimon. — End  of  the  Persian  War. 
431.         Commencement  of  the  Peloponnesian  War. 
429.         Death  of  Pericles. — Plague  at  Athens. 
415.         Expedition  against  Sicily,  under  Alcibiades  and  Nicias. 
405.  Battle  of  JEgospotamos. 

403.  The  Thirty  Tyrants  expelled  by  Thrasybulus. 

401.         Battle  of  Cunaxa,  and  Retreat  of  the  "  Ten  Thousand." 
399.         Death  of  Socrates,  at  the  age  of  70. 
394.         Battle  of  Coronea,  and  Victory   of  Agesilaus. — The 

Spartan  fleet  defeated  by  Conon. 
387.         Peace  of  Antalcidas. 


f  594. 

1 

560-27. 

1  " 

514. 

510. 

<3 

L  501. 

f  495. 

492. 

490. 

485. 

483. 

481. 

480. 

479. 

^ 

478. 

i 


PERSIA,   GREECE,   AKD   MACEDONIA.  65 

f  371.         Battle  of  Leuctra. — The  Spartans  defeated  by  Epam- 
inondas. 

362.         Battle  of  Man  tinea. — Death  of  Epaminondas. 

359.         Accession  of  Philip  to  the  throne  of  Macedon. 

352.         First  Philippic  of  Demosthenes. 

346.         Philip  overruns  Phocis,  and  ends  the  Sacred  War. 

338.         Battle  of  Chaeronea. — The  Athenians    and   Thebans 
defeated  by  Philip. 

336.         Accession  of  Alexander  the  Great 

334.         Battle  of  the  Granicus  River. 

333.         Battle  of  Issus. 

331.  Battle  of  Arbela. 

323.         Death  of  Alexander  at  Babylon. — The  Lamian  War. 

317-307.  Demetrius  Phalereus  at  Athens. 

301.  Battle  of  Ipsus. 

r  281.         Lysimachus  defeated  and  slain  by  Seleucus. 
I    280.         Seleucus  assassinated  by  Ptolemy  Ceraunus. — Invasion 
of  Greece  by  the  Gauls. 

279.         The  Gauls  defeated  at  Delphi. 

243.         Aratus  general  of  the  Achaean  league. 
j    241.         Agis  (IV.),  king  of  Sparta,  put  to  death  for  attempting 
to  reform  the  government. 

236.         Cleomenes  (III.)  becomes  king  of  Sparta. 

221.  Sparta  captured  by  Antigonus  Doson. 

213.         Aratus  poisoned  by  Philip,  king  of  Macedon. 

208.         Philopcemen  general  of  the  Achaean  league. 

197.         Battle  of  Cynoscephalae. — Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  de- 
feated. 

183.         Philopcemen  put  to  death  by  the  revolted  Messenians. 

168.         Battle  of  Pydna. — End  of  the  Macedonian  monarchy. 

146.         Destruction  of  Corinth  by  Mummius. — Greece  made  a 
Roman  province  under  the  name  of  Achaia. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE. 

1.  What  conquests  were  made  by  Cyrus  the  Great  ? 31 

2.  What  were  the  principal  events  of  the  reign  of  Cambysee  ? 31 

3.  What  important  expeditions  were  undertaken  by  Darius  Hystaspea  ? 32 

4.  What  led  to  the  invasion  of  Greece  ? 32 

5.  What  Persian  monarch  invaded  Greece,  and  with  what  result  ? 32 

6.  When  and  in  what  way  did  the  Persian  Empire  end  ? 33 

7.  What  was  the  character  of  the  Persians  ?    Their  religion  ? 33 

8.  Give  a  brief  sketch  of  the  geography  of  Greece 33-34 

9.  Who  were  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  Greece  ? 34 


06  PERSIA,   GREECE,   AND  MACEDONIA. 


10.  What  were  the  principal  events  of  the  legendary  history  ? 34-35 

11.  What  revolutions  occurred  in  the  twelfth  century  ? 35 

12.  Give  an  account  of  Lycurgus 35-36 

13.  Describe  the  Messenian  Wars,  and  their  consequences 36 

11.  Describe  the  government  of  Sparta 36 

15.  Give  an  account  of  the  origin  of  Athens,  and  its  early  history 37 

16.  Who  were  Draco  and  Solon  ? 37 

17.  Give  an  account  of  Pisistratus  and  his  sons 37-38 

18.  What  is  meant  in  Grecian  history  by  the  "Age  of  Despots  V 38 

19.  What  was  the  ostracism,  and  why  was  it  established  ? 38-39 

20.  Mention  some  of  the  distinguished  mer?  who  were  banished  by  it 42-48 

21.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Marathon?    Its  consequences  ?    39 

22.  Give  an  account  of  the  invasion  of  Greece  by  Xerxes 40 

23.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  career  of  Aristides 41-43 

24.  Also  of  Themistocles 41-43 

25.  Of  Pausanias 41-42 

26.  OfCimon 43 

27.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  Persian  War 39-44 

28.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  Peloponnesian  War 44-45 

2!).  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  and  character  of  Socrates 46-47 

30.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Cunaxa  ? 47 

31.  Give  an  account  of  the  Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand ■ 47 

32.  Describe  the  character  of  Agesilaus,  and  state  the  chief  events  of  his  life..  48-49 

33.  What  rendered  Epaminondas  illustrious  ? 48-49 

34.  Describe  the  character  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  and  state  the  principal 

events  of  his  reign 49-51 

&5.  What  was  the  Sacred  War  ? 50-51 

36.  What  victory  gave  Philip  control  of  Greece  ? 51 

37.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  career  of  Alexander  the  Great 51-56 

38.  What  victory  gave  him  the  Persian  empire  ? 54 

39.  After  his  death,  what  noted  generals  contended  for  the  mastery  ? 56-57 

40.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Ipsus  ?    Its  consequences  ? 57 

41.  Who  were  Demetrius  Phalereus  and  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  ? 57 

42.  How  was  the  Macedonian  Empire  divided  after  the  battle  of  Ipsus  ? 58 

43.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  career  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes 58 

44.  Mention  some  of  the  successors  of  Ptolemy  Ceraunus  on  the  throne  of 

Macedon 59 

45.  Give  an  account  of  the  formation  of  the  JStolian  league 59 

46.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  Achaean  league 59 

47.  Who  was  Philopoemen  ?    What  was  he  styled  ?  60 

48.  How  did  the  Macedonian  monarchy  end  ? 61 

49.  When  and  by  whom  wa#  Greece  subdued  ?  61 

50.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  Greek  colonies  in  Asia  Minor,  Italy,  Africa,  &c 61 

Dl.  What  was  the  character  of  the  Greeks  ? 62 

52.  What  was  the  Amphictyonic  Council '? 62 

53.  Describe  the  public  games 63 

54.  In  whose  honor  were  they  held  ?    What  was  their  effect  ? 63 

55.  Mention  the  chief  events  of  the  fabulous  age,  with  their  dates 64 

56.  Mention  the  chief  events  in  the  history  of  Greece,  with  their  dates, 

during  each  succeeding  century 64-65 


PROGRESSIVE  MAP  N?3. 


C.  C.  753.1  HOME.  G7 


section  iii. 

Rome, 

From  its  Foundation  to  the  Establishment  of  the  Empire. 

1.  Rome  is  said  to  have  been  founded  in  753  b.  a,  but  its 
early  history  for  at  least  three  and  a  half  centuries  is  only 
a  series  of  traditional  narratives  of  the  details  of  which  there 
is  no  authentic  evidence.  According  to  these,  its  founders 
were  two  brothers  named  Rom'u-lus  and  Re'mus,  of  the 
Latin  race,  a  people  that  had  long  inhabited  that  part  of 
Italy,  occupying  a  district  called  La'ti-um.  Romulus  be- 
came the  first  king,  and  was  succeeded  by  six  others,  the 
united  reigns  of  the  whole  comprising  a  period  of  about  two 
centuries  and  a  half. 

2.  Besides  the  Latins  and  the  Greek  colonies,  Italy,  at 
the  time  of  the  foundation  of  Rome,  was  occupied  by  several 
other  races,  of  whom  the  E-tru'ri-ans,  living  in  what  is  now 
called  Tuscany,  were  the  most  important  and  the  most  ad- 
vanced in  civilization.  Romulus,  it  is  said,  arranged  a  plan 
of  government  for  the  new  city,  dividing  the  people  into 
tribes,  establishing  a  senate,  and  recognizing  the  two  classes 
of  Patricians,  or  nobles,  and  Plebeians,  or  common  people. 

3.  Nu'ma  Pom-pil'ius,  the  second  king,  was,  according 
to  the  traditions,  the  founder  of  the  religious  institutions 
of  the  Romans.     Tul'lus  Hos-tiTi-us,  the  third  king,  was 

Map  Questions.— (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  3.)— Name  the  divisions  of  Italy. 
What  was  the  situation  of  Latium  ?  Etruria  ?  Umhria  ?  Samnium  ?  Apulia  ? 
Cala'bria?  Brutium  ?  Campania?  Territory  of  the  Sabines  ?  Cisalpine  Gaul  ? 
Where  was  Rhe'tia  ?  Illy'ricum  ?  Helvetia  ?  What  river  tributary  to  the  Adriatic 
Sea  ?  What  branches  of  it  are  laid  down  ?  On  what  river  was  Rome  ?  What  port 
at  its  mouth  ?  Where  was  the  Rubicon  River  ?  The  Metaurus  River  ?  Lake  Trasi- 
me'nus  ?  Where  was  Veil  ?  Tarquinii  ?  Tusculum  ?  Clusium  ?  Capua  ?  Cannae  ? 
Bruiidusium  ?    What  towns  in  Sicily  ?    In  Africa  ? 

1 .  When  and  by  whom  was  Rome  founded  ?    Give  the  early  history  of  Rome. 

2.  By  whom  was  Italy  occupied  at  that  time  ?  What  were  the  acts  of  Romulus  f 

3.  Name  the  other  kings  of  Rome.  What  is  said  of  each?  What  ended  the 
mouarchy  ? 


68 


KOME. 


LB.  C. 509. 


noted  for  the  wars  waged  by  him  against  the  neighboring 
cities.  An'cus  Mar' tins,  the  fourth  king,  gained  victories 
over  the  Latins  and  some  of  the  other  races.  Tar'quin  the 
Elder,  the  fifth  king,  was  noted  for  the  public  buildings  and 
other  works  which  he  caused  to  be  constructed ;  among  these 
were  the  Great  Circus  and  the  Great  Sewer.  Ser'vi-us  Tul'- 
li-us,  the  sixth  king,  established  the  census,  which  was  taken 
every  five  years.  Tar'quin  the  Proud,  the  seventh  and  last 
king,  was  by  an  insurrection  of  the  people  driven  from  the 
throne  and  city  in  consequence  of  an  infamous  crime  com- 
mitted by  his  son.     This  ended  the  monarchy  (509  b.  a). 

4.  Instead  of  kings,  two  yearly  magistrates,  called  Con- 
suls, were  then  elected ;  and  Junius  Brutus  and  Col-la-ti'- 
nus,  through  whose  means  the 
Tarquins  had  been  expelled,  were 
appointed  to  this  office.  The 
duties  and  powers  of  the  consuls 
were  similar  to  those  of  the  kings, 
and  for  nearly  150  years  they  were 
chosen  exclusively  from  the  pa- 
tricians. As  civil  officers  their 
power  was  nearly  absolute,  each 
ruling  by  turns ;  and  they  were 
the  legally  appointed  generals  of 
the  army  in  time  of  war. 

5.  For  more  than  twelve  years  after  the  abolition  of  the 
monarchy,  the  Romans  were  engaged  in  war  with  the  ad- 
herents and  friends  of  the  Tarquins.  Several  of  the  neigh- 
boring cities  raised  armies  to  compel  the  Romans  to  rein- 
state their  king,  but  they  were  all  finally  defeated,  although 
at  times  they  seemed  to  be  on  the  point  of  achieving  their 
object.     The  famous  battle  of  Re-gil'lus,  in  Tus'cu-lum,  ter- 


VlCINITY   OF  EOME. 


4.  What  officers  took  the  place  of  the  kings  ?  What  were  their  powers  and 
duties  ?    Who  were  the  first  consuls  ? 

5.  What  wars  followed  the  abolition  of  the  monarchy?  Give  some  account  of 
them.  What  is  said  of  the  battle  of  Lake  Regillus  ?  What  was  the  consequence  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  appointment  of  dictator  ?    (See  also  the  note.) 


B.  C.  494.]  ROME.  G9 

minated  the  struggle,  and  the  Tarquins  finally  gave  up  all 
hope  of  restoration.  To  this  period  belong  some  of  the  most 
interesting  stories  of  the  legendary  history.*  It  was  during 
this  period  also  that  the  first  dictator^  was  appointed. 

6.  Although  the  monarchy  was  abolished,  Rome  was  by 
no  means  under  a  free  government.  All  political  power 
was  in  the  hands  of  the  patricians,  and  the  plebeians  were 
kept  in  a  condition  of  great  social  degradation.  Obliged 
to  borrow  money  of  their  rich  neighbors,  they  were  charged 
enormous  rates  of  interest,  and,  when  unable  to  pay,  were 
delivered  by  the  cruel  laws  to  the  mercy  of  their  creditors, 
who  entirely  deprived  them  of  their  lands,  and  reduced 
them  to  the  condition  of  serfs  or  slaves.  Besides,  they  were 
compelled  to  perform  military  duty  whenever  called  upon 
by  the  government. 

7.  At  length  their  condition  became  so  .wretched  that 
they  refused  to  take  the  field  against  the  public  enemy ; 
but,  leaving  the  city  to  the  patricians,  departed  in  a  body 
to  the  Sacred  Mount,  about  three  miles  distant.  This 
compelled  the  nobles  to  make  some  concessions.  They 
released  the  debtors  from  their  obligations,  setting  free  all 
who  had  been  made  slaves,  and  assented  to  the  appoint- 
ment of  two  magistrates,  called  Trib'unes,  who  were  to  be 
chosen  from  the  ranks  of  the  Plebeians,  to  hold  office  one 
year,  and  to  have  the  power  of  annulling  any  law  of  the 
Senate  by  pronouncing  the  word  Veto,  which  means,  I  for- 
bid it.    The  people  then  returned  to  the  city  (494  b.  a). 

8.  This  concession  on  the  part  of  the  nobles  was  not  so 
great  as  it  appears,  since  the  Tribunes  were  elected  by 
those  assemblies  (called  the  Comitia  of  the  Centuries)  in 

*  Such  as  the  legend  of  Horatius,  who  kept  the  bridge  against  the  whole  Etrurian  army;  of 
Mucii'8  Scaevola,  and  of  Castor  and  Pollux  at  Lake  Regillus.  (See  Liddell's  History  of  Rome, 
and  .Macaulay's  Lays  of  Atinent  Rome.) 

t  A  dictator  was  an  officer  vested  for  a  limited  time  with  an  absolute  and  irresponsible 
authority.     He  was  only  appointed  in  times  of  great  public  peril. 

6.  What  was  the  state  of  Rome  at  this  time  ?  What  was  the  condition  of  th« 
Plebeians  ? 

7.  What  measure  was  taken  by  the  Plebeians  ?    Give  the  result. 

8.  How  were  the  Tribunes  elected  ?    What  were  their  powers  ? 


70  ROME.  [B.C.  471. 


which,  according  to  the  constitution  of  Servius  Tnllius,  the 
Patricians  could  always,  by  means  of  their  wealth,  com- 
mand a  majority  of  votes.  The  Tribunes  were  not  invested 
with  any  of  the  ordinary  duties  of  magistrates,  their  office 
being  simply  to  protect  the  rights  of  the  Plebeians  by  their 
check  upon  the  legislation  of  the  Senate,  which  body  was 
purely  an  aristocratic  assemblage.  The  Tribunes  were  af- 
terward increased  to  five,  and  finally,  in  later  times,  to  ten. 

9.  Another  source  of  difficulty  was  the  injustice  of  the 
nobles  in  seizing  upon  the  public  or  conquered  lands,  and 
keeping  them  for  their  exclusive  use;  whereas,  by  the  con- 
stitution of  Servius  Tullius,  they  were  to  be  divided  partly 
among  the  poorer  people.  This  kind  of  aggression  con- 
iinued  to  exist  for  centuries,  and  gave  rise  to  the  proposal 
of  many  exciting  measures,  called  "Agrarian  laws,"  the 
object  of  which  was  to  enforce  a  proper  division  of  these 
public  lands.  'This  was  the  more  necessary;  since,  when 
held  in  large  quantities  by  the  wealthy,  they  were  culti- 
vated by  slaves,  and  the  small  farmers  and  freemen  were 
deprived  of  the  means  of  existence. 

10.  A  few  years  after  the  creation  of  the  Tribunate  (486 
B.  C.),  S/ni'ri-us  Cas'si-us,  one  of  the  consuls,  proposed  the 
first  agrarian  law;  but  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  machinations 
of  the  nobles,  and,  on  a  false  accusation,  was  put  to  death. 
The  law,  although  passed,  was  not  put  in  execution,  and 
the  contest  continued  until  the  Plebeians  gained  a  great 
triumph  in  the  passage  of  the  "  Law  of  Vol'e-ro,"  according 
to  which  the  Tribunes  were  elected  by  the  Plebeians  them- 
selves  at  the  Assembly  of  the  Tribes,  not  at  the  Assembly 
of  the  Centuries  (471  b.  a).  This  law  destroyed  the  power 
of*  the  nobles,  and  made  Borne  a  democratic  state. 

11.  While  these  struggles  had  been  going  on  in  the  city 
between  the  two  Orders,  there  were  almost  constant  wars 

**.  What  were  the  Agrarian  laws?    What  was  their  origin !    Their  object? 

1 0.  Who  proposed  the  lirst  Agrarian  law !  What  was  his  fate  ?  What  was  the 
"  Law  of  Volero  ?"    What  was  its  effeel  1 

11.  Itclate  the  legend  about  Coriolanus. 


B.C.  451.]  ROME.  71 


with  the  neighboring  people,  among  whom  the  iE'qui-ans 
and  Volscians  (called  in  Latin  Volsci)  were  the  most  trouble- 
some. To  this  period  belongs  the  story  of  Co-ri-o-la'nus,  a 
patrician  general,  who  acquired  this  name  by  the  capture  of 
Co-ri'o-U,  an  important  city  of  the  Volscians.  Having  great 
influence  at  Rome  in  consequence  of  the  victories  which  he 
had  gained,  he  insisted,  during  a  time  of  famine,  that  no 
corn  should  be  given  to  the  people  unless  they  would  relin- 
quish their  privileges.  But  the  tribunes  procured  his  banish- 
ment ;  and  going  over  to  the  Volscians,  he  marched  with  an 
army  against  Rome  and  threatened  its  capture.  The  Senate 
made  several  attempts  to  dissuade  him  from  his  revengeful 
purpose,  but  in  vain.  At  last,  when  his  mother,  wife,  and 
children  were  sent  to  his  camp  to  intercede  for  the  city,  he 
relented,  and  retired  with  his  army.  Shortly  afterward  he 
was  put  to  death  by  the  Volscians  (488  b.  a). 

12.  To  a  somewhat  later  period  belongs  the  interesting 
legend  of  Cin-cin-na'tus,  who,  although  a  patrician,  lived 
on  a  small  farm  which  he  cultivated  with  his  own  hands. 
Twice  was  he  called  from  the  plough  to  serve  his  country, 
once  as  Consul  and  again  as  Dictator;  and  while  holding 
the  latter  office,  he  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  iEqui- 
ans ;  and  then,  having  freed  Rome  from  danger,  immediate- 
ly resigned  his  great  office,  and  returned  to  his  humble 
agricultural  labors,  followed  by  the  applause  and  blessings 
of  all  his  countrymen  (458  B.  a).  Nearly  thirty  years 
afterward,  when  at  the  age  of  80,  he  was  again  called  from 
his  retirement  to  take  the  office  of  dictator. 

13.  The  Romans  having  no  written  laivs,  ten  commis- 
sioners were  appointed,  called  De-cem'-virs,  to  arrange  a 
code.  (451  B.  c.)  They  were  invested  with  a  very  large 
authority,  superseding  the  other  magistrates,  and  ruling  by 
turns,  each  for  one  day.    The  celebrated  code  of  the  Twelve 


12.  Relate  the  legend  about  Cincinnatus. 

1 3.  Who  were  the  Decemvirs  ?    What  authority  did  they  have  ?    What  caused 
the  abolition  of  the  Decemvirate  ? 


72  HOME.  [B.C.  391. 

Tables  was  the  result  of  their  labors;  but  a  flagrant  abuse 
of  power  on  the  part  of  Ap'pi-us  Clau'di-us,  one  of  their 
number,  caused  the  abolition  of  the  Decemvirate  in  the 
third  year  of  its  existence. 

14.  The  right  of  intermarriage  between  the  patricians 
and  plebeians  being  forbidden,  a  law  was  introduced  by 
one  of  the  tribunes  (445  B.  c.)  making  such  marriages  legal. 
This,  after  violent  opposition,  was  passed,  and  was  imme- 
diately followed  by  a  proposal  to  open  the  consulship  to  the 
plebeians.  To  put  an  end  to  the  strife  and  excitement 
which  this  produced,  the  duties  of  consuls  were  intrusted 
to  officers  called  military  tribunes,  to  be  elected  by  the 
Assembly  of  the  Centuries,  both  patricians  and  plebeians 
being  eligible  to  the  office.  The  Senate,  however,  could 
order  the  election  of  consuls,  instead  of  the  Tribunes,  for 
any  year.  These  officers  continued  to  be  elected  with 
various  intermissions  until  367  b.  c,  when,  by  the  Li-ci?i'- 
ian  Law,  plebeians  were  admitted  to  the  consulship. 

15.  The  Eomans  having  besieged  Veil  {ve'yi),  a  powerful 
city  of  E-tru'ri-a,  for  several  years,  were  on  the  point  of 
suffering  a  disastrous  defeat,  when  Fu'ri-us  Ca-miTlus, 
being  appointed  Dictator,  caused  a  mine  to  be  dug  by 
means  of  which  the  soldiers  were  admitted  into  the  citadel, 
and  the  city  was  taken  and  destroyed  (396  b.  a).  Veii 
was  a  larger  and  more  magnificent  city  than  Eome  itself, 
and  so  favorably  situated  that  very  many  of  the  Eomans 
were  inclined  to  abandon  their  own  city  and  migrate 
thither.  From  this,  however,  they  were  finally  dissuaded 
by  the  patricians.  Camillus  being  accused  of  appropriating 
the  spoils  of  the  conquered  city  to  his  own  use,  was  driven 
into  exile  (391  b.  a). 

16.  At  this  period,  the  Gauls,  a  barbarous  but  very  bold 

14.  What  privilege  did  the  plebeians  acquire?  What  were  the  military  tri- 
bunes ?    What  privileges  did  the  Licinian  law  give  to  the  plebeians  ? 

1 5.  What  was  accomplished  by  Camillus  ?  How  did  Veii  compare  with  Rome? 
What  danger  threatened  Rome  ?    Why  was  Camillus  banished  ? 

1 6.  What  city  was  attacked  by  the  Gauls  ?  How  did  the  Romans  become  in 
volved  ? 


B.  €.  390.]  ROME.  73 

and  warlike  people,  had  possessed  themselves  of  nearly  all 
Western  Europe,  and  occupied  also  the  north  of  Italy. 
Proceeding  farther  south,  they  (391  B.  c.)  attacked  Clu'-si- 
nm,  an  important  city  of  Etrnria,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
sent  to  Rome  for  assistance.  Embassadors  were  according- 
ly sent  to  Clusinm  to  demand  of  the  Gauls  the  reason  of 
their  hostile  invasion,  and  bid  them  quit  a  territory  to 
which  they  had  no  claim.  Bren'nus,  their  leader,  answered 
that  the  "  title  of  brave  men  was  their  swords ;"  whereupon 
a  battle  ensued,  in  which  the  Roman  deputies,  unmindful 
of  their  neutral  character,  took  part  against  the  Gauls. 

17.  The  course  taken  by  the  deputies  so  enraged  Brennus 
that  he  immediately  left  Clusinm,  and  with  an  army  of 
nearly  75,000  men  marched  toward  Rome.  On  the  banks 
of  the  Al'li-a,  a  few  miles  from  the  city,  he  met  and  de- 
feated the  Roman  army ;  and  then  marching  to  the  city 
itself,  entered  it  without  opposition,  the  inhabitants  having 
all  fled,  except  80  aged  senators,  who  awaited  the  enemy  in 
the  Forum,  in  their  robes  of  state  and  seated  in  their  ivory 
chairs.  These  venerable  men  were  quickly  massacred,  and 
the  city  pillaged  and  burnt  (390  b.  a). 

18.  The  citadel,  however,  being  built  on  a  steep  and  lofty 
cliff,  held  out  for  seven  months;  and  the  Gauls  besieging  it 
were  reduced  in  numbers  by  a  pestilence  which  broke  out 
among  them.  It  is  said  that  at  one  time  they  were  on  the 
point  of  taking  the  citadel ;  for  having  discovered  a  narrow 
path  up  the  cliff,  they  had  nearly  reached  the  summit  dur- 
ing the  darkness  of  night,  all  the  guards  being  asleep ;  but 
at  that  instant  the  sacred  geese  kept  in  the  temple  of  Juno 
commenced  a  loud  cackling,  which  awoke  the  garrison ; 
and  the  Roman  commander,  Mar'cus  Man'li-us,  springing 
up,  rushed  to  the  edge  of  the  rock  and  hurled  the  Gauls 
headlong  down. 

1 7.  What  defeat  was  sustained  by  the  Romans?    What  followed  the  battle  of 
Allia? 

18.  How  was  the  citadel  defended?    Relate  what  is  said  to  have  occurred  dur- 
ing the  defence. 


74  ROME.  TB.  C.  383. 

19.  In  the  mean  while,  Camillus  had  been  called  from 
banishment  and  made  dictator.  He  arrived,  as  the  story 
goes,  with  an  army  just  as  the  Eomans  were  about  to 
deliver  to  the  Gauls  1000  pounds  of  gold  which  they  had 
agreed  to  pay  as  a  ransom.  Exclaiming  that  "  Rome  should 
be  ransomed  only  with  steel,"  he  ordered  the  gold  to  be 
carried  away,  and  immediately  attacking  the  Gauls,  de- 
feated them  with  great  slaughter.  Other,  and  probably 
more  truthful,  accounts  state  that  the  gold  was  paid,  and 
that  the  Gauls  peaceably  retired ;  and  it  is  even  said  that, 
more  than  four  centuries  afterward,  some  of  this  very  gold 
was  recovered  from  the  Gauls  of  that  later  period.  It  is, 
however,  certain  that  the  city  was  left  in  ruins;  and  the 
public  records  having  been  destroyed,  no  materials  for  an 
authentic  history  of  the  events  preceding  this  period  could 
afterward  be  obtained. 

20.  After  the  departure  of  the  invaders,  the  city  was  in  a 
sad  condition,  and  the  people  were  almost  in  despair. 
They  had  lost  their  houses,  their  cattle,  and  their  crops, 
and  yet  were  obliged  to  pay  taxes  in  order  to  repair  the 
city  walls  and  to  carry  on  the  wars  which  the  neighboring 
states  waged  against  them.  They  were  also  very  much 
oppressed  by  the  merciless  laws  against  debtors.  In  this 
crisis,  Marcus  Manlius,  the  brave  defender  of  the  citadel, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  efforts  and  sacrifices  to  relieve 
the  people's  wants.  Having  by  this  means  acquired  very 
great  popularity,  he  excited  the  suspicions  of  the  patricians, 
and  was  accused  of  attempting  to  make  himself  king ;  of 
which  offence  being  unjustly  pronounced  guilty,  he  was 
thrown  down  the  very  rock*  from  which  he  had  repelled 
his  country's  enemies  (383  b.  a). 

21.  During  the  next  twenty  years,  frequent  wars  were 

*  Called  the  Taipeian  Bock. 


1 9.  Who  defeated  the  Gauls  ?    What  is  said  of  the  ransom  ?    How  far  is  the 
account  certain  as  regards  the  city  and  public  records  ? 

20.  What  was  the  fate  of  Manlius  ?    Relate  the  events  that  led  to  his  death. 

21.  What  wars  were  waged  during  the  next  twenty  years  ?    What  is  stated  of 
subsequent  wars  ?    Of  the  alliance  between  Rome  aud  the  Latin  cities  ? 


B.  C.  295.]  ROME.  75 

waged  with  the  Volscians,  iEquians,  and  Etrurians,  in 
which  Camillus  gained  great  distinction,  and  was  five  times 
made  dictator  and  hailed  repeatedly  as  the  Savior  of  Rome. 
In  361  B.  c,  the  Gauls  made  another  invasion,  and  ten 
years  afterward  a  third,  but  each  time  were  repulsed.  A 
war  of  several  years  was  also  waged  with  the  powerful 
Etrurian  city  Tar-quin'i-i,  but  it  was  finally  brought  to  a 
successful  issue,  a  peace  of  forty  years  being  concluded. 
The  Romans  at  this  time  had  also  formed  an  alliance  with 
most  of  the  Latin  cities,  which  added  greatly  to  their 
strength  and  safety. 

22.  Samnite  War. — The  Sam'nltes,  a  warlike  people 
inhabiting  central  Italy,  having  made  war  upon  the  Cam- 
pa'nians,  the  latter  called  in  the  aid  of  the  Romans  (343  b. 
a),  who  entering  Campania  defeated  the  Samnites  with  im- 
mense slaughter,  and  compelled  them  to  make  peace,  after 
the  Avar  had  lasted  about  two  years.  A  war  with  the  Latin 
cities  followed,  in  which  the  Romans  were  also  victorious, 
and  Latium  was  annexed  to  the  Roman  territory  (339  b.  a). 

23.  In  a  second  war  with  the  Samnites,  the  Romans  sus- 
tained a  terrible  defeat  in  a  narrow  valley  called  the  Cau'- 
dlne  Forks,  and  were  compelled  by  the  Samnite  general  to 
pass  under  the  yoke*  in  acknowledgment  of  their  subjuga- 
tion (321  B.  a).  The  war  was,  however,  continued  until 
305  b.  c,  when  the  Samnites,  having  been  repeatedly  de- 
feated, were  compelled  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of 
Rome.  Seven  years  afterward  they  renewed  the  war,  being 
aided  by  the  Umbrians,  Etruscans,  and  Gauls;  but  the 
allied  army  suffered  a  great  defeat  near  Sen-ti'num,  a  town 
in  Um'bria  (295  b.  a).  This  famous  victory  gave  the 
Ronjans  the  dominion  of  nearly  all  Italy.  Close  upon 
this  event,  followed  a  war  with  the  Etrurians  and  Ganls, 

*  The  yoke  was  made  by  setting:  two  spears  upright,  and  placing  another  across  the  top  of  them 

22.  What  caused  the  Samnite  war?    What  country  was  annexed  in  340  B.  c.  ? 

23.  What  caused  the  second  Samnite  war  ?  Where  were  the  "  Caudine  Forks  ?" 
Ans.  In  Samnium.  When  were  the  Komans  defeated ?  How  did  the  war  end? 
Describe  the  third  Samnite  war.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  battle  of  Sentinum  ? 
What  other  war  followed  ? 


76  ROME.  [B.  C.  274. 

whose  combined  forces  were  also  vanquished  with  great 
slaughter. 

24.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Greek  colony  Ta-ren'-tum 
having  given  offence  to  the  Romans,  the  latter  declared  war 
upon  them,  upon  which  the  Tarentines  solicited  the  aid  of 
Pyr'r7ius,  King  of  Epi'rus,  the  greatest  general  of  his  age. 
Complying  with  this  request,  he  landed  in  Italy  and  gained 
a  great  victory  over  the  Romans,  commanded  by  the  Con- 
sul Lce-vi'nus  (280  B.  a).  But  it  was  a  dear-bought 
triumph,  for  he  lost  many  of  his  best  troops  and  some  of 
his  ablest  officers,  and  was  probably  indebted  for  it  more  to 
the  confusion  occasioned  by  the  elephants  which  his  army 
contained,  and  to  which  the  Eomans  were  not  accustomed, 
than  to  the  superior  valor  or  skill  of  his  soldiers.  When, 
on  visiting  the  battle-field  the  next  day,  he  gazed  on  the 
Roman  dead,  all  of  whom  appeared  to  have  fallen  in  their 
ranks,  and  with  their  faces  turned  toward  the  enemy,  he 
exclaimed :  "  If  I  had  such  soldiers  as  these,  how  easily 
could  I  conquer  the  world !" 

25.  Many  of  the  Italian  nations  now  joined  Pyrrhus,  and 
he  advanced  within  eighteen  miles  from  Rome,  to  which  he 
sent  an  emissary,  offering  peace ;  but  this  the  Roman  senate 
refused  until  he  should  withdraw  his  forces  from  Italy. 
Another  battle  was  fought  the  next  year,  in  which  the  Ro- 
mans were  again  defeated,  but  with  great  loss  to  Pyrrhus. 
Leaving  Italy,  he  then  proceeded  to  Sicily  with  the  design 
of  expelling  the  Carthaginians  from  that  island,  but  in  this 
he  was  not  successful ;  and  after  an  absence  of  two  years 
he  returned  to  Ta-ren'tum.  At  Ben-e-ven'tum*  he  was  met 
by  the  Romans  under  the  Consul  Cu'ri-us  Den-ta'tus, 
and  suffered  a  most  disastrous  defeat  (275  b.  c),  after  which 
he  retired  forever  from  Italy.     Returning  to  Greece,  he  was 

*  A  town  of  Samnium,  about  28  miles  from  Capua.    (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  3.) 


24.  What  led  to  the  invasion  by  Pyrrhus?   What  success  did  he  meet  with? 
What  did  he  say  of  the  Roman  soldiers  ? 

25.  What  were  the  farther  proceedings  of  Pyrrhus  ?    Where  was  he  defeated  ? 
Where  was  he  killed  ? 


B.  C.  266.]  ROME. 


proclaimed  King  of  Macedonia,  and  making  war  npon  the 
Spartans,  he  nearly  took  their  city ;  but  in  an  attack  upon 
Argos,  he  was  killed  by  a  tile  thrown  by  a  woman  from  the 
roof  of  a  house  (272  b.  a). 

26.  After  the  departure  of  Pyrrhus,  the  Tarentines  ap- 
plied for  aid  to  the  Carthaginians,  who  sent  a  fleet  for 
their  relief;  but  the  Eomans  obtained  possession  of  Ta- 
rentum.  The  Samnites,  Luca'nians,  and  other  tribes  soon 
afterward  submitted,  thus  leaving  Eome  mistress  of  all  Italy 
(266  B.  a).  Over  this  extensive  domain  she  organized  a 
most  effective  government.  Some  portions,  which  were 
called  Prefectures,  that  is,  districts  governed  by  Prefects, 
she  ruled  by  means  of  magistrates  sent  from  herself.  From 
others,  the  Municipal  Towns,  she  only  exacted  military 
service,  leaving  to  them  the  control  of  their  own  local  af- 
fairs ;  while  in  very  many  she  planted  colonies  of  Eoman 
citizens,  whom  she  supplied  with  lands  from  the  conquered 
territory,  and  placed  over  the  subjugated  inhabitants.  Her 
rule  was,  however,  mild  and  generally  just,  and  was  but 
little  disturbed  by  commotion  or  revolt. 

27.  The  Punic  Wars. — Across  the  Mediterranean,  on 
the  African  shore,  was  the  great  rival  republic,  Carthage  ; 
and  with  her  the  Eomans  were  now  to  measure  their 
strength.*  This  city,  settled,  as  it  has  been  stated,  by  the 
Tyrians,  had  been  in  existence  about  six  centuries,  and  had 
grown,  by  means  of  her  commerce,  to  be  one  of  the  wealth- 
iest cities  in  the  world.  Her  ships  covered  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  her  fleets  were  unequalled  for  numbers  and 
efficiency.  Three  hundred  cities  in  Africa  paid  her  tribute, 
she  had  made  conquests  in  Spain,  and  nearly  all  Sicily  had 
submitted  to  her  sway. 

*  The  wars  waged  with  Carthage  were  called  Punic  Warn,  Punic  being  a  corruption  of  Phoenix, 
meaning  Phoenician,  since  Carthage  was  of  Phoenician  origin. 


26.  When  and  how  did  Rome  become  mistress  of  Italy?  What  is  said  of  the 
government  which  she  established?  What  were  the  prsefectures  ?  Municipal 
towns  ?    Colonies  ? 

27.  What  was  the  condition  of  Carthage  at  the  commencement  of  the  Punic  wars.  ? 


78  ROME.  [B.  C.  264 

28.  Syracuse,  however,  still  retained  its  independence, 
after  repeated  wars  with  the  Carthaginians.  This  city  was 
a  colony  of  the  Corinthians,  established  in  the  eighth  cen- 
tury b.  c. ;  and,  in  the  fifth  century,  became  the  most 
populous  and  powerful  state  in  the  island,  under  a  virtuous 
and  patriotic  sovereign,  named  Ge'lon.  During  its  struggle 
with  Athens,  in  which  Nicias  was  so  disastrously  defeated, 
it  was  under  a  free  government,  but  subsequently  lost  its 
liberties  (405  b.  a),  being  ruled  for  38  years  by  the  famous 
Di-o-nys'-i-us,  who  carried  on  a  successful  war  with  the 
Carthaginians.  Ti-mo'le-on,  a  Corinthian  of  great  virtue 
and  talents,  restored  it  to  freedom  (344  B.  c.) ;  but  under 
A-gath' o-cles,  the  despotism  was  again  established  (317 
B.  a).  At  the  time  to  which  we  have  arrived,  it  was 
under  the  rule  of  a  monarch  named  Hi'e-ro,  during  whose 
reign  flourished  the  famous  mathematician  Archimedes 
(ar-ke-me'deez), 

29.  First  Punic  War. — This  war  commenced  in  264 
B.  c.  and  lasted  23  years.  It  was  brought  on  in  the  following 
manner.  Agathocles,  who  waged  long  wars  with  Carthage, 
had  hired  a  body  of  troops  from  Cam-pa'ni-a;  and  these, 
after  the  death  of  that  despot,  seized  Messana  and  slaugh- 
tered the  inhabitants,  after  which  they  assumed  the  name  of 
Marnier-tines,  which  means  warlike  men.  These  Hiero, 
king  of  Syracuse,  marched  against  and  defeated;  where- 
upon they  divided,  and  while  a  portion  of  them  invoked 
the  aid  of  the  Romans,  the  others  applied  to  the  Carthagin- 
ians. Thus,  by  a  set  of  mercenary  murderers  and  robbers, 
were  these  two  great  republics  plunged  into  a  series  of  wars 
which  lasted  more  than  a  hundred  years.  The  real  cause 
of  the  war  was,  however,  the  rivalship  of  these  states. 

30.  The  Romans  having  gained  some  important  victo- 
ries, were   soon  joined  by  many  of  the  states  of   Sicily, 

28.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Syracuse. 

29.  What  led  to  the  first  Punic  war  ?    What  was  the  real  cause  of  the  war  ? 

30.  What  victories  did  the  Romans  gain  ?  What  general  was  defeated,  and 
how? 


B.C.  218.]  ROME.  79 

including  Syracuse.  They  then  took  Ag-ri-gen'tum,  d<\ 
feating  an  immense  army  which  the  Carthaginians  had 
sent  to  its  assistance  (262  b.  a).  Seeing  then  the  necessity 
of  coping  with  their  enemy  on  the  sea,  they  built  a  fleet, 
and  under  the  Consul  Du-iTU-us,  gained  two  great  naval 
victories.  Thus  encouraged,  they  sent  an  armament  under 
Reg'u-lus  to  attack  Carthage  itself;  but  this  expedition, 
although  at  first  successful,  was  defeated  with  great  loss 
through  the  assistance  of  Xan-thip'pus,  a  Spartan  general, 
who  had  recently  entered  the  service  of  Carthage.  The 
greater  part  of  the  Eomans  were  slain  or  made  prisoners, 
Regulus  himself  being  among  the  latter  (255  b.  a). 

31.  But  subsequent  misfortunes  discouraged  the  Cartha- 
ginians ;  and  they  took  Regulus  from  prison,  and  sent  him 
to  Rome,  with  the  understanding  that  he  should  obtain 
favorable  terms  of  peace,  or  return  to  Carthage  (250  b.  a). 
He  listened  to  the  dictates  of  patriotism  instead  of  con- 
sulting his  own  personal  safety,  and  advised  his  country- 
men to  continue  the  war,  assuring  them  that  Carthage 
was  nearly  exhausted.  Having,  in  accordance  with  the 
pledge  which  he  had  given,  returned  to  Carthage,  he  was, 
it  is  said,  put  to  death  with  the  most  dreadful  tortures. 
The  war  having  continued  some  years  longer,  the  Car- 
thaginians sued  for  peace,  which  was  granted  on  condition 
that  they  should  evacuate  the  island  of  Sicily,  restore  the 
Roman  prisoners,  and  pay  all  the  expenses  of  the  war 
(241  b.  a).  Sicily,  with  the  exception  of  Syracuse,  then 
became  a  Roman  province. 

32.  Second  Punic  War. — This  war  commenced  in  218 
B.  c,  and  lasted  seventeen  years.  Han'ni-bal,  the  son  of 
Ila-mil'car,  a  noted  general  in  the  first  Punic  war,  had 
when  a  youth  been  made  by  his  father  to  swear  upon  the 
altar  eternal  enmity  to  the  Romans ;  and  the  Carthagin- 


31.  What  is  further  said  of  Regulus  ?    How  did  the  war  end  ?    What  became 
of  Sicily  ? 

32.  How  and  when  did  the  second  Punic  war  begin  ? 


80  ROME.  [B.C.  215. 

ians  having  made  considerable  conquests  in  Spain,  Han- 
nibal laid  siege  to  Sa-gun'tum,  a  Greek  colony  near  the 
eastern  coast  then  in  alliance  with  Eome.  The  expostula- 
tion s  of  the  last-named  power  being  treated  with  contempt 
by  Hannibal,  and  his  conduct  having  been  approved  by  Car- 
thage, preparations  for  war  were  immediately  commenced. 

33.  Hannibal,  having  completed  the  conquest  of  Spain, 
crossed  the  Pyrenees  and  Alps,  and  at  the  river  Ti-ci'nus 
met  and  defeated  the  Eomans  under  their  consul  Scip'i-o 
(218  B.  a).  A  few  days  afterward,  he  inflicted  a  severe 
defeat  upon  the  other  consul,  Sem-pro'ni-us,  near  the 
river  Tre'bi-a,  a  short  distance  from  the  scene  of  the  first 
conflict.  Another  great  battle  was  fought  the  next  year, 
near  the  lake  Tras-i-me'nus ;  when  the  Eomans  were 
again  defeated,  their  army  being  almost  destroyed  (217 
p».  a).  So  alarmed  did  the  Eomans  become,  in  consequence, 
that  they  immediately  appointed  a  dictator,  Fa'bi-us 
Max'i-mus  being  selected  for  the  office. 

34.  This  general  adopted  the  tactics  of  harassing  the 
invaders  as  much  as  possible,  but  avoiding  a  direct  engage- 
ment, thus  wearing  out  their  resources  by  delay.  The 
Eomans  were  thus  enabled  to  recover  somewhat  from  their 
disasters ;  but  the  next  year  (216  b.  a),  Hannibal  having 
advanced  into  Southern  Italy,  was  opposed  by  a  large  army 
under  the  consuls  JE-milli-us  and  Varro  ;  and  at  Cam! nee 
a  terrific  battle  took  place,  which  for  the  fourth  time  re- 
sulted in  a  complete  victory  for  the  Carthaginians  (216 
b.  a).  It  is  said  that  more  than  50,000  Eomans  fell  on 
the  field,  and  that  Hannibal  sent  to  Carthage  three  bushels 
of  gold  rings,  taken  from  the  fingers  of  senators  and 
knights  who  were  found  among  the  slain.  Almost  all  the 
nations  in  the  south  of  Italy  at  once  revolted  from  the 


33  What  course  did  Hannibal  take  ?  What  victories  did  he  gain  ?  To  what 
position  was  Fabius  Maxiraus  elected  ? 

34.  What  was  the  policy  of  Fabius  ?  Describe  the  battle  of  Cannae.  (Where 
was  Canine  ?  See  Map,  Ko.  3.)  What  revolt  ensued  'i  Where  did  Hannibal  pasa 
the  winter  ? 


B.C.  212.]  ROME.  81 

Romans ;  but  Hannibal,  instead  of  marching  on  the  city, 
which  it  is  thought  he  might  have  captured,  went  into  win- 
ter-quarters at  Cap'u-a,  and  waited  for  re-enforcements. 

35.  In  the  meanwhile,  the  Romans  had  sent  the  two 
Scipios  into  Spain,  who,  after  having  gained  great  advan- 
tages over  the  Carthaginians,  were  defeated  in  battle  and 
slain.  They  were  succeeded  by  Pub'lius  Corne'lius  Scipio, 
son  of  one  of  the  former  commanders,  who,  having  defeated 
the  Carthaginians  in  several  important  battles,  completed 
the  conquest  of  Spain  (205  B.  a).  Hannibal  gained  no  im- 
portant victory  after  that  at  Cannae.  His  army,  reduced  in 
numbers,  and  impaired  in  strength  and  discipline  by  the 
pleasures  and  vices  of  Capua,  was  scarcely  adequate  to 
protect  his  Italian  allies  against  the  Romans,  now  under 
the  command  of  Fa'Uus  and  Mar-cel'lus,  the  former  of 
whom,  from  his  cautious  policy,  was  called  the  Shield,  and 
the  latter,  on  account  of  his  vigor  and  address,  the  Sword 
of  Rome.    Marcellus  did  important  service  in  Sicily. 

36.  Hiero,  king  of  Syracuse,  having  died,  the  Syracusans 
established  a  popular  government,  and  declared  against 
Rome.  Marcellus  therefore  proceeded  against  the  city,  which 
he  took  after  a  siege  of  two  years  (212  b.  a).  This  siege  is 
memorable  for  the  part  taken  in  the  defence  of  the  city  by 
Archimedes,  who  exhausted  his  science  and  skill  in  the 
invention  of  machines  to  assail  the  besiegers.  In  the 
general  massacre  that  followed  the  entrance  of  the  Romans, 
the  aged  philosopher  was  slain  ;  the  city  was  pillaged,  and 
many  of  its  magnificent  works  of  art  were  carried  to  Rome. 

37.  Hannibal,  despairing  of  succor  from  Carthage,  at 
length  summoned  his  brother  As'dru-bal  from  Spain,  who 
soon  passed  into  Italy,  but  was  intercepted  by  a  Roman 


35.  What  had  the  Romans  clone  in  the  mean  while  ?  Who  completed  the  con- 
quest of  Spain  ?  What  was  the  condition  of  Hannibal's  army  ?  What  generals  were 
tilled  the  Shield  and  Sword  of  Rome  ?    Why  ? 

30.  What  service, did  Marcellus  perform  in  Sicily?  What  is  said  of  Ar- 
chi ■ edes  V 

37.  What  measure  did  Hannibal  adopt  to  obtain  aid  ?  Why  did  he  not  get  the 
aid  't    Whither  did  the  Romans  now  direct  the  war 't 


82  HOME.  [B.  C.  202. 

army,  at  the  Me-tau'rus  River,  in  Umbria ;  and,  in  the  bat- 
tle that  ensned,  he  was  defeated  and  slain  (207  B.  a).  Han- 
nibal received  notice  of  this  disaster  by  the  sight  of  his 
brother's  gory  head,  which  the  consuls  caused  to  be  thrown 
into  his  camp.  The  Eomans,  under  the  influence  of  Scipio, 
the  conqueror  of  Spain,  resolved  now  to  "  carry  the  war 
into  Africa,"  and  Scipio  was  appointed  to  the  command. 

38.  Having  defeated  the  Numid'ians  in  a  great  battle, 
and  vanquished  the  Carthaginians  with  immense  slaugh- 
ter, at  U'ti-ca,  Scipio  marched  almost  to  the  gates  of 
their  city ;  when  the  Carthaginian  senate,  driven  to 
despair,  recalled  Hannibal  to  the  defence  of  his  own  coun- 
try. The  call  was  at  once  obeyed,  and  landing  in  Africa, 
Hannibal  drew  up  his  forces  on  the  plain  of  Za'ma,  a  town 
in  Numidia.  Seeing  that  his  army  was  far  inferior  to  that 
of  the  Romans,  he  obtained  an  interview  with  Scipio,  and 
proposed  a  treaty  of  peace;  but  Scipio,  true  to  Roman 
policy,  declined  the  proposal.  The  battle  therefore  took 
place,  and  Hannibal  was  defeated  with  great  loss  (202  B.  c). 

39.  The  battle  of  Zama  ended  the  second  Punic  war ;  for 
although  the  Carthaginians  were  not  utterly  exhausted, 
yet,  by  the  prudent  counsel  of  Hannibal,  who  saw  that  it 
would  be  useless  to  protract  the  struggle,  they  consented  to 
accept  the  terms  of  peace  dictated  by  Scipio,  and  approved 
by  the  Roman  Senate.  These  were  very  severe  :  Carthage 
was  to  evacuate  Spain,  to  give  up  all  her  prisoners,  surren- 
der her  fleets,  pay  10,000  talents  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
the  war,  and  agree  to  undertake  no  future  war  without 
the  consent  of  Rome.  The  treaty  having  been  concluded, 
Scipio  returned  home,  and  was  honored  with  a  more  splen- 
did triumph  than  any  Roman  general  had  previously  re- 
ceived.    He  was  called  thereafter  Scipio  Af-ri-ca'nus. 

40.  Hannibal  was  for  a  time  treated  with  great  respect 

38.  What  did  Scipio  accomplish ?   Where  did  he  defeat  Hannibal?    What  was 
the  result  ? 

39.  On  what  terms  was  peace  made  ?    How  was  Scipio  rewarded  ? 

40.  Relate  the  subsequent  history  of  Hannibal. 


B.  C.  189.]  EOME.  83 

by  the  Carthaginians,  and,  being  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
government,  endeavored  to  restore  the  nation  to  its  former 
prosperity  and  splendor.  But  the  intrigues  of  the  ancient 
nobility  prevailed  against  him,  and  he  was  compelled  to 
flee  in  order  to  save  his  life  (196  b.  a).  Taking  refuge  ill 
Syria,  at  the  court  of  An-ti'o-clius  the  Great,  he  assisted 
that  monarch  in  a  war  against  the  Romans ;  but  the  latter 
prevailing,  demanded  that  he  should  be  given  up  to  them, 
whereupon  he  fled  to  Bi-thyn'-i-a,  and  there,  being  still  pur- 
sued by  the  Roman  emissaries,  he  was  at  last  compelled  to 
put  an  end  to  his  life  to  avoid  falling  into  their  hands 
(183  b.  a). 

41.  In  the  same  year  died  his  great  rival,  Scipio  Afri- 
canus,  an  exile  too  from  his  native  country.  For,  having 
served  with  his  brother  Lucius  Scipio  in  the  war  against 
Antiochus,  and  defeated  that  monarch  at  the  battle  of 
Mag-ne 'sia,  he  and  his  brother  were  accused  of  embezzling 
some  of  the  captured  treasures.  To  this  base  and  ungrate- 
ful accusation  he  disdained  to  plead ;  but,  quitting  Rome 
in  disgust,  took  up  his  abode  in  Campania,  where  he  died. 
Lucius  Scipio,  refusing  to  pay  the  fine  imposed  upon  him, 
had  all  his  property  confiscated.  This  general,  after  the 
victory  at  Magnesia,  was  called  Scipio  Asiaticus. 

42.  The  second  Punic  war  was  followed  by  a  war  against 
Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  who  was  defeated  in  the  battle 
of  Cyn-o-cepli 'a-le.  The  iEtolians  having  invited  Antiochus 
into  Greece,  that  monarch  crossed  over  and  took  Euboea. 
This  was  considered  an  act  of  interference  by  the  Romans, 
and  war  was  declared  against  Syria,  which  was  ended  by  the 
battle  of  Magnesia,  in  Lydia  (190  b.  a),  after  which  Anti- 
ochus was  obliged  to  surrender  nearly  the  whole  of  Asia 
Minor  to  At'ta-lus,  king  of  Per'ga-mus,  who  had  been  in 
alliance  with  the  Romans  during  the  war.     Antiochus  was 

41.  Kelate  the  subsequent  history  of  Scipio  Africanus.   Who  was  called  Scipio 
Asidliem?   Why?   Where  was  Magnesia  ?    (See  Map,  page  41.) 

42.  What  battle  terminated  the  war  against  Philip  ?  Against  Antiochus  ?  What 
was  Antiochus  compelled  to  do  ?    Who  was  Antiochus  ? 


84  ROME.  [B.C.  146. 

the  most  powerful  and  enterprising  of  the  successors  of 
Seleucus,  called  the  Se-leu' ci-dce  j  and  previous  to  this  de- 
feat had  waged  successful  war  against  the  Parthian  s,  Bac- 
trians,  and  other  nations  in  the  East. 

43.  The  monarchy  of  Syria  at  this  time  extended  as  far 
east  as  the  Euphrates,  and  was  bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  Taurus  Mountains,  and  on  the  south  by  Arabia.  Asia 
Minor,  now  severed  entirely  from  the  dominions  of  Anti- 
ochus,  contained,  besides  the  kingdom  of  Pergamus,  the 
independent  monarchies  of  Bithyn'ia,  Cap-pa-do' cia,  and 
Pon'tus,  besides  Ga-la'tia,  the  country  occupied  by  the 
Gauls.  These  states,  fragments  of  the  Macedonian  Empire, 
will  be  referred  to  in  the  course  of  the  folloAving  history. 

44.  Pergamus  was  founded  by  a  lieutenant  of  Lysim- 
achus  (283  B.  a),  but  did  not  acquire  any  prominence 
until  the  reign  of  Attalus,  who  distinguished  himself  by 
his  alliance  with  the  Eomans  in  the  war  against  Antiochus. 
This  kingdom  lasted  150  years,  at  the  end  of  which  its 
last  king,  Attains  III.,  left  it,  with  all  its  treasures,  to  the 
Romans  (133  b.  a).  The  kings  of  Pergamus  were  noted 
for  their  attention  to  literature;  and  they  collected  an 
immense  library,  which  was  afterward  carried  to  Alex- 
andria. 

45.  After  the  death  of  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  Per- 
seus, his  successor,  made  an  effort  to  free  Greece  and  Mace- 
don  from  the  Roman  yoke,  but,  after  a  war  of  three  years, 
was  utterly  subdued  at  the  battle  of  Pyd'na  (168  b.  a). 
He  was  carried  captive  to  Rome,  where  he  and  his  wife  and 
children  graced  the  triumph  of  JE-mil'i-us  Pau'lus,  his 
conqueror.  Thus  was  Macedonia  added  to  the  Roman 
dominions,  which  a  few  years  afterward  were  still  further 
augmented  by  the  conquest  of  Greece  (146  b.  a). 

43.  What  constituted  Syria  at  this  time  ?    What  did  Asia  Minor  contain  ? 

44.  Sketch  the  history  of  Pergamus.    For  what  were  its  kings  noted  ?    Where 
was  Pergamus. — Am.  In  Mysia,  Asia  Minor.    (See  Map,  page  41.) 

45.  What  led  to  the  war  with  Perseus  ?    Where  was  he  defeated?    What  waa 
the  result  ?    What  other  conqnest  was  made  in  146  b.  c.  ? 


B.  C.  146.]  ROME.  85 

46.  Third  Punic  War. — In  the  mean  time  the  third 
Punic  war  broke  out,  caused  by  the  inveterate  hatred  of  the 
."Romans  toward  the  Carthaginians.  A  pretext  for  the  war 
was  found  in  the  efforts  made  by  Carthage  to  repel  the 
aggressions  of  Mas-i-nis' sa,  king  of  Nu-mid'i-a,*  whom  the 
Romans  acknowledged  as  their  ally.  Every  effort  was  made 
by  the  Carthaginians  to  appease  the  hostility  of  their  ene- 
mies. They  complied  with  every  demand ;  banishing  all  who 
had  given  offence  to  the  Romans,  and  even  surrendering 
their  arms  and  military  stores.  But  when  finally  told  that 
they  must  leave  Carthage,  and  permit  it  to  be  destroyed, 
they  took  courage  from  despair,  shut  the  gates  of  the  city, 
and  put  to  death  every  Roman  within  its  walls. 

47.  The  most  vigorous  exertions  were  then  made  to  supply 
the  place  of  the  weapons  which  the  treachery  of  Rome  had 
wrested  from  them.  Men  of  every  rank  toiled  day  and  night 
in  the  forges,  and  the  women  cut  off  their  hair  to  furnish 
bow-strings  for  the  archers.  For  three  years  did  they,  un- 
der their  general  As'dru-bal,  keep  the  Romans  at  bay ;  but 
at  length  were  obliged  to  yield  to  the  skill  and  perseverance 
of  Scipio  Africanus  the  Younger,  under  whom  the  Romans 
scaled  the  walls  of  the  city,  and  cut  their  way  to  the  cita- 
del. After  six  days  of  continuous  slaughter,  the  miserable 
inhabitants  were  subdued ;  and  the  city  having  been  set  on 
fire,  very  many  perished  in  the  flames.  By  a  subsequent 
order  of  the  Roman  Senate,  every  house  that  was  left 
standing  was  thrown  down,  and  the  city  completely  de- 
stroyed (146  b.  a). 

48.  Thus  perished  this  magnificent  city,  after  it  had  ex- 
isted seven  centuries.  Utica,  which  had  submitted  to  the 
Romans,  was  rewarded  with  a  portion  of  the  Carthaginian 

*  A  country  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa,  to  the  west  of  Carthage. 


46.  What  caused  the  third  Punic  war?    What  course  was  pursued  by  the  Car- 
thaginians ? 

47.  Give  an  account  of  the  siege  and  capture  of  Carthage.    What  was  the  fate 
of  the  city? 

48.  What  is  said  of  its  territory  and  subsequent  history  ? 


86  ROME.  [B.C.  133. 

territory ;  but  the  principal  part  was  formed  into  a  province 
under  the  name  of  Lib'ya.  Under  the  Emperor  Augustus 
Carthage  was  rebuilt,  and  became,  in  the  second  century  of 
the  Christian  era,  one  of  the  finest  cities  of  the  Roman 
empire.  It  was  again  destroyed  by  the  Arabs  in  the  seventh 
century  (698  A.  d.),  and  now  only  a  few  ruins  remain  to 
mark  its  site. 

49.  Spanish  War. — Although  the  Carthaginians  had 
been  expelled  from  Spain,  the  inhabitants  were  not  sub- 
dued ;  and  they  valiantly  defended  their  liberties  for  a  long 
series  of  years  against  the  Romans.  Among  the  most  cou- 
rageous and  warlike  tribes  were  the  Cel-ti-be'ri-ans  and  Lu- 
si-ta'ni-ans.*  The  latter  found,  in  their  noble  and  patriotic 
chief  Vir-i-a'tus,  a  leader  worthy  of  their  bravery,  and  able 
to  cope  with  the  best  generals  of  Rome.-  For  six  years  he 
defied  every  effort  for  his  defeat  and  capture;  and  the 
Lusitanians  were  only  subdued  when  the  Romans  by  treach- 
ery procured  his  assassination  (140  B.  a).     The  taking  of 

Nu-man'tia\  by  Scipio  completed  the  subjugation  of  Spain 
(133  b.  a). 

50.  The  Gracchi. — The  great  conquests  made  by  the 
Romans  had  served  rather  to  enrich  the  nobles  than  to  ben- 
efit the  middle  or  poorer  classes  of  the  citizens ;  and  had 
corrupted  the  government  by  giving  undue  power  to  the 
Senate.  The  agrarian  laws,  which  in  earlier  times  had 
been  passed  to  protect  the  people  against  the  greed  of  the 
aristocracy,  were  generally  unobserved;  and  the  city,  as 
well  as  all  Italy,  was  swarming  with  slaves,  who  left  no 
occupation  to  the  citizens  except  that  of  war.  At  this  time 
a  champion  of  the  people  arose,  in  the  person  of  a  young 
noble,   named   Ti-be'ri-us   Grac'clius,  who,   being  elected 

*  Lufritania  corresponded  very  nearly  with  modern  Portugal  ;   Celtiberia,  with  Aragon,  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  Spain. 
+  Naiaautia  was  in  the  northern  part  of  Spain. 


49.  What  war  was  waged  in  Spain  ?    Who  was  Viriatus  ?    What  ended  the 
Spanish  war  ? 

50.  How  was  Rome  affected  by  her  conquests  ?    Who  was  Tiberius  Gracchus  1 


B.C.  121.]  ROME.  8? 

tribune,  and  noticing  with  grief  and  indignation  the  op- 
pressions of  the  rich  and  the  sufferings  of  the  poor,  deter- 
mined to  remove  them,  by  reviving  the  Licin'ian  law, 
which  had  fallen  into  neglect. 

51.  This  law  provided  that  the  public  lands  should  be 
for  the  benefit  of  all  classes,  and  that  no  one  should  occupy 
more  than  330  acres ;  but  the  nobles  had  seized  them,  and 
converted  them  to  their  own  use.  These  lands  Gracchus 
proposed  to  divide  according  to  law,  but  to  pay  the  owners 
for  the  buildings  which  they  had  erected  upon  them.  He 
also  proposed  that  the  treasures  left  to  Eome  by  Attalus, 
king  of  Pergamus,  should  be  laid  out  in  implements  and 
cattle  for  the  poor  occupants  of  these  lands. 

52.  These  propositions  raised  a  great  storm  of  indigna- 
tion among  the  senators  and  other  members  of  the  aristoc- 
racy; and  while  an  election  for  tribunes  was  going  on, 
they  rushed  into  the  assembly  to  prevent  the  re-election  of 
Gracchus ;  and  in  the  tumult  he,  with  300  others,  was  slain 
(133  b.  a).  Ten  years  afterward,  his  brother,  Ca'i-tis  Grac'- 
clias,  distinguished  for  his  oratory,  made  another  attempt 
to  vindicate  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  check  the  en- 
croachments of  the  Senate.  But  he,  too,  fell  a  victim  to 
their  violence ;  being  slain,  with  3000  of  his  followers,  by 
the  orders  of  the  consul,  whom  the  Senate  had  invested 
with  the  authority  of  a  dictator  (121  B.  a). 

53.  The  Gracchi*  have  been  unjustly  represented  as 
seditious  demagogues.  They  were,  on  the  contrary,  vir- 
tuous and  patriotic  reformers ;  and,had  the  measures  which 
they  proposed  been  adopted,  the  subsequent  history  of 
Rome  would  have  been  very  different.  Henceforth  we  see 
the  supreme  power  in  the  hands  of  a  corrupt  and  insolent 
aristocracy,  and  the  state  a  constant  prey  to  civil  dissen- 

*  Gracchi  is  the  Latin  plural  of  Gracchus,  and  means  the  two  persons  of  that  name. 


5 1 .  How  did  he  propose  to  rectify  abuses  ?    What  was  the  Licinian  law  ? 

52.  What  course  did  the  nobies  take?    What  became  of  Tiberius  Gracchus? 
Who  succeeded  him  iu  the  enterprise  ?    What  was  the  result  ? 

53.  What  is  said  of  the  Gracchi  and  their  measures  ? 


88  ROME.  [B.  C.  106. 

tion  and  war;  while  the  people  are  merely  the  instruments, 
wielded  by  one  or  the  other  military  chieftain,  to  satisfy  his 
ambitious  designs.  Conscription  and  massacre,  as  either 
party  prevails,  thin  the  ranks  of  the  proud  nobles,  and 
thus  avenge  the  wrongs,  while  they  vindicate  the  wisdom 
taid  patriotism,  of  the  two  Gracchi. 

54.  War  against  Jugurtha. — The  disgraceful  corrup- 
tion of  the  Senate  was  shown  in  the  war  against  Ju-gur'- 
tha,  who,  having  murdered  his  two  cousins,  sons  of 
Mi-cip'sa,  a  faithful  ally  of  Eome,  usurped  the  throne  of 
Xumidia.  These  iniquities  he  was  enabled  to  perpetrate, 
in  spite  of  repeated  complaints  made  to  the  Eoman  senate, 
by  bribing  its  members;  and  he  openly  boasted  of  the 
power  of  his  gold.  At  last,  when  the  people  would  endure 
the  outrage  no  longer,  war  was  declared  against  the  wicked 
usurper  (111  B.  c.) ;  but  Jugurtha  bribed  the  generals,  and 
thus  prevented  its  success. 

55.  This  being  discovered  and  punished,  the  conduct  of 
the  war  was  committed  to  Me-tel'lus,  who  had  almost  com- 
pleted the  subjugation  of  Numidia,  when  he  was  super- 
seded in  the  command  by  his  lieutenant,  Caius  Mar'i-us. 
This  man,  afterward  so  famous  in  the  history  of  Rome, 
had  just  risen  to  notice  at  the  age  of  50,  having  been  long 
kept  in  obscurity  by  his  poverty  and  mean  birth.  He 
soon  brought  the  war  to  a  conclusion,  and  sent  Jugurtha 
a  captive  to  Eome,  where  he  was  starved  to  death  in  a 
dungeon  (106  B-.  c). 

56.  Invasion  of  the  Cimbrians  and  Teutons. — In 
the  mean  time,  hordes  of  barbarians,  called  the  Cim'bri-ans 
and  Teu'tons,  invaded  Gaul,  and  threatened  Italy.  After 
four  Roman  armies  had  been  successively  defeated  by  them, 
the  command  was  given  to  Marius,  who  attacked  the  Teu- 


54.  Who  was  Jugurtha,  and  what  led  to  a  war  with  him  ?    To  whom  was  its 
management  committed  ?    Willi  what  result  ? 

55.  What  was  done  hy  Metellus  and  Marius  ?    What  is  said  of  the  latter  ? 

56.  What  invasion  of  Italy  took  place?    By  whom  were  the  barbarians  d& 
feated  ?    What  was  Marius  called  ? 


B.  C.  63.]  ROME. 


tons  near  the  Rhone  River,  and  gained  so  decided  a  victory 
over  them,  that  they  were  almost  annihilated  (102  B.  a). 
The  next  year,  having  been  appointed  consul  for  the  fifth 
time,  he  marched  against  the  Cimbrians,  whom  he  also 
defeated  with  immense  slaughter,  in  Ois-al'pine  Gaul.*  By 
these  two  great  victories,  the  tide  of  barbarian  inundation 
was  turned  back  for  centuries,  and  Marius  was  deservedly 
hailed  as  the  Savior  of  his  Country. 

57.  Social  War. — A  dreadful  war  broke  out  soon  after- 
ward (90  B.  c.)  between  Rome  and  the  Italian  states,  called 
the  Social  War.  This  was  caused  by  the  demand  of  the 
states  for  the  rights  of  citizenship,  which  the  Senate  re- 
fused. After  nearly  two  years  of  war,  and  the  destruc- 
tion of  about  300,000  Italians,  the  franchise  was  granted 
to  all  such  as  laid  down  their  arms ;  and  tranquillity  was 
restored. 

58.  Mithridatic  War. — Mith-ri-da'tes,  king  of  Pon- 
tus,  having  made  extensive  conquests  in  Asia  Minor, 
formed  the  design  of  entirely  expelling  the  Romans  from 
that  country;  and  by  his  orders  80,000  Italians,  in  the 
different  cities,  were  massacred  in  one  night  (88  B.  a). 
Syl'la,  a  distinguished  Roman  general,  being  sent  against 
him,  defeated  him  in  several  battles,  and  compelled  him 
to  sue  for  peace  (84  b.  a). 

59.  The  war  was  afterward  renewed  (74  B.  a),  but  was 
brought  to  a  successful  conclusion  by  Pompey  the  Great ; 
and  Mithridates,  in  despair,  put  an  end  to  his  life  (63  b.  a). 
This  monarch  was  noted  for  his  talents  and  accomplish- 
ments, being,  it  is  said,  able  to  converse  in  all  the  different 
languages  of  his  extensive  dominions.  He  was  considered 
the  most  powerful  opponent  Rome  had  ever  known,  having, 
during  his  long  reign  of  fifty-seven  years,  been  engaged 
nearly  twenty-five  of  them  in  war  with  that  republic. 

*  Cisalpine  means  on  this  side  of  the  Alps  ;  that  is,  on  the  side  towards  Rome. 


5  7.  What  is  meant  by  the  Social  War  ?  What  was  its  cause  ?   How  did  it  end  1 

58.  What  caused  the  Mithridatic  War?    Who  defeated  Mithridates  ? 

59.  Who  again  defeated  him  ?    What  is  said  of  Mithridates  ? 


90  ROME.  [B.  C.  83. 

60.  Civil  War  of  Marius  and  Sylla. — Marius,  and 

Sylla,  his  lieutenant  in  the  war  with  Jugurtha,  eagerly 
contended  for  the  chief  command  in  the  Mithridat'ic  War ; 
but  Sylla  prevailed,  and  compelled  his  rival  to  flee  from 
Rome  in  order  to  save  his  life.  After  the  departure  of 
Sylla  to  his  command,  the  consul  Cin'na  recalled  the  aged 
Marius,  who,  returning  to  Italy,  defeated  the  partisans  of 
his  rival,  and  entering  Rome  in  triumph,  caused  those  who 
had  opposed  his  cause  to  be  put  to  death  (87  b.  a).  He 
then  declared  himself  consul,  but  a  short  time  afterward 
died,  at  the  age  of  71. 

61.  Marius  was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  characters 
to  be  found  in  history.  By  his  great  abilities  he  rescued 
his  country  from  a  danger  that  threatened  its  destruction  ; 
but.  his  insatiable  desire  for  power  and  distinction  plunged 
it  into  the  miseries  of  a  civil  war.  Though  six  times  made 
consul,  and  crowned  with  every  honor  his  countrymen  could 
confer,  yet,  at  the  advanced  age  of  70,  in  order  to  acquire 
office  he  ceased  to  be  a  patriot,  and  became  a  partisan  ;  and 
when  triumphant,  glutted  his  rage  against  such  of  his 
fellow-citizens  as  had  opposed  him,  with  the  most  remorse- 
less cruelty.  At  length,  exhausted  by  intemperance  and 
debauchery,  he  sank  into  the  grave,  "  hated  by  his  enemies, 
feared  even  by  his  friends." 

62.  Sylla,  returning  from  Asia,  entered  Italy  with  a 
large  army  (83  B.  c.) ;  but  the  leaders  of  the  Marian  party 
had  made  great  preparations  to  oppose  him.  A  dreadful 
war  of  two  years  ensued,  during  which  the  Samnites  took 
up  arms  against  Sylla.  He  was,  however,  triumphant  over 
all  his  enemies,  and  after  gaining  several  great  victories, 
entered  Rome  its  undisputed  master.  His  first  act  was  to 
massacre  6,000  Samnite  prisoners ;  and  then  commenced  a 


60.  What  caused  a  civil  war  at  this  time  ?    Give  an  account  of  it.    What  be- 
came of  Marius  ? 

61 .  What  is  said  of  his  character  ? 

62.  What  took  place  on  Sylla's  return  to  Italy  ?    On  his  entrance  into  Rome? 
What  Jjecame  of  Sylla  ? 


B.C.  71.]  KOME.  91 

fearful  slaughter  of  all  whom  he  deemed  his  enemies. 
Every  day  he  issued  a  new  list  of  those  who  were  to  be 
put  to  death ;  and  after  this  dreadful  proscription,  in 
which  it  is  said  8,000  citizens  perished,  he  declared  him- 
self Perpetual  Dictator.  Having  effected  some  reforms  in 
the  government,  he  resigned,  to  the  surprise  of  all,  the 
office  of  dictator,  which  he  had  filled  about  two  years, 
and  retired  to  private  life  (79  B.  a).  A  short  time  after- 
ward, he  died  of  a  loathsome  disease,  occasioned  by  intem- 
perance and  debauchery. 

63.  In  this  war,  Marius  had  been  opposed  by  the  patri- 
cians ;  while  the  Senate  and  its  partisans  had  been  on  the 
side  of  Sylla.  The  party  of  Marius  was  thus  sustained  by 
the  people,  but  that  of  Sylla  by  the  aristocracy.  The 
death  of  these  two  great  chiefs  did  not  end  the  strife. 
Ser-to'ri-us,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the  Marian 
leaders,  had  taken  refuge  in  Spain,  and  there  established  a 
power  which  for  more  than  ten  years  defied  all  the  efforts 
of  the  Senate.  Pompey  was  sent  against  him ;  but  it  was 
only  after  the  assassination  of  Sertorius  that  the  insur- 
gents could  be  subdued  (72  b.  a). 

64.  Servile  War. — In  the  mean  time,  Eome  was  con- 
fronted with  a  terrific  danger.  This  was  a  slave  insurrection. 
Spar'ta-cus,  a  Thracian,  made  captive  in  war,  and  afterward 
kept  in  a  training-school  for  Gladiators,  at  Capua,  broke 
loose  from  his  place  of  bondage  with  a  number  of  his  fellow- 
prisoners,  and  fleeing  to  Mount  Vesuvius,  was  joined  by  a 
vast  number  of  slaves  and  outlaws  of  every  description. 
Having  collected  a  force  of  over  100,000  men,  he  moved 
northward,  defeated  the  regular  army  in  several  engage- 
ments, and  threatened  Rome  itself.  At  last  he  was  met  by 
a  large  force  under  Cras'sus,  and  his  army  cut  to  pieces,  he 
himself  being  among  the  slain  (71  b.  a).     This  was  the 

63.  Which  was  the  popular  party?    The  aristocratic  party?    Who  was  Serto- 
rius r    How  and  when  was  he  subdued  ? 

64.  Who  was  Spartacus?    By  whom  was  the  revolt  of  the  slaves  subdued? 
What  other  revolt  is  spoken  of?    What  led  to  these  revolts  ? 


92  HOME.  [B.C.  61. 

second  great  slave  revolt,  one  having,  about  60  years  before, 
broken  out  in  Sicily,  and  been  reduced  only  after  frightful 
massacres  and  ravages.  These  insurrections  were  the 
natural  result  of  the  dreadful  slave-system  pursued  in  the 
Roman  conquests. 

65.  At  this  time,  Pompey  and  Crassus  were  the  two  lead- 
ing men  at  Rome.  The  former,  by  his  conduct  during  the 
civil  war,  his  good  fortune  in  Spain,  and  the  timely  assist- 
ance he  had  rendered  against  Spartacus,  had  contrived  to 
acquire  very  great  popularity.  Sylla  had  given  to  him, 
when  yet  a  young  man,  the  title  of  Magnus — the  Great. 
Crassus  exerted  a  powerful  influence  by  means  of  his  im- 
mense wealth,  which  he  had  craftily  acquired  by  buying 
up  the  estates  of  the  proscribed  during  the  dictatorship  of 
Sylla.  Pompey  being  sent  against  the  pirates  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, acted  with  so  much  energy  and  address,  that  in 
three  months  he  entirely  cleared  the  seas  of  those  robbers 
(G6  b.  0.). 

66.  In  the  mean  time,  Lu-cuTlus  had  been  winning  vic- 
tories over  Mithridates  and  his  son-in-law  Ti-gra'nes,  king 
of  Armenia,  but  was  stopped  in  his  career  of  success  by  a 
mutiny  of  his  troops.  Pompey  was,  therefore,  sent  into 
Asia,  with  the  powers  of  a  despot,  to  bring  the  war  to  a 
close.  This  he  accomplished  in  less  than  three  years,  sub- 
duing both  the  revolted  kings,  and  reducing  Pontus  to  a 
Roman  province  (63  B.  a).  He  also  reduced  Syria,  and 
took  Jerusalem,  dethroning  the  reigning  king  of  Judea, 
and  making  the  kingdom  tributary  to  Rome.  Having 
regulated  all  the  provinces  of  the  east,  with  the  authority 
of  an  absolute  potentate,  he  returned  triumphantly  to 
Italy  (61  b.  a). 

67.  Jewish  History. — After  the  edict  of  Cyrus,  the 

65.  What  influence  did  Pompey  and  Crassus  exert  at  this  time?    How  had 
Crassus  become  wealthy  ?    What  was  accomplished  by  Pompey  in  66  b.  c.  ? 

66.  What  victories  had  Lucullus  gained  ?  "By  whom  was  he  superseded  ?  What 
did  Pompey  accomplish  ? 

67.  Give  a  brief  sketch  of  Jewish  history  down  to  this  time. 


B.  C.  62.]  ROME.  93 

Jews  remained  under  the  dominion  of  Persia,  till  the  time 
of  Alexander ;  and  after  his  death,  their  country  became 
subject  to  Ptolemy.  Subsequently,  the  kings  of  Egypt  and 
Syria  contended  for  it,  until,  in  198  b.  c,  Antiochus  the 
Great  defeated  the  Egyptians,  and  thus  became  its  ruler. 
In  consequence  of  the  oppression  of  one  of  his  successors, 
the  Jews  revolted,  under  the  renowned  Judas  Mac-ca-be'us, 
who,  in  a  succession  of  victories,  routed  the  Syrian  armies 
and  entered  Jerusalem  in  triumph.  After  his  death  (161 
B.  a),  his  brothers  completed  the  work  of  national  deliver- 
ance, and  they  and  their  successors  ruled -as  high-priests 
until  (in  106  b.  c.)  Ar-is-to-bu'lus  assumed  the  crown. 
When  Pompey  invaded  Asia,  Aristobulus  II.  was  on  the 
throne ;  but  his  right  was  disputed  by  his  brother,  John 
Hyr-ca'nus,  whom  Pompey,  after  besieging  Jerusalem  three 
months,  and  taking  the  city,  placed  over  the  kingdom  (63 
b.  a).  The  successors  of  Judas  Maccabeus  are  called  the 
Maccabees,  or  the  As-mo-nce'an  Dynasty. 

68.  Conspiracy  of  Catiline. — While  Pompey  was  in 
Asia,  Cat'i-line,  a  profligate  and  needy  patrician,  formed  a 
conspiracy  to  murder  the  consul,  and  then  plunder  and 
burn  the  city  (63  b.  a).  The  plot  was,  however,  discovered 
in  time  by  Cic'e-ro,  the  great  orator,  who  denounced  Cati- 
line, and  compelled  him  to  flee  from  Home.  His  confed- 
erates, who  had  been  left  in  the  city  to  consummate  the 
wicked  scheme,  were  betrayed  by  some  Gauls  whom  they 
endeavored  to  gain  over  to  their  service,  and  being  imme- 
diately apprehended  were  put  to  death,  through  the  cour- 
age and  promptitude  of  the  consul  Cicero.  Catiline,  at  the 
head  of  a  numerous  force  which  he  had  succeeded  in  col- 
lecting, was  defeated  and  slain  (62  b.  a). 

69.  First  Triumvirate. — In  the  mean  time,  Ju'lius 
Cm'sar  had  won  considerable  distinction  by  his  courage 
and  address  as  a  politician,  and  his  skill  as  a  military 

68.  What  conspiracy  was  discovered  at  Rome  ?    How  was  it  suppressed  ? 
CO.  How  was  the  first  triumvirate  formed  ?    What  did  Cresar  gain  by  it  ? 


94  ROME.  [B.  C.  50. 

commander.  Finding  Pompey  and  Crassus  hostile  to  each 
other,  he  succeeded  in  reconciling  them,  and  in  establish- 
ing an  alliance  by  which  the  three  were  to  support  each 
other's  plans  and  interests  (60  b.  a).  This  secret  cabal  lias 
been  called  the  First  Tri-um'vir-ate.*  By  the  support  of 
his  two  powerful  confederates,  Caesar  obtained  the  consul- 
ship; and  at  its  close,  the  Senate  passed  a  decree  by  which 
lie  was  assigned,  as  proconsul,  to  the  government  of  Gaul, 
with  the  command  of  an  army  to  subdue  the  barbarians, 
who  had  commenced  hostile  movements. 

70.  Caesar's  campaigns  in  Gaul  lasted  about  eight  years; 
and,  in  that  period,  he  not  only  succeeded  in  subjugating 
all  the  warlike  races  of  that  country,  but,  crossing  the 
Rhine,  gained  great  victories  over  the  bold  and  hardy  Ger- 
mans. He  also  passed  into  Britain,  and  defeated  the  fierce 
and  warlike  inhabitants,  who  strove  with  the  greatest  in- 
trepidity to  repel  the  invaders  from  their  island  (55  b.  a). 
By  50  b.  a,  his  province  was  completely  subdued ;  and  it 
is  computed  that  in  these  eight  years  of  war,  nearly  a  mil- 
lion of  Gauls  and  Germans  were  sacrificed,  Caesar  never 
showing  the  least  mercy  to  the  barbarians,  while,  toward 
his  fellow-citizens,  he  was  remarkable  for  mildness  and 
humanity. 

71.  In  the  mean  time,  Crassus  had  obtained  the  pro- 
consular government  of  Syria,  and  had  undertaken  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  Par'thians,  an  eastern  race  who,  first 
appearing  near  the  Caspian  Sea,  had  at  this  time  conquered 
the  vast  region  extending  from  the  Euphrates  to  the  Indus. 
In  this  expedition  Crassus  was  defeated  and  slain  (53  b.  a). 
His  lieutenant,  Cassius  (kash'e-us),  however,  prosecuted  the 
war  two  years  longer,  and  gaining  a  decided  victory  over 
the  Parthians,  checked  their  further  advance  westward. 


*  Triumvirate  means  an  association  consisting  of  three  men. 


70.  What  is  said  of  Gesar'e  campaigns  in  Gaul  ? 

7 1 .  What  hecarnc  of  Crassus  ?    Who  defeated  the  Parthians  ? 


«.  C.  48.]  ROME.  95 

Pompey,  although  made  proconsul  of  Spain,  remained  in 
Rome,  governing  his  province  by  means  of  lieutenants. 

72.  Second  Civil  War. — One  of  the  members  of  the 
triumvirate  having  been  removed  by  death,  and  Pompey 
haying  become  intensely  jealous  of  .Caesar,  the  coalition  was 
practically  dissolved.  Pompey,  determining  to  supplant 
Caesar  and  obtain  the  dictatorship,  went  over  to  the  party 
of  the  Senate  which  he  had  hitherto  opposed,  and  obtained 
in  succession  two  decrees :  first,  that  Caesar  should  forth- 
with disband  his  army;  and  second,  that,  as  he  had  not 
obeyed,  he  should  be  proclaimed  an  outlaw,  Pompey  him- 
self all  the  while  retaining  his  army  in  Spain,  as  well  as 
other  forces  in  Italy,  in  order  to  enforce  his  ambitious 
designs.  Caesar,  seeing  that  he  could  only  oppose  violence 
by  violence,  at  once  broke  up  his  camp,  and  crossing  the 
river  Ru'bi-con,  the  boundary  of  his  province,  entered  Italy, 
with  a  small  army,  afterward  re-enforced  by  detachments 
from  Gaul.     Thus  was  commenced  the  Second  Civil  War. 

73.  Pompey,  with  what  forces  he  had,  and  accompanied 
by  many  of  the  senators  and  others,  fled  to  Brundu'sium, 
from  which  port,  having  collected  a  large  fleet,  he  sailed  to 
Epirus.  Caesar  soon  overran  Italy ;  and  then  proceeded  to 
Spain,  where,  with  consummate  address,  he  speedily  won 
over  Pompey's  generals,  and  annexed  their  forces  to  his  own. 
Returning,  he  then  crossed  to  Epirus  to  give  battle  to  Pom- 
pey. No  general  engagement,  however,  took  place  till  the 
next  year ;  when,  on  the  plains  of  Phar-sa'li-a,  the  battle 
was  joined,  and  Caesar,  although  with  forces  far  inferior  in 
number,  gained  a  decisive  victory  (48  b.  a).  Pompey  took 
refuge  in  Egypt,  but  was  treacherously  assassinated  as  he 
was  about  to  step  ashore. 

74.  Caesar,  with  his  characteristic  promptitude,  pursued 

72.  What  caused  the  dissolution  of  the  Triumvirate?    What  caused  Caesar's 
hnasion  of  Italy? 

73.  What  course  did  Pompey  take  ?    Caesar  ?  What  battle  decided  the  contest  J 
What  hecame  of  Pompey  ? 

74.  What  took  place  on  Caesar's  reaching  Egypt  ? 


96  ROME.  [B.  C.  48. 

Pompey  to  Egypt,  and  on  arriving  there  was  presented 
with  the  head  and  ring  of  his  great  rival.  He  turned  aside 
with  tears  from  the  mournful  and  ghastly  spectacle,  and 
ordered  Pompey's  remains  to  be  burnt  with  due  honor. 
He  caused  also  a  monument  to  be  erected,  to  commemorate 
the  splendid  fortune,  as  well  as  the  sad  reverse,  of  his  former 
friend  and  associate.  Having  none  of  the  ferocious  and 
bloodthirsty  malignity  of  Marius  and  Sylla,  he  freely  par- 
doned all  who  had  opposed  him;  and,  consequently,  the 
greater  number  of  Pompey's  partisans  were  soon  won  over 
to  his  standard. 

75.  The  succession  to  the  throne  of  Egypt  was,  at  that 
time,  in  dispute  between  the  young  King  Ptolemy  and  his 
sister,  the  celebrated  Cle-o-pa'tra.  Caesar,  influenced  by  the 
fascinations  of  the  latter,  decided  in  her  favor,  and  thus 
incurred  the  hostility  of  Ptolemy's  adherents,  who  raised  a 
fearful  insurrection  against  him.  This,  however,  in  a  few 
months  he  reduced,  and  confirmed  Cleopatra  on  the  throne. 
During  this  war  at  Alexandria,  Caesar  set  fire  to  the  Egyp- 
tian fleet,  and  the  flames  having  extended  to  the  public 
library,  that  immense  collection  of  more  than  100,000  vol- 
umes, containing  all  the  most  valuable  works  of  ancient 
times,  was  destroyed  (48  b.  a). 

76.  Erom  Egypt  Caesar  proceeded  against  Phar-na 'ces, 
son  of  the  great  Mithridates,  who  had  risen  in  rebel- 
lion and  seized  upon  Armenia  and  Colchis.  Him  Caesar 
speedily  defeated  at  Ze'la,  in  Pontus,  and  announced  his 
victory  to  the  Eoman  Senate  in  three  words —  Veni,  vidi, 
vici  (I  came,  I  saw,  I  conquered).  In  two  months  all  Asia 
was  restored  to  tranquillity,  and  Caesar  then  returned  to 
Rome,  to  assume  the  office  of  dictator.  Proceeding  next  to 
Africa,  he  gained  a  great  victory  at  Thap'sus  over  the  forces 
of  Scipio,  who,  assisted  by  Ju'ba,  king  of  Mauritania,  still 

75.  What  caused  an  insurrection  at  Alexandria  ?    What  was  the  effect  of  it  ? 
76:  What  other  important  victories  were  gained  hy  Caesar  ?    Where  was  Thap- 
sus  ?— Ans.  In  the  northern  part  of  Africa.    What  became  of  Cato  ? 


B.  C.  44.]  HOME.  97 

adhered  to  the  senatorial  party.  Ca'to,  called  the  Stoic,*  on 
account  of  his  stern  virtue,  seeing  that  all  was  lost,  and 
that  the  Roman  republic  was  now  at  an  end,  committed 
suicide  at  U'ti-ca  (46  B.  a). 

77.  Having  formed  Numidia  into  a  Roman  province, 
Ca?sar  returned  to  Rome,  where  he  celebrated  with  extraor- 
dinary magnificence  four  triumphs — over  Gaul,  Egypt, 
Pontus,  and  Numidia.  A  general  amnesty  was  then  de- 
clared, and  the  soldiers  were  rewarded  with  liberal  dona- 
tions. But  before  he  could  settle  affairs  at  Rome,  he  was 
called  to  Spain,  where  the  two  sons  of  Pompey  had  raised 
an  army  against  him.  These  he  defeated  in  the  severe  bat- 
tle of  Mun'da,  which  closed  the  war.  Having  thus  become 
master  of  Rome,  he  determined  to  lay  aside  the  sword  and 
cultivate  the  arts  of  peace.  He  instituted  many  important 
reforms  in  the  laws  and  government,  rectified  the  calendar, 
and  formed  plans  for  many  other  great  and  useful  works. 

78.  But  while  meditating  these,  a  stop  was  suddenly  put 
to  his  magnificent  career.  A  conspiracy  having  been  formed 
against  him  by  a  large  body  of  nobles,  prominent  among 
whom  were  Brutus  and  Cassius,  the  former  his  most  inti- 
mate friend,  he  was  attacked  in  the  Senate  house,  and  fell 
pierced  with  twenty-three  wounds  (March,  44  b.  a).  The 
reason  alleged  for  his  assassination  was  that  he  meditated 
making  himself  king;  and  Brutus,  a  nephew  of  Oato,  was 
probably  sincere  in  this  belief;  but  the  others  seem  to  have 
been  actuated  by  feelings  rather  of  envy  than  of  patriotism. 
Besides,  the  leading  conspirators  were  guilty  of  base  ingrati- 
tude ;  for  they  had  been  freely  pardoned  their  former  oppo- 
sition to  Caesar's  party,  and  placed  in  offices  of  power  and 


*  The  Stain  were  a  sect  of  Grecian  philosophers  who  inculcated  the  doctrine  that  fortitude  is 
the  chief  virtue,  and  prided  themselves  upon  their  endurance  of  pain,  and  insensibility  to  mis- 
fortune. 


77.  What  triumphs  did  Caesar  celebrate  ?  What  is  paid  of  the  battle  of  Mnnda  ? 
Where  was  Munda  ?  Ans.  In  the  south  of  Spain.  What  did  Caesar  accomplish 
as  dictator  ? 

78.  How  was  his  career  closed  ?    What  was  the  cause  of  his  assassination  ? 


98  ROME.  [B.C.  44. 

emolument.     Cassius   indeed  had  been  one  of  the  most 
active  of  Pompey's  adherents. 

79.  Caesar  was  probably  the  greatest  man  that  Rome  ever 
produced.  He  was  not  only  an  able  general  and  a  consum- 
mate statesman  and  politician,  but  a  splendid  orator,  a  fine 
scholar,  and  an  elegant  writer.  His  history  of  the  Gallic 
campaigns,  styled  the  "  Commentaries,"  is  a  complete  model 
for  this  kind  of  composition.  His  knowledge  of  human 
nature  seems  to  have  been  almost  perfect,  for  he  swayed  the 
minds  of  all  who  came  within  his  influence,  to  an  extent 
rarely  equalled  and  never  surpassed.  His  great  crime  was, 
that  having  acquired  power  he  knew  not  how  to  lay  it 
down,  preferring  to  retain  it,  although  in  so  doing  he  de- 
stroyed forever  the  liberties  of  his  country ;  for  the  battles 
of  Pharsalia,  Thapsus,  and  Munda  established  the  Eoman 
empire,  and  Julius  Caesar  virtually  become  its  first  emperor, 

80.  After  the  murder  of  Caesar,  the  conspirators  fled  to 
the  capitol,  where  they  remained  until  they  entered  into  an 
agreement  with  Mark  An'tony,  the  consul,  and  a  particular 
friend  of  Caesar,  that  all  his  laws  should  remain  in  force, 
that  his  will  should  be  carried  into  effect,  and  that  his  body 
should  be  honored  with  a  public  funeral.  Accordingly  it 
was  carried  into  the  forum ;  and  Mark  Antony  pronounced 
over  it  a  funeral  oration,  in  the  course  of  which  he  exposed 
the  bleeding  wounds  to  the  people,  and  so  worked  upon 
their  sympathies,  that  they  arose  against  the  conspirators 
and  compelled  them  to  flee  from  the  city. 

81.  Antony  having  thus  became  master  of  Rome,  pro- 
duced Caesar's  will,  and  other  papers  which  he  represented 
as  containing  his  acts  and  wishes.  These  he  strenuously 
enforced,  until  he  excited  the  opposition  of  the  senatorial 
party,  led  by  Cicero,  who  pronounced  against  Antony  those 
severe  but  magnificent  orations,  styled,  in  imitation  of  De- 

79.  What  was  his  character? 

80.  What  events  followed  the  murder  of  Caesar?  What  was  done  by  Mark  An- 
tony ?    What  was  the  effect  of  his  oration  ? 

8 1 .  What  were  the  Philippics  ?    Why  were  they  spoken  ?    Who  was  Octavius  ? 


B.  C.  42.]  KOME.  99 

mosthenes,  the  Philippics.  In  the  mean  while  Oc-ta'vi-us, 
a  young  man,  the  nephew  and  adopted  son  of  Caesar, 
arrived  in  Kome,  and  immediately  demanded  the  property 
left  him  by  his  adopted  father. 

82.  Second  Triumvirate. — Being  sustained  by  the 
Senate,  Octavius  declared  against  Antony,  who,  defeated 
by  the  consuls  in  battle,  filed  into  Gaul,  and  there  formed 
a  union  with  Lep'i-dus,  the  general  who  had  command  of 
that  province.  The  two  then  marched  to  oppose  Octavius, 
but  finally  entered  into  a  negotiation  with  him ;  and  the 
three  then  agreed  to  form  a  second  triumvirate  and,  after 
punishing  the  murderers  of  Cassar,  to  divide  the  empire 
among  themselves  (43  b.  a).  A  dreadful  proscription  and 
massacre  followed  the  formation  of  this  league,  each  of 
the  triumvirs  inserting  in  the  list  all  whom  he  deemed 
hostile  and  wished  to  be  put  to  death.  Not  fewer  than 
three  hundred  Senators  and  two  thousand  knights  were 
among  the  proscribed ;  and  among  the  victims  sacrificed 
to  the  hatred  of  Antony,  was  Cicero. 

83.  Having  taken  vengeance  upon  their  enemies  in  Italy, 
the  triumvirs  turned  their  attention  to  Brutus  and  Cassius, 
who,  with  the  design  of  restoring  the  liberties  of  their  coun- 
try, had  succeeded  in  making  themselves  masters  of  all  the 
eastern  part  of  the  empire.  Antony  and  Octavius  crossed 
to  Macedonia,  and  engaged  the  republican  forces  at  Phi- 
lip'pi,  where  Cassius  and  Brutus  were  successively  defeated, 
each  slaying  himself  at  the  close  of  the  battle  (42  b.  a). 
These  victories  left  to  the  Triumvirate  absolute  control  of 
the  empire. 

84.  Antony  being  visited  by  Cleopatra  in  Asia,  returned 
with  her  to  Egypt,  and  surrendered  himself  to  the  wiles  of 
that  artful  beauty.    At  last,  after  neglecting  his  duty  for 

82.  What  led  to  the  second  triumvirate ?  What  proscriptions  followed?  What 
illustrious  man  was  put  to  death  ? 

83.  Where  were  Brutus  and  Cassius  defeated?  What  was  the  result  of  these 
battles  ?    Where  was  Philippi  ?    (See  Map  of  Greece.) 

84.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Actium?  What  was  its  result?  Where  was 
Actiuin?    Ans.  On  the  western  shore  of  Greece. 


100  ROME.  [B.C.  31. 

years,  he  gave  great  offence  to  Octavius  by  divorcing  his 
sister  0  eta  via,  in  order  to  marry  the  Egyptian  queen.  This 
brought  on  a  war  between  the  two  triumvirs,  which  was 
ended  by  the  battle  of  Actinm  (ak'she-um),  Antony  and 
Cleopatra  being  totally  defeated  (31  b.  a).  Fleeing  to 
Egypt,  Antony  stabbed  himself,  and  Cleopatra  put  an  end 
to  her  life  (it  is  said  by  means  of  a  venomous  asp)  in  order 
to  prevent  being  compelled  to  grace  the  triumph  of  Octavi- 
us. Her  death  terminated  the  sovereignty  of  the  Ptolemies, 
which  had  existed  about  three  centuries  (323-31  b.  a). 

85.  Egypt  having  been  made  a  Koman  province,  and 
plundered  of  its  immense  treasures  in  order  to  supply  Oc- 
tavius with  funds  to  reward  his  soldiers,  he  returned  to 
"Rome,  where  he  was  formally  invested  with  absolute 
authority  by  the  Senate,  who  saluted  him  by  the  title  of 
Augustus.  The  date  of  the  battle  of  Actium  is  generally 
chosen  as  the  era  of  the  commencement  of  the  Eoman  em- 
pire. Subsequently,  the  government  was  in  fact  a  military 
despotism,  under  which  the  Romans  were  so  hopeless  of 
relief  that  they  made  no  effort  to  restore  their  republican 
constitution. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

B.  C. 

753.  Foundation  of  Rome. 

509.  Expulsion  of  the  Tarquins — Bra  of  the  Bepublic. 

494.  Creation  of  the  Tribunes. 

486.  First  Agrarian  law  proposed  by  Cassius. 

485.  Coriolanus  banished.     Rome  saved  by  female  intercession. 

471.  Law  of  Volero.    Borne  a  Democracy. 

451.  Appointment  of  De&emvirs. 

445.  Intermarriage  of  patricians  and  plebeians  permitted. 

391.  Invasion  of  Italy  by  the  Gauls. 

390.  Rome  taken  and  burnt  by  the  Gauls. 

343.  Commencement  of  the  war  with  the  Samnites. 

321.  Defeat  of  the  Romans  by  the  Samnites. 

305.  The  Samnites  subdued. 

85.  What  was  done  by  Octavius?    What  title  did  he  assume ?    What  was  th» 
character  of  the  government  of  Kome  under  him  ? 


ROME.  '•'  '  101 


295.  The  Samnites,  Umbrians,'<fcc.;  defek'ed  U'&efctimM.  *'\ 

Rome  Mistress  of  Italy. 
280.  The  Romans  defeated  by  Pyrrhus. 

275.  Pyrrhus  defeated  by  the  Romans  under  Curius  Dentatus. 
264.  Commencement  of  the  First  Punic  War. 
255.  Regulus  taken  prisoner  by  the  Carthaginians. 
241.  End  of  the  First  Punic  War. 
218.  Commencement  of  the  Second  Punic  War.    The  Romans 

defeated  by  Hannibal  at  the  Ticinus. 
217.  Battle  of  Trasimenus.    The  Romans  defeated. 
216.  Battle  of  Cannae. 

212.  Taking  of  Syracuse  by  the  Romans.    Death  of  Archimedes. 
205.  Conquest  of  Spain  by  Scipio. 
202.  Battle  of  Zama.    Hannibal  defeated  by  Scipio. 
190.  Antiochus  defeated  by  the  Romans  at  Magnesia. 
146.  Carthage  taken  and  destroyed.    Corinth  taken. 
140.  Viriatus  assassinated. 
133.  Spain  completely  subjugated. 
132.  Death  of  Tiberius  Gracchus. 
121.  Caius  Gracchus  put  to  death. 
106.  Jugurtha  taken  prisoner  by  Marius  and  Sylla. 
102.  The  Teutons  defeated  by  Marius. 
101.  The  Cimbrians  defeated  by  Marius. 

90.  The  Social  War. 

88.  Commencement  of  the  Mithridatic  War.    First  Civil  War, 

87.  Marius's  proscription. 

82.  Sylla's  proscription. 

72.  Assassination  of  Sertorius  in  Spain. 

71.  Spartacus  defeated  and  slain. 

66.  Pompey  clears  the  Mediterranean  of  pirates. 

66.  Mithridates  subdued.    Pontus  a  Roman  province. 

63.  Conspiracy  of  Catiline. 

60.  First  Triumvirate. 

55.  Invasion  of  Britain  by  Csesar. 

53.  Crassus  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Parthians. 

48.  Battle  of  Pharsalia.    Pompey  defeated. 

46.  Battle  of  Thapsus.    Death  of  Cato. 

44.  Assassination  of  Ca5sar. 

43.  Second  Triumvirate. 

42.  Battles  of  Philippi.    Death  of  Brutus  and  Cassius. 

31.  Battle  of  Actium. 

30.  Death  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra. 

29.  Octavius  emperor  under  the  title  of  Augustus. 


105 

1 

TABLE   OF   CONTEMPORANEOUS   EVENTS. 

Cent 

T?..C 

;  :•" :  .'r'EoW    '•  • « * 

i      'T^      i       t                      ... 

f  '     '     Greece.                     Other  Nations. 

776 

First  Olympiad. 

753 

Foundation  of  Rome. 

747 

Era  of  Nabonassar. 

8th 

74(3 
734 
721 

First  Messenian  War. 
Syracuse  founded. 

Samaria  taken. 

720 

* 

Lydians  in  Asia  Minor. 

715 

Numa  Pompilius. 

685 

Second  Messenian  War. 

672 

Tullus  Hostilius. 

640 

Ancus  Martius. 

7th. 

625 
624 
616 

610 

Tarquin  the  Elder. 

Draco  at  Athens. 

The  Medes  takeNineveh 
Battle  between  the  Lyd- 



ians  and  Medes. 

594 

Solon  at  Athens. 

588 

Jerusalem  taken  by  Neb- 
uchadnezzar. 

578 

Servius  Tullius. 

560 

Pisistratus  at  Athens. 

546 

Cyrus  subdues  Croesus. 

6th. 

538 
534 

525 
510 

Tarquin  the  Proud. 

Hippius  expelled   from 
Athens. 

Babylon  taken  by  Cyrus. 

Pelusium  taken  by  Cam- 
byses. 

509 

Tarquins  expelled. 

495 

Miletus  taken  by  Darius. 

494 

Creation  of  Tribunes. 

5th. 

485 

Coriolanus. 

Accession  of  Xerxes. 

471 

Law  of  Volero. 

Themistocles  banished. 

464 

Death  of  Xerxes. 

449 

Decemvirate  abolished. 

Death  of  Cimon. 

394 

Romans  take  Veii. 

Battle  of  Coronea. 

359 

Accession  of  Philip  of 

346 
343 

Macedon. 

Samnite  War  begins. 

Sacred  War  ends. 

4th. 

323 

Lamian  War. 

Death  of  Alexander  the 
Great. 

321 

Battle  of  Caudine  Forks 

307 

Demetrius  Phalereus 

expelled  from  Athens. 

305 

Samnites  subdued. 

301 

Battle  of  Ipsus. 

280 

Pyrrhus  invades  Italy. 

Gauls  invade  Greece.       Seleucus  assassinated. 

241 

End  of  1st  Punic  War. 

Aratus. — Agis. 

Sicily  made   a   Roman 
province. 

221 

Sparta  taken  by  Antigo- 

Kingdoms  of  Parthia  & 
Bactria  founded. 

3d. 

nus. 

218 

2d  Punic  War  begino. 

213 

Aratus  poisoned. 

212 

Syracuse  taken. 

205 

Scipio  in  Spain. 

Philopcemen. 

184 

Death  of  Scipio  Africa- 
nus. 

2d. 

183 

Death  of  Philopcemen. 

Death  of  Hannibal. 

161 

Death  of  Judas  Macca 

beus. 

146 

Carthage  taken  by  the 

Corinth   taken  by  the 

Romans. 

Romans. 

IiOMEs>J>     .     .      .,,...  103 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  Give  an  account  of  the  foundation  of  Rome 67 

2.  How  long  did  the  monarchy  last  ?  67-68 

3.  What  is  the  character  of  this  part  of  the  history  ?    Why  ? 67 

4.  What  officers  afterward  performed  the  duties  of  the  kings  ? 68 

5.  Give  an  account  of  the  wars  with  the  Tarquins 68 

6.  What  led  to  the  creation  of  Tribunes  ? 69 

7.  When  and  how  did  the  people  acquire  a  control  of  the  government  ?  —  70 

8.  What  disposition  was  made  of  the  conquered  lands  by  the  Romans  ? 70 

9.  What  were  the  Twelve  Tables  ?    By  whom  framed  ? 71 

10.  What  was  the  office  of  dictator  ?    Name  the  first  prominent  dictator —  69-71 

11.  Give  an  account  of  Camillus 72 

12.  Mention  the  events  connected  with  the  invasion  of  Italy  by  the  Gauls. . .  72-74 

13.  Give  the  history  of  Marcus  Manlius 73-74 

14.  What  wars  were  waged  with  the  Samnites  ?    Their  result? 75-76 

15.  Give  an  account  of  the  invasion  of  Italy  by  Pyrrhus 76 

16.  What  rendered  Rome  mistress  of  all  Italy  ? 77 

17.  How  was  it  governed  ?  — 77 

18.  What  led  to  the  Punic  wars  ? 77-78 

19.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  previous  history  of  Carthage.    Of  Syracuse 77 

20.  What  were  the  principal  events  of  the  first  Punic  war  ? 78-79 

21.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  career  of  Hannibal 79-83 

22.  When  and  how  did  Sicily  become  a  Roman  province  ? 79 

23.  When  and  how  was  Syracuse  finally  subdued  ? 81 

24.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Magnesia  ?    Its  consequences  ? 83 

25.  How  did  Pergamus  become  a  Roman  province  ? 84 

26.  When  and  how  were  Macedonia  and  Greece  subdued  ? 84 

27.  Give  an  account  of  the  third  Punic  war 85 

28.  When  and  how  were  the  Celtiberians  and  Lusitanians  subdued  ? 86 

29.  Who  were  the  Gracchi,  and  what  measures  did  they  propose  ? 86-87 

30.  Give  an  account  of  the  war  against  Jugurtha 88 

31.  What  invasion  by  the  Cimbrians  and  Teutons  ?    By  whom  were  they 

repelled  ? 88-89 

32.  Give  an  account  of  the  Social  War 89 

33.  What  wars  were  waged  against  Mithridates?  Principal  events  of  them?..       89 

34.  What  led  to  the  first  civil  war  ?    Its  chief  events  ? 90 

35.  State  the  principal  events  in  the  life  of  Sylla 90-91 

36.  What  servile  wars  broke  out  ?    The  principal  events  ? 91 

37.  What  successes  raised  Pompey  to  distinction  ? 92 

38.  Give  an  account  of  Catiline  and  his  conspiracy 93 

39.  What  led  to  the  first  triumvirate  ? 93 

40.  What  conquests  did  Ciesar  make  while  proconsul  ? 94 

41.  What  caused  dissensions  between  him  and  Pompey  ? 95 

4-2.  What  civil  war  followed  ?    Its  principal  events  ? 95-96 

43.  What  great  victories  did  Ctesar  gain  ?  96-97 

41.  What  office  did  he  assume  ?    What  were  his  principal  measures  ? 97 

45.  How  was  his  career  terminated  ? f 97 

40.  What  civil  war  followed  ?    Its  chief  events  ? 98-99 

47.  Who  formed  the  second  triumvirate  ? 99 

48.  How  did  Octavius  acquire  the  supreme  power  ? 99 

49.  What  did  Rome  then  become  ? 100 


104'  ,,....     XHJ   KDJCA2I  EMPIRE.  [A.  ».  10. 


section  iv. 

The  Koman;  Empire, 

From  its  establishment  under  Augustus  to  the  Fall  of  the  Western 
Empire,  476  a.  d. 

1.  Augustus. — Although  Augustus  ruled  with  absolute 
power,  he  retaiued  the  forms  of  the  republican  govern- 
ment, but  caused  all  the  important  offices  to  be  conferred 
upon  himself.  The  Senate  still  held  its  sessions,  but  its 
deliberations  and  decrees  had  no  real  weight  or  efficacy. 
The  long  civil  wars  had  made  the  Romans  greatly  desire 
tranquillity;  and  as  Augustus  ruled  with  equity  and 
moderation,  avoiding  every  appearance  of  royalty,  all 
yielded  cheerfully  to  his  authority.  He  kept  large  armies 
and  fleets  stationed  at  various  parts  of  the  empire,  to  re- 
press all  opposition,  and  compel  obedience  to  his  com- 
mands and  exactions ;  and  instituted  the  Prcetorian 
Guards*  to  protect  his  person.  The  revenues  of  the 
empire  probably  amounted  at  this  time  to  upwards  of 
$200,000,000. 

2.  Augustus  made  some  conquests  in  Spain  ;  and  his 
stepsons  Ti-be'ri-us  and  Dru'sus  succeeded  in  conquering 
Vin-de-W ci-a  and  Nor'i-cum,  but  their  efforts  to  subdue 


*  So  called  from  Pnrtorium,  the  name  given  to  the  tent  of  the  general  in  every  Roman 
camp.  These  praetorian  guards  afterward  became  the  chief  instruments  of  usurpation  and 
tyranny. 

Map  Questions.  (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  4.)— Name  the  divisions  of  the  Ro- 
man Empire  in  the  northern  part  of  Africa.  What  divisions  in  Europe  bordered 
on  the  Mediterranean  ?  What  divisions  in  Asia  on  the  Mediterranean  and  iEgean 
Seas  ?  On  the  Euxine  Sea  ?  WThat  north  of  Italy  and  Illvr'icum  ?  What  south  of 
the  Danube  ?  North  of  it?  What  east  of  Gallia  or  Gaul*?  North?  What  towns  in 
Spain?  What  body  of  water  was  called  Pa'lus  MeO'tis?  What  towns  on  the 
Euphrates  and  Tigris  rivers  ?  What  towns  in  Syria  ?  What  towns  in  Thrace  ? 
In  Dalmatia  ?    In  Northern  Italy  ? 

1 .  How  did  Augustus  rule  ?  How  was  the  empire  protected  ?  What  were  its 
revenues  ? 

2.  What  conquests  were  made  ?  By  whom  was  Varus  defeated  ?  When  did 
Augustus  die  ?    By  whom  was  h(  succeeded  ? 


MtOGHRSSlVH  MAP  N?4 


A.D.I 4.]  THE  KOMAN   EMPIRE.  105 

Germany  were  thwarted  by  the  difficulties  of  the  country 
and  the  valor  of  the  native  population.  Led  by  the  brave 
and  patriotic  Ar-min'i-us,  or  Her'mann,  some  of  the  tribes 
that  had  submitted  to  the  Romans  revolted,  and  the  pro- 
consul Va'rus  was  surprised,  and  his  army  cut  to  pieces 
(a.  d.  10).  This  disaster  so  preyed  upon  the  emperor's 
mind  that  he  died  a  short  time  after  (a.  d.  14),  in  the  76th 
year  of  his  age,  leaving  the  government  to  his  stepson 
Tiberius. 

3.  Augustus  and  his  friend  and  minister  Mecsenas  (me- 
se'nas)  were  both  liberal  patrons  of  learning  and  the  arts ; 
and  the  literature  of  this  period  is  greatly  distinguished 
for  genius  and  refinement.  The  celebrated  poets  Vir'gil, 
Hor'ace,  and  Ov'id,  and  the  historian  Liv'y,  flourished 
during  this  reign.  The  most  interesting  event  of  this 
period  was  the  Birth  of  our  Saviour,  which  is  supposed  to 
have  taken  place  4  b.  c. ;  that  is,  four  years  previous  to  the 
date  commonly  assigned  for  the  Christian  era.  It  occurred 
during  the  reign  of  Herod  the  Great,  king  of  Judea,  who 
had  been  placed  upon  the  throne  by  the  favor  of  Mark 
Antony. 

4.  Tiberius. — In  the  first  part  of  his  reign,  Tiberius 
assumed  an  appearance  of  great  moderation  and  clemency, 
taking  the  sovereign  power  only  after  the  urgent  requests 
of  the  Senate,  and  binding  himself  to  conform  to  the  regu- 
lations of  his  predecessor.  He  soon,  however,  displayed 
the  wickedness  and  cruelty  of  his  disposition,  and  many 
of  the  most  eminent  nobles  were  put  to  death  on  a  charge 
of  treason.  The  brilliant  career  of  his  nephew  and  adopted 
son,  Ger-man'i-cus,  excited  his  jealousy ;  and  recalling 
him  from  Germany,  where  he  had  gained  important  victo- 
ries over  the  heroic  Hermann,  he  sent  him  to  the  East, 
and  there  caused  him  to  be  poisoned.         • 

3.  By  whom  was  literature  encouraged  ?  What  writers  flourished  ?  When  did 
the  birth  of  Christ  occur  ? 

4.  What  was  the  character  of  Tiberius  and  his  government  ?  What  is  related 
of  Germanicus  ? 


106  THE   ROMAN-   EMPIRE.  [A.  ».  41. 

5.  Yielding  to  the  persuasions  of  his  wicked  and  rapa- 
cious minister,  Se-ja'nus,  he  secluded  himself  in  the  island 
of  Ca'pre-ae,  where  he  abandoned  himself  to  every  species  of 
licentiousness  and  vice ;  while  this  minister  perpetrated  the 
most  enormous  acts  of  injustice  and  tyranny.  The  latter, 
having  been  discovered  at  last  in  a  plot  to  place  himself 
on  the  throne,  was  executed  by  the  order  of  Tiberius,  who, 
after  the  death  of  his  favorite,  became  still  more  cruel  and 
bloodthirsty,  putting  to  death  without  mercy  all  against 
whom  his  spies  and  informers  excited  his  gloomy  jealousy. 
At  last,  worn  out  with  his  vicious  excesses,  and  feeling  that 
his  end  was  near,  he  bequeathed  the  empire  .to  Caius  Ca- 
lig'u-la,  son  of  Germanicus,  and  soon  after  died  (a.  d.  37). 
The  crucifixion  of  our  Saviour  took  place  in  Judea,  in  the 
eighteenth  year  of  this  reign  (a.  d.  33). 

6.  Caligula. — Caius,  surnamed  Caligula,  from  the  sol- 
diers' boots  (caVi-gcs)  which  he  wore  when  in  the  camp  in 
Germany,  commenced  his  reign  well;  but  after  he  had 
worn  the  purple*  eight  months,  displayed  so  wanton  and 
ferocious  a  disposition,  that  his  acts  seem  like  the  wild 
freaks  of  a  madman.  He  wasted  the  treasures  of  the  state 
in  the  most  foolish  and  expensive  works.  His  favorite 
horse  was  kept  in  a  stable  constructed  of  marble,  and 
offered  golden  oats  in  an  ivory  manger.  Massacre  seemed 
to  be  his  delight,  and  he  feasted  his  eyes  in  beholding  the 
dying  agonies  of  his  victims.  A  conspiracy,  led  by  the 
captain  of  the  Praetorian  Guards,  at  last  relieved  the  em- 
pire from  the  tyranny  of  this  monster  (a.  d.  41). 

7.  Claudius. — On  the  death  of  Caligula,  the  Praetorian 
Guards  chose  Clau'di-us,  his  uncle,  to  succeed  him.     This 


*  This  was  the  peculiar  color  of  the  emperor's  robe  ;  and,  hence,  to  "  assume  the  purple 
sigritied  the  same  as  to  ascend  the  throne. 


5.  Who  was  the  minister  of  Tiberius  ?  His  character  and  fate  ?  Who  succeeded 
Tiberias  ?    What  interesting  event  occurred  in  his  reign  ? 

6.  What  was  the  character  of  Caligula  ?    What  acts  of  folly  and  cruelty  did  he 
commit  ?    What  was  his  end  ? 

7.  Who  succeeded  Caligula  ?    What  were  the  principal  events  of  the  reign  of 
Claudius  ?    What  is  said  of  Messalina  and  Agrippina  ? 


A.  D.  54.]  THE    ROMAtf   EMPIRE.  10? 

emperor  was  fifty  years  old  when  he  commenced  to  reign, 
and  was  remarkable  for  the  imbecility  of  his  character, 
being  entirely  ruled  by  his  wives  and  favorites.  He,  how- 
ever, embellished  Rome  with  many  splendid  edifices,  and 
went  in  person  on  a  campaign  in  Britain,  where  his 
armies  gained  important  victories,  subduing  all  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  island,  and  sending  the  celebrated  chief 
Ca-rac'ta-cus  a  captive  to  Rome.  Influenced  by  his  wicked 
and  profligate  wives  Mes-sa-U'na  and  Ag-rip-pi'na,  Clau- 
dius caused  many  innocent  persons  to  be  put  to  death, 
but  was  at  last  poisoned  at  the  instigation  of  Agrippina,  in 
order  that  her  son  Ne'ro  might  assume  the  purple  (a.  d.  54). 

8.  Nero. — This  emperor  was  only  seventeen  years  old 
when  he  commenced  to  reign  ;  and  as  he  had  received  an 
excellent  education  under  the  instruction  of  the  philoso- 
pher Sen'e-ca,  his  acts  were  for  a  few  years  just  and  virtu- 
ous. At  length  he  betrayed  the  wickedness  of  his  charac- 
ter, and  abandoned  himself  to  every  species  of  vice  and 
cruelty.  Dreading  the  influence  of  his  mother,  he  ordered 
her  to  be  murdered.  He  also  brutally  caused  the  death  of 
his  wife.  He  is  said  to  have  ordered  the  city  of  Rome  to  be 
set  on  fire,  so  that  he  might  behold  a  great  conflagration ; 
but  he  afterward  rebuilt  it  and  erected  for  himself  a  palace 
of  vast  extent  and  splendor.  To  escape  the  indignation  of 
the  people,  lie  charged  the  crime  of  firing  the  city  upon  the 
Christians,  and  caused  multitudes  of  them  to  be  put  to 
death  by  the  most  dreadful  tortures.  During  this  persecu- 
tion, the  Apostle  Paul  was  beheaded. 

9.  A  conspiracy  against  the  emperor  having  been  dis- 
covered, many  innocent  persons  were  put  to  death,  among 
them  Seneca,  and  the  poet  Lu'can.  The  detestable  reign 
of  Nero  was  brought  to  a  close  by  a  movement  of  the 
army  in  Spain,  who,  disgusted  with  his  wickedness  and 

8.  How  did  Nero  commence  his  reign  ?    What  cruel  acts  did  he  commit  ? 

9.  Why  were  Seneca  and  Lucan  executed  ?  What  terminated  the  reign  of  Nero? 
What  were  the  feelings  of  the  common  people  toward  him  ?  What  revolt  occurred 
during  Nero's  reign  ? 


108  THE   ROMAN"   EMPIRE.  [A.  JJ.  69.] 

folly,  proclaimed  their  praetor  Gal'ba  emperor,  who  imme- 
diately commenced  his  march  to  Rome.  Deserted  by  his 
guards,  Nero  was  compelled  to  flee,  and  finally  committed 
suicide  to  avoid  being  publicly  executed  (a.  d.  68).  The 
common  people,  to  whom  he  had  been  profuse  in  his  boun- 
ties, lamented  his  death,  and  decorated  his  tomb  with 
flowers.  He  was  the  last  of  the  family  of  the  Caesars,  and 
probably  the  vilest  monarch  that  ever  lived.  In  this 
reign  (a.  d.  66)  a  revolt  of  the  Jews  took  place,  and  lasted 
through  several  of  the  succeeding  reigns. 

10.  Galba  was  over  70  years  of  age  ivhen  he  com- 
menced to  reign,  having  served  as  proconsul  in  various 
parts  of  the  empire  during  the  four  preceding  reigns, 
and  obtained  a  high  reputation  for  bravery,  as  well 
as  for  the  rigid  justice  of  his  administration.  He  soon, 
however,  became  unpopular,  from  his  severity;  and  the 
soldiers,  being  refused  their  usual  donative,  revolted. 
O'tho,  taking  advantage  of  their  discontent,  induced  the 
praetorian  guards  to  proclaim  him  emperor;  and  Galba, 
attempting  to  quell  the  sedition,  was  slam  in  the  streets  by 
one  of  the  veterans,  after  a  brief  reign  of  seven  months. 

11.  Otho  was  no  sooner  in  possession  of  the  govern- 
ment than  he  gave  himself  up  to  unbridled  license  and 
debauchery ;  but  he  soon  found  a  rival  in  Vi-tel'U-us,  the 
commander  of  the  army  in  Lower  Germany,  who,  revolting 
from  the  authority  of  the  new  emperor,  marched  with  his 
forces  into  Italy,  where  he  was  met,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Po,  by  Otho,  but  gained  a  decided  victory  over  him,  and 
was  at  once  acknowledged  emperor.  Otho  committed 
suicide  at  the  close  of  the  battle,  after  a  reign  of  only  three 
months  (a.  d.  69). 

12.  Vitellius  had  been  a  companion  of  Tiberius  at 
Capreae,  and  a  favorite  with  his  infamous  successors,  Calig- 

10.  What  was  the  character  of  Galha  ?    What  led  to  his  death  ? 

1 1 .  What  was  the  conduct  of  Otho  ?    How  did  his  reign  end  1 

1 2.  Describe  the  character  and  conduct  of  Vitellius.     By  whom  was  he  de- 


A.  O.  70.]  THE   KOMAH   EMPIEE.  109 

ula,  Claudius,  and  Nero.  He  was  greatly  addicted  to 
gluttony  and  debauchery ;  and  on  his  accession  left  the 
government  to  his  favorites,  while  he  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  feasting  and  drunkenness,  squandering  in  these 
indulgences  nearly  fifty  millions  of  dollars  in  about  four 
months.  At  length,  the  army,  disgusted  with  these  ex- 
cesses of  the  emperor,  revolted  from  him  in  favor  of  Ves~ 
pa'sian,  their  general,  who  had  acquired  distinction  in  the 
war  against  the  Jews.  The  forces  of  Vitellius  being 
defeated  at  Cre-mo'na,  he  was  compelled  to  abdicate,  but 
the  populace  dragged  him  from  the  palace  to  the  place  of 
common  execution,  and  put  him  to  death  with  dreadful 
cruelty  and  ignominy  (a.  d.  69).  His  reign  lasted  about 
eight  months. 

13.  Vespasian  presented  a  striking  contrast,  both  in 
talent  and  virtue,  to  those  whom  he  succeeded.  He  re- 
stored the  discipline  of  the  army,  revived  the  authority 
of  the  Senate,  filling  its  wasted  ranks  with  eminent  and 
virtuous  men,  and  in  other  respects  reformed  the  poli- 
tical and  social  condition  of  the  city  and  empire.  He 
commenced  the  famous  Col-os-se'um  or  Amphitheatre,  the 
ruins  of  which  still  exist  to  show  its  ancient  magnifi- 
cence ;  and  he  also  patronized  learning  and  the  arts.  Qtmi- 
til'i-an,  the  celebrated  rhetorician,  Jo-se'phits,  the  Jewish 
historian,  and  Plin'y,  a  noted  writer  and  naturalist,  flour- 
ished during  this  reign,  which  lasted  about  ten  years  (until 
A.  D.  79).  Its  most  noted  event  was  the  taking  and  destruc- 
tion of  Jerusalem  by  Ti'tus,  the  son  of  Vespasian.  This 
was  accomplished  after  a  terrible  siege  of  six  months, 
during  which,  according  to  Josephus,  more  than  a  million 
of  persons  perished.  The  city  was  razed  to  the  ground,  and 
the  inhabitants  sold,  or  driven  into  banishment  (a.  d.  70). 

14.  Titus. — This  emperor  ruled  with  so  much  justice 

1 3.  What  was  the  character  of  Vespasian  ?    Who  flourished  during  his  reign  ? 
What  noted  event  occurred  ? 

14.  What  was  the  character  of  Titus  ?  What  interesting  events  occurred  dn-ing 
his  reign  ?    By  whom  was  he  succeeded  ? 


110  THE   ROMAIC   EMPIRE.  [A.D.  84. 

and  beneficence  that  lie  is  styled  by  Tacitus  (tas'e-tus),  the 
historian,  the  "Delight  of  Mankind."  His  reign  was 
marked  by  many  disastrous  events.  In  the  first  year 
occurred  the  dreadful  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  during  which 
the  cities  of  Pompeii  (pom-pe'yi)  and  Her-cu-la'ne-um 
were  overwhelmed  by  a  dense  shower  of  black  ashes,  that 
fell  burying  most  of  the  inhabitants  in  their  dwellings. 
Fugitives  from  Campania  flocked  into  Kome,  and  a  ter- 
rible pestilence  ensued,  in  which  10,000  persons  died  daily. 
This  was  succeeded  by  a  great  conflagration  that  raged  for 
several  days,  and  destroyed  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
city.  Titus  gave  liberally  to  relieve  the  sufferers,  and 
caused  the  edifices  which  had  been  consumed  to  be  rebuilt. 
He  also  completed  the  Colosseum,  commenced  by  Vespa- 
sian. His  death  occurred  soon  after,  in  the  third  year  of 
his  reign  (a.  d.  81),  and  he  was  succeeded  by  his  brother, 
Domitian  (do-mish'e-an). 

15.  Domitian  was  as  remarkable  for  tyranny  and  cru- 
elty as  his  brother  had  been  distinguished  for  justice  and 
humanity.  He  united  the  gloomy  dissimulation  of  Tiberius 
with  the  wanton  wickedness  of  Caligula  and  Nero.  The 
armies  under  his  leadership  were  defeated  by  the  Dacians 
and  other  barbarous  nations,  with  whom  he  made  disgrace- 
ful treaties,  while  he  demanded  the  triumphs  usually  de- 
creed to  the  most  splendid  victories.  He  was  very  fond  of 
solitude,  amusing  himself  principally  by  catching  flies  and 
transfixing  them  with  a  bodkin.  After  a  shameful  reign 
of  fifteen  years,  he  was  assassinated  (a.  d.  96).  The  con- 
quest of  Britain,  excepting  the  northern  part,  was  com- 
pleted during  this  period  (a.  d.  84),  by  A-gric'o-la,  who, 
in  this  and  the  two  preceding  reigns,  had  defeated  the 
inhabitants  in  several  great  battles.  There  also  occurred 
during  this  reign  a  second  general  persecution  of  the 
Christians.     Domitian  was  the  last  of  the  emperors  called 

15.  What  was  the  character  of  Domitian?     What  were  the  events  of  hia 
reign  ?     What  line  of  emperors  ends  with  him  ? 


A.B.  117.]  THE   ROMAK   EMPIRE.  Ill 

the   twelve    Ccesars   (Julius   Caesar  being   considered  the 
first). 

16.  The  five  good  Emperors. — Nerva.  After  the 
death  of  Domitian,  the  Senate  decreed  that  his  statues 
should  be  demolished  and  his  name  erased  from  the  annals. 
They  then  unanimously  elected  as  his  successor  JVer'va, 
who  had  been  twice  consul,  and  was  then  in  his  seventieth 
year.  He  displayed  great  wisdom  and  moderation,  dimin- 
ished the  taxes,  and  introduced  other  reforms.  A  revolt 
of  the  praetorian  guards  caused  him  to  adopt  as  his  succes- 
sor the  virtuous  Tra'jan,  a  short  time  after  which  he  died, 
having  reigned  only  sixteen  months  (a.  d.  98). 

17.  Trajan  was  by  birth  a  Spaniard,  but  he  had  been 
educated  partly  in  the  school  of  Plu'tarch,*  whom  he  highly 
honored  during  the  whole  of  his  reign.  He  was  equally 
great  as  a  monarch  and  a  general,  while  his  many  virtues 
entitle  him  to  a  place  among  the  best  of  men.  He  re- 
formed the  government,  and  bound  himself  by  a  solemn 
oath  to  observe  the  laws.  He  conquered  the  Dacians, 
penetrating  their  country  by  means  of  a  stupendous  bridge 
which  he  caused  to  be  built  across  the  Danube.  He  also 
gained  several  victories  in  Armenia,  Mesopotamia,  and 
Parthia,  the  cities  of  Se-leu'cia  and  Ctes'i-phon\  surrender- 
ing to  his  arms.  The  lofty  and  splendid  pillar  which  he 
erected  to  commemorate  these  conquests  still  remains.  His 
death  took  place  in  Cilicia  (a.  d.  117),  after  he  had  reigned 
about  twenty  years. 

18.  Adrian,  a  relative  of  Trajan,  and  the  companion 

*  Plutarch  was  a  native  of  Boeotia,  in  Greece  ;  but  he  had  removed  to  Rome  and  opened  a 
school  there.  His  biography  of  illustrious  men  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  works  of  ancient 
literature. 

+  Seleucia  was  founded  by  Seleucus,  and  became  one  of  the  most  magnificent  cities  in  the 
world.  It  was  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Tigris,  about  forty  miles  from  Babylon,  which 
was  partly  despoiled  and  depopulated  to  enrich  it.  Ctesiphon  was  built  by  the  Parthians  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Tigris,  nearly  opposite  Seleucia,  and  became  the  capital  of  the  Parthian 
monarchy.  _ 

1 6.  Who  was  the  first  of  the  "  five  good  emperors"  ?    What  is  said  of  Nerva  ? 

1 7.  What  was  the  character  of  Trajan  ?  What  conquests  did  he  make  ?  How 
long  did  he  reign  ? 

18.  Who  succeeded  Trajan?  What  is  related  of  his  character?  What  were 
the  chief  events  of  his  reign  ?    Who  was  his  successor  ? 


112  THE   ROMAN-   EMPIRE.  [A.  ».  161. 

of  his  expeditions,  was  declared  emperor  by  the  army  and 
Senate,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  talents  and  accom- 
plishments, being  not  only  a  successful  general  but  a 
mathematician  and  artist.  He  spent  thirteen  years  in 
visiting  the  different  parts  of  the  empire,  to  inspect  the 
administration  of  the  government.  Having  passed  through 
Dacia,  Germany,  and  Gaul,  he  sailed  to  Britain ;  and  while 
there,  caused  a  wall  to  be  constructed  across  the  northern 
part  of  the  island  to  prevent  the  inroads  of  the  Scots.* 
He  afterward  visited  the  various  provinces  in  Asia  and 
Africa.  An  insurrection  having  broken  out  among  the 
Jews,  he  reduced  them  to  submission,  and  ordered  that  a 
Roman  colony  should  be  established  at  Jerusalem,  chang- 
ing its  name  to  JE'li-a  Cap-i-to-li'na.  He  died  in  the 
twenty-second  year  of  his  reign  (a.  d.  138).  The  virtues 
of  A'dri-an  were  not  unalloyed ;  he  severely  persecuted 
the  Jews  and  Christians ;  and  in  the  latter  part  of  his 
reign,  greatly  provoked  public  indignation  by  his  cruel- 
ties. He  adopted  as  his  successor  An-to-ni'nus,  surnamed 
the  Pious. 

19.  Antoninus  Pius. — The  reign  of  this  emperor  wa3 
one  of  almost  uninterrupted  peace,  but  was  still  more  dis- 
tinguished for  the  virtue,  wisdom,  and  efficiency  with 
which  he  administered  the  government.  Such  was  his 
reputation  for  these  qualities,  that  princes  beyond  the 
bounds  of  the  empire  made  him  the  arbiter  of  their  differ- 
ences. He  extended  his  dominions  in  Britain,  and  caused 
a  wall  to  be  built  to  the  north  of  that  constructed  by  Adri- 
an, f  He  died  in  his  75th  year,  after  a  reign  of  twenty- 
two  years  (a.  d.  161),  and  was  succeeded  by  his  adopted 
son,  Mar'cus  Au-re'li-us  Antoninus. 

20.  Marcus  Aurelius. — This  emperor  was  also  dis- 

*  This  was  an  earthen  rampart  constructed  between  the  River  Tyne  and  the  Solway  Frith,  and 
was  called  the  I'vu'  Watt,     Considerable  remains  of  it  still  exist, 
t  Constructed  between  the  friths  of  Forth  and  Clyde,  and  called  afterward  Grahame,s  Bike. 


1 9.  What  was?  the  character  of  Antoninus  ?    What  was  done  in  Britain  ? 


A.D.I 80.]  TIIE   E0MA2S"   EMPIRE.  113 

tinguished  for  his  virtues  as  a  monarch  and  a  statesman, 
and  added  to  them  the  merits  of  a  philosopher.  He  took 
Lu'cius  Ve'rus  for  his  colleague  in  the  government,  as- 
signing to  him  the  eastern  part  of  the  empire,  in  which  a 
war  had  broken  out  with  the  Parthians.  This  the  lieutenants 
of  Verus  brought  to  a  successful  conclusion.  War  was  also 
waged  by  both  emperors  against  the  Germans ;  and  after 
the  death  of  Verus,  Marcus  himself  carried  on  war,  during 
five  years,  against  the  barbarians  in  Pan-no' ni-a.  In  this 
latter  war  the  Eoman  army  was  saved  by  a  remarkable 
thunderstorm,  which  was  imputed  by  some  to  the  earnest 
supplications  of  a  division  of  the  army  composed  of  Chris- 
tians, hence  called  the  "  Thundering  Legion." 

21.  A  dreadful  persecution  of  the  Christians  occurred 
during  this  reign ;  and  Jus' tin  Mar'tyr  and  Pol'y-carp,  the 
venerable  bishop  of  Smyrna,  fell  victims  to  the  superstitious 
fury  of  the  pagans.  The  Germans,  pressed  by  vast  hordes 
of  barbarians  in  their  rear,  were  compelled  to  invade  the 
territories  of  the  empire,  and  Aurelius  marched  against 
them.  After  gaining  several  victories,  he  was  seized  with 
the  plague  at  Vin-do-bo'na  (now  Vienna),  and  died  in  a 
few  days  (a.  d.  180).  With  him  perished  the  glory  of  the 
empire,  for  few  of  his  successors  merit  the  praise  of  either 
virtue  or  ability ;  while  the  inroads  of  the  barbarous  nations 
who  migrated  from  the  wilds  of  the  east  and  north,  could 
only  have  been  repelled  by  the  most  vigorous  and  best  di- 
rected efforts.  The  death  of  Aurelius  therefore  marks  the 
commencement  of  the  "  Decline  of  the  Roman  Empire." 

22.  Commodus,  son  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  succeeded ;  but 
he  possessed  none  of  the  virtues  of  his  father,  having  been 
spoiled  in  his  youth  by  the  vicious  precepts  and  example 
of  his  abandoned  mother  Fau-sti'n-a.    His  debaucheries, 


20.  What  was  the  character  of  Marcus  Aurelius  ?    What  were  the  chief  eventa 
of  his  reign  ?    What  was  the  "  Thundering  Legion  f " 

21.  What  persecution  occurred?    What  people  invaded  the  empire  ?    When  and 
how  did  the  death  of  Aurelius  occur?    What  is  said  of  this  event? 

22.  What  was  the  character  of  Commodus  ?    How  long  did  he  reign  ? 


]14  Till-    ROMAN    EMPIRE.  [A.  D.  193. 


wickedni  38,  Wl  cruelly  were  scarcely  equalled  by  those  of 

and  Caligula.     Bloodthirsty,  even  in  his  sports,  he 

roamed  through  the  streets,  wounding  and  slaying  the  un- 

ofcing  passengers ;  and  his  chief  delight  was  to  contend 

gladiator  in  the  public  arena.    After  several  unsuc- 

il  conspiracies  had  been  formed  against  him,  Com'mo- 

dufl  was  at  Length  strangled  in  his  bed,  in  the  12th  year  of 

his  detestable  reign  (a.  d.  192). 

23.  Pertinax  ( pcr'ti-nax),  selected  by  the  conspirators 
to  succeed  Commodus,  had  risen  through  almost  every 
grade  of  society  to  the  position  of  praefect  of  the  city;  but 
it  was  with  reluctance  that  he  consented  to  assume  the 
purple.    The  praetorian  guards,  however,  urged  it,  and  the 
we  tl nir  sanction;  but  his  severity  of  discipline 
displeased  those  who  had  caused  his  elevation,  and 
inarching  into  the  palace,  they  cut  off  his  head,  and  carried 
it  into  the  camp,  after  he  had  reigned  scarcely  three  months. 
2 I.  The  praetorians  then  offered  the  throne  to  the  highest 
bidder;   and  Didius  Julianus,  a  wealthy  senator,  having 
made  the  richest  offer  to  the  soldiers,  was  declared  emperor, 
Senate  being  compelled  to  ratify  the  election.     The 
•ns  of  Syria,  Ulvria,  and  Britain,  however,  refused  to 
1 1  army  choosing  its  own  monarch.    Se-ve'rus, 
who  commanded  in  Pannonia,  marched  directly  to  Eome; 
and  the  praetorians  having  deserted  Didius,  the  Senate  de- 
i  that  he  should  be  deposed  and  put  to  death;  where- 
upon he  was  beheaded  like  a  common  criminal,  after  an 
uneasy  reign  of  two  months  (a.  d.  193).    Severus  was  then 
declared  emperor. 
2.j.  Septimius  Severus.— The  first  task  performed  by 
■us  WB£  fche  conquest  of  his  rivals;  and  this  he  accom- 
plished in  about   three  years,  one  being  defeated  at  Issus, 

led  Oommodllt!    What  is  related  of  him?    What  terminated 

-  committed  by  the  praetorians!    What  led  to  the 

the  principal  acts  of  this  emperor?    Where  did  he  die?    Bv 


A.  D.  218.]  THE  KOMA^   EMPIEE.  115 

where  Alexander  had  contended  for  empire  with  Darins, 
and  the  other,  in  a  great  battle  near  Lyons.  His  authority 
b«ing  thus  established,  he  ruled  with  great  severity,  over- 
turning even  the  forms  of  the  republic,  which  had  up  to 
this  time  survived  to  remind  the  Eomans  of  their  ancient 
liberty.  He  defeated  the  Parthians,  and  took  Seleucia, 
Ctesiphon,  and  Babylon ;  and,  a  war  having  broken  out  in 
Britain,  he  proceeded  against  the  Caledonians,  or  Scots, 
drove  them  back  into  their  fastnesses,  and  rebuilt  and 
strengthened  the  wall  between  the  Clyde  and  Forth  rivers. 
A  short  time  afterward  he  died  at  York,  in  the  18th  year 
of  a  very  successful  reign  (a.  d.  211),  leaving  the  throne  to 
his  two  sons  Car-a-cal'la  and  Ge'ta. 

26.  Caracalla. — The  first  act  of  Caracalla  was  to  cause 
his  virtuous  brother  Geta  to  be  assassinated,  even  after  he 
had  taken  refuge  in  the  arms  of  his  mother ;  and  20,000 
persons  whom  he  accused  of  being  friends  of  Greta,  shared 
his  hapless  fate.  The  principal  part  of  his  reign  Caracalla 
spent  in  the  provinces,  and  each  one  in  turn  was  the  scene 
of  his  rapine  and  cruelty.  He  ordered  a  general  massacre 
of  the  citizens  of  Alexandria,  on  account  of  a  lampoon 
which  some  one  had  published  against  him  there.  He  was 
at  length  assassinated  by  Ma-crinus,  the  praetorian  pre- 
fect* (a.  d.  217).  During  this  reign,  all  the  free  inhabit- 
ants of  the  empire  were  declared  Roman  citizens. 

27.  Macrinus,  the  murderer  of  Caracalla,  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  by  the  troops,  but  retained  the  dignity 
only  about  a  year,  being  defeated  and  slain  near  Antioch 
in  an  effort  to  reduce  the  rebellious  armies  of  Syria,  who 
had  declared  for  He-U-o-gab'a-lus,  supposed  to  be  the  son 
of  Caracalla.  This  battle  gave  the  throne  to  the  latter,  who 
had  been  born  at  Em'e-sa,  in  Syria,  and  was  then  only 
15  years  of  age  (a.  d.  218). 

*  This  office  had  become,  under  Severus,  the  principal  one  in  the  empire,  being  next  to  that  ot 
the  emperor  himself. 

26.  What  wicked  acts  did  Caracalla  commit  ?    What  ended  his  reign  ? 

27.  What  is  said  of  Macrinus  ?    By  whom  was  he  succeeded  1 


116  THE   ROMAN   EMPIRE.  [A.D.235, 


28.  Heliogabalus.— This  emperor  derived  his   name 
(HdiogaMus  or  FA-a-gab'a-lus)  from  his  office  as  high- 
si  of  the  sun  (called  He-li-o-ga'bal  in  Syria);  and  he 

attempted  to  introduce  into  Rome  the  effeminate  manners 
and  superstitious  idolatry  of  the  East.  He  built  a  temple 
to  the  Sun  on  the  Palatine  Hill,  and  celebrated  the  sacri- 
fioea  of  the  god  with  the  utmost  expense  and  solemnity. 
After  three  years  spent  in  the  most  shocking  vices,  among 
which  gluttony  was  the  most  conspicuous,  he  was  massa- 
cred by  the  Praetorians,  and  thrown  into  the  Tiber  (a.  d. 

29.  Alexander  Severus,  cousin  of  the  preceding  em- 
peror, succeeded  him.  He  was  a  virtuous  young  man,  of  a 
mild  and  benevolent  disposition,  and  very  fond  of  learning ; 
and  his  government  was  all  that  could  have  been  expected 
from  so  excellent  a  prince.  In  the  fourth  year  of  his  reign, 
the  Parthian  empire  was  overturned  by  a  revolt  of  the  Per- 
sians under  Ard-e-shir',  the  founder  of  the  famous  dynasty 
of  the  Sas-san'i-des,  who  governed  Persia  for  more  than 
four  centuries.  Ardeshir  attempted  to  extend  his  dominion 
to  the  Mediterranean,  but  was  defeated  by  Alexander  Seve- 
rus in  several  obstinate  engagements.  The  emperor,  a  short 
time  afterward,  inarched  against  the  Germans ;  but  was  as- 
sassinated (a.  d.  235)  by  some  of  his  troops,  who  declared 
in  favor  of  their  general,  Max'i-min,  a  soldier  of  fortune, 
of  gigantic  stature  and  enormous  strength,  who  had  risen 
from  the  condition  of  a  Thracian  peasant  to  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  army. 

30.  Maximin,  though  an  able  general,  showed  in  his 
government  the  ferocity  of  a  brutal  savage,  putting  to 
death  with  the  most  horrid  cruelty  all  whom  he  suspected 
of  the  least  disaffection.     After  a  reign  of  three  years, 


•is.  Wli.it  is  related  of  Heliogabalus?    Why  was  he  so  called  ? 

What  WU  the  character  of  Alexander  Severus?    What  revolution  occurred 
in  the  East  F     How  did  this  reign  end?     Who  succeeded  Alexander' 

:JO.  What  was  the  character  of  Maximin?    lluw  and  when  did  his  reijm  end? 
By  whom  was  he  succeeded  ? 


A.  D.  251.]  THE   EOHAN   EMPIKE.  117 

during  which  he  gained  several  victories  over  the  barba- 
rians, an  insurrection  breaking  out  in  Italy,  he  marched 
from  his  camp  on  the  Danube  to  suppress  it ;  but  was  slain 
in  his  tent  by  the  Praetorian  guards  (a.  d.  238).  He  was 
succeeded  by  two  distinguished  senators  (Max'i-mus  and 
Bal-M'nus),  whom  the  senate  had  chosen  as  emperors. 
These  were  soon  afterward  put  to  death  in  a  mutiny  of  the 
Praetorians ;  and  the  purple  was  assumed  by  Gor'di-an,  a 
youth  whom  the  army  had  compelled  the  senate  to  associ- 
ate as  colleague  with  their  own  chosen  emperors. 

31.  Gordian  reigned  with  distinction  and  prosperity. 
He  gained  great  victories  over  the  Persians,  under  their 
king  Sa'por,  driving  them  out  of  Syria,  and  compelling 
them  to  abandon  Mesopotamia ;  but  he  was  soon  afterward 
assassinated  in  a  mutiny  of  the  army,  fomented  by  Philip, 
an  officer  of  the  guards,  who  thus  became  his  successor 
(a.  d.  244).  Philip  reigned  about  five  years,  at  the  end  of 
which  he  was  defeated  and  slain  in  an  insurrection  of  the 
Pannonian  army  under  De'cius  (a.  d.  249). 

32.  Deems. — The  reign  of  this  emperor  is  remarkable 
for  the  dreadful  persecution  which  he  instituted  against 
the  Christians,  who,  throughout  the  empire,  were  dragged 
to  execution,  and  subjected  to  the  most  horrid  cruelties. 
There  was  also  a  great  invasion  of  the  Goths,  a  barbarous 
people  from  Scandinavia,  who,  having  crossed  the  Danube, 
passed  into  Mcesia  and  Thrace.  Phil-ip-pop 'o-lis  was  taken 
by  storm,  and  100,000  persons  are  said  to  have  been  massa- 
cred. They  also,  a  short  time  afterward,  defeated  the  Eo- 
man  army  under  Decius,  in  a  terrific  conflict  in  which  the 
emperor  himself  perished  (a.  d.  251).  Decius  exhibited  the 
character  of  a  brave  and  active  general  and  an  accomplished 
monarch. 

33.  Valerian. — The  two  immediate  successors  of  Decius 

31.  What  were  the  chief  events  of  Gordian's  reign?  By  whom  was  he  suc- 
ceeded ?    Who  was  the  successor  of  Philip  ? 

32.  For  what  is  the  reign  of  Decius  remarkable?  What  invasion  occurred! 
How  and  when  did  the  death  of  Decius  occur  ? 


118  THE   ROMAN   EMPIRE.  [A.  D.  260. 


held  the  throne  only  about  two  years,  when  Va-le'ri-an, 
who  commanded  the  armies  of  Gaul  and  Germany,  assumed 
the  purple.  He  was  about  sixty  years  of  age,  of  noble  birth, 
unblemished  integrity,  great  talents,  and  in  every  respect 
worthy  of  reigning.  In  an  expedition  against  the  Persians 
he  WBB  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  (a.  d.  260) ;  and  Sapor, 
the  Persian  monarch,  took  advantage  of  this  victory  to 
overrun  Syria,  Cilicia,  and  Cappadocia.  The  city  of  An- 
tioch  was  surprised  and  pillaged,  and  its  inhabitants  put  to 
the  sword,  or  carried  away  into  captivity.  Valerian,  it  is 
said,  was  treated  with  great  indignity  and  cruelty  by  the 
Persian  monarch.  He  was  compelled  for  seven  years  to 
bow  himself  down  so  as  to  serve  as  a  stepping-stone  to  Sa- 
por when  he  mounted  his  horse;  and,  on  his  death,  his 
skin  stuffed  in  the  form  of  a  human  figure,  and  dyed  with 
scarlet,  was  preserved  in  the  temple  of  Persia. 

34.  Gallienus,  the  son  of.  Valerian,  had  been  associated 
in  the  government  with  his  father ;  and  after  his  defeat, 
continued  to  reign,  making  no  effort  to  cause  his  father's 
release,  but  rather  seeming  to  rejoice  in  the  disaster  which 
freed  him  from  the  authority  of  so  strict  a  censor.  At  the 
time  of  his  accession,  the  barbarians,  encouraged  by  the 
captivity  of  Valerian,  invaded  the  empire  on  all  sides.  The 
Germans  invaded  Italy,  but  were  repulsed  by  the  emperor, 
who  then  gave  himself  up  to  indolent  amusements.  This 
inactivity  caused  a  number  of  usurpers  to  start  up  in 
various  parts  of  the  empire  and  claim  the  throne. 

35.  These  usurpers  have  been  called  the  Thirty  Tyrants, 
but  their  real  number  was  nineteen.  Many  of  them  had 
been  the  lieutenants  of  Valerian,  and  were  disgusted  with 
the  imbecility  of  his  son,  especially  at  a  time  of  so  much 

I l I  J  Who  were  the  successors  of  Decius  ?  What  is  said  of  Valerian  ?  By  whom 
w.i-  be  defeated ?  How  was  he  treated  hy  Sapor?  What  countries  were  overrun 
by  the  Persians  ?    What  city  was  taken  ? 

:t  I.  What  is  related  of  Gallienus?    What  invasions  occurred? 

8ft.  Who  were  called  the  "Thirty  Tyrants?"  What  is  said  of  Odenatus  and 
Palmyra  ?  of  Zenobia  ?  What  became  of  the  other  pretenders  ?  When  and  how 
did  the  reign  of  Gallienus  end  ? 


A.D.  270.]  THE    ROMAN    EMPIRE.  119 

public  peril  and  disaster.  Among  them  was  0-de?i-a'tus,  a" 
prince  of  Palmyra,*  which  had  become  an  independent 
city,  a  short  time  after  the  death  of  the  emperor  Gordian, 
Iniviug  revolted  from  the  Romans  on  account  of  the  exac- 
tions of  the  proconsul.  After  the  defeat  of  Valerian, 
Odenatus  marched  against  the  Persians ;  and,  having  de- 
feated them  with  great  loss,  recovered  Mesopotamia.  For 
these  services  Gal-M-e'nus  and  the  senate  conferred  on  him 
and  his  famous  queen,  Ze-no'bi-a,  the  government  of  the 
East;  thus  converting  a  rival  into  a  friend  and  partner. 
This  great  man  was  soon  after  murdered  by  some  of  his 
own  family,  and  Zenobia  succeeded  him  in  the  government. 
The  other  pretenders  to  the  purple  also  died  a  violent 
death,  perishing  either  in  battle  or  by  assassination.  Gal- 
lienus  was  himself  murdered  while  besieging  one  of  his 
rivals  in  Milan  (a.  d.  268). 

36.  Claudius,  a  great  general,  and  a  virtuous  and  pa- 
triotic monarch,  succeeded  him.  He  gained  a  signal  vic- 
tory over  the  Goths  in  Mcesia,  destroying  one  of  the 
mightiest  armaments  that  ever  invaded  the  empire;  but 
he  was  prematurely  arrested  in  his  career  of  glory  by  a  dis- 
ease which  he  caught  in  Pannonia  (a.  d.  270).  He  named 
Au-re'M-an,  one  of  his  generals,  as  his  successor. 

37.  Aurelian. — This  emperor's  short  reign  was  filled 
with  the  most  momentous  events.  The  Goths  and  the 
Van' dais  (also  a  Gothic  tribe)  renewed  their  invasions,  and 
were  encountered  with  indecisive  results  by  Aurelian,  who 
finally  made  a  peace  with  them,  relinquishing  to  them  the 
great  province  of  Dacia,  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  which 
removed  to  the  south  side  of  the  Danube  (a.  d.  270).     He 


*  Palmyra,  or  Tadmor,  was  founded  by  Solomon  in  an  oasis  in  the  Svrian  desert,  about  140 
rmles  east  of  Damascus  ;  and  being  on  the  great  route  to  Persia  and  India,  it  became  the  rest- 
iiiK-place  of  the  caravans,  and  was  soon  greatly  enlarged,  and  enriched  with  all  the  treasures 
ot  the  East. 

36.  What  was  the  character  of  Claudius?  What  victory  did  he  gain?  Whc 
succeeded  him  ? 

37.  What  terms  did  Aurelian  make  with  the  Goths  and  Vandals  ?  What  barha 
rous  tribe  did  he  defeat  ? 


120  THE    ROM  AX    EMPIRE.  [A.  JD.  284. 

i\r\\  defeated  the  Al-lc-mtui'i,  a  German  tribe,  who  had  in- 
vaded Italy  and  were  threatening  Rome  itself,  which  Aure- 
lian  caused  to  be  protected  by  new  fortifications.  Various 
parts  of  the  empire  were  still  held  by  usurpers,  some  of 
them  women,  among  whom  was  Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra 
and  several  provinces  of  the  East. 

38.  This  queen  was  esteemed  the  most  lovely  and  accom- 
plished of  her  sex,  having  been  instructed  by  the  celebrated 
scholar  and  critic,  Lon-gi'nus.  After  the  death  of  Odena- 
tus,  she  filled  the  throne  of  Palmyra  for  five  years;  but 
claiming  an  independent  sovereignty,  she  gave  offence  to 
Aurelian,  who,  having  defeated  her  forces  in  two  great 
battles,  besieged  and  took  her  capital,  Palmyra.  Zenobia 
was  made  a  captive  to  grace  the  triumph  of  her  conqueror, 
and  her  favorite  minister  Longinus  was  executed  (a.  d. 
273).  In  an  expedition  against  the  Persians,  Aurelian  was 
assassinated  by  one  of  his  generals  (a.  d.  275). 

39.  Tacitus,  an  aged  senator,  succeeded,  and  during  a 
brief  reign  of  six  months,  repelled  an  attempted  invasion 
by  the  Scythians.  Civil  war  followed  between  the  generals 
who  were  competitors  for  the  throne,  and  it  lasted  until 
A.  d.  285,  when  Di-o-cle'tian,  vanquishing  his  rival  Ca-ri'- 
nuSj  in  Mcesia,  obtained  full  possession  of  the  empire. 

40.  Diocletian  was  a  native  of  Dalmatia,  and  his 
parents  were  slaves ;  but  he  had  been  promoted  succes- 
sively to  the  offices  of  provincial  governor,  consul,  and 
praetorian  prefect.  He  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the 
army  in  A.  D.  284;  and  the  year  after,  feeling  that  the 
extent  of  the  empire,  and  the  troubles  in  which  it  was  in- 
volved, were  too  vast  for  any  single  mind,  he  made  Max- 
im'i-an,  a  brave  but  unlettered  soldier,  his  colleague.  After 
a  few  years,  each  emperor  also  took  an  associate,  or  Ccesar, 


38.  What  is  paid  of  Zenobia  ?  What  war  did  Aurelian  wage  against  her  ?   With 
What  result  !     When  and  how  did  this  reign  end  ? 

39.  What  is  said  of  his  successor  ?    What  followed  ? 

40.  What  was  the  previous  history  of  Diocletian?    What  colleagues  were 
•taken? 


A.  D.  323.]  TIIE   ROMA^   EMPIRE.  121 

and  the  empire  was  divided  among  the  four  rulers.  In  this 
way  the  barbarians  were  kept  in  check,  and  general  tran- 
quillity was  preserved. 

41.  During  this  reign  the  Persians  were  defeated  by 
Ga-le'ri-us,  one  of  the  Caesars ;  and  Mesopotamia,  together 
with  several  districts  beyond  the  Tigris,  was  subdued. 
There  also  occurred  the  last  great  persecution  of  the  Chris- 
tians, from  which  fact  the  era  of  the  commencement  of 
Diocletian's  reign  (a.  d.  284)  is  called,  in  the  history  of  the 
Church,  the  "  Era  of  Martyrs."  In  305  A.  d.  Diocletian 
took  the  extraordinary  resolution  to  resign  the  empire,  and 
obliged  Maximian  to  do  the  same.  The  Caesars,  Galerius 
and  Con-stan'tius,  then  became  emperors,  choosing  in  their 
turn  Caesars  to  succeed  them.  Diocletian  retired  to  Sa-lo'- 
na,  in  Dalmatia,  and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the 
quiet  pursuits  of  agriculture  ;  and  so  well  satisfied  was  he 
with  the  change,  that  when  Maximian  afterward  urged 
him  to  resume  the  imperial  dignity,  he  replied,  "  I  wish 
you  would  come  to  Salona  and  see  the  cabbages  I  have 
planted;  for  having  once  visited  my  garden,  you  would 
never  again  mention  to  me  the  name  of  empire." 

42.  Constantine. — Constantius  having  died  at  York, 
in  Britain,  his  son  Con' stan-tine  was  saluted  emperor  by 
the  army;  but  Galerius  and  the  two  Caesars  refused  to 
ratify  the  election,  and  civil  war  ensued,  in  which  there 
were  no  less  than  six  competitors  for  the  throne,  among 
them  the  former  emperor,  Maximian,  and  his  son  Max-en  - 
tins.  Constantine,  after  eighteen  years  of  war,  finally 
prevailed  over  all  his  rivals,  and  became  sole  monarch  of 
the  empire  (a.  d.  323).  During  this  conflict,  while  march- 
ing against  Maxentius,  he  saw,  it  is  said,  in  the  heavens  a 
luminous  cross,  bearing  the  inscription,  in  Greek,  "  Con- 
quer   by  this;"    and   under  the   standard   of    the  cross, 

41.  Whom  did  Galerius  defeat?  What  is  meant  by  the  "era  of  martyrs' '  ? 
What  extraordinary  resolution  did  Diocletian  adopt  ?  Was  he  satisfied  with  the 
change  ? 

42.  How  did  Constantine  acquire  the  empire  ?    What  led  to  his  conversion  ? 

6 


122  THE  ROMA^  EMPIRE.  [A.  D.  361. 

having  defeated  Maxentius,  he  became  a  convert  to  Chris- 
tianity. 

43.  In  order  that  his  residence  might  be  nearer  the  cen- 
tre of  his  dominions,  he  removed  the  capitol  from  Rome 
to  Byzantium,  which  he  embellished  with  magnificent 
churches,  palaces,  and  other  edifices ;  while  gardens,  parks, 
and  private  walks  exhibited  all  the  refinements  of  eastern 
luxury.  The  city  from  him  received  the  name  of  Constan- 
tinople.  During  this  reign  (a.  d.  325),  the  celebrated 
council  of  Nice  (in  Bithynia)  was  held,  in  which  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Church  were  more  clearly  defined.  Constan- 
tine  repulsed  the  Goths  and  Sarmatians,  who  invaded 
Thrace  (a.  d.  332).  His  death  occurred  five  years  later,  in 
the  sixty-fifth  year  of  his  age  (a.  d.  337). 

44.  The  three  sons  of  Constantine  succeeded  him,  but 
quarrelled  among  themselves,  and  a  terrible  civil  war  en- 
sued. This  lasted  until  353,  when  Constantius,  after 
gaining  several  great  victories  over  his  rival  Mag-nen'tius, 
his  brothers  having  been  previously  slain,  became  sole  and 
undisputed  master  of  the  throne.  His  cousin,  Ju'li-an, 
was  taken  as  his  colleague ;  but  afterward,  by  his  victories 
over  the  Germans  and  other  barbarous  nations,  he  excited 
the  jealousy  of  the  emperor,  who,  to  destroy  the  influence  of 
the  Caesar,  recalled  his  best  legions ;  but  they  refused  to 
obey,  and  saluted  Julian  as  emperor.  Preparations  for 
civil  war  immediately  commenced ;  but  the  death  of  Con- 
stantius terminated  the  strife  (a.  d.  361),  and  raised  Julian 
to  the  throne. 

'45.  Julian  the  Apostate. — This  emperor  had  been 
educated  In  Athens,  and  had  imbibed  a  great  fondness  for 
the  pagan  philosophy  and  religion.  On  his  accession, 
therefore,  he  determined  to  overthrow  Christianity,  and 

43.  What  city  did  he  make  hi?  capitol  ?  What  council  was  held  ?  Who  wero 
repulsed  ?    When  did  his  reign  end  ? 

44.  What  events  followed  the  death  of  Constantine  ?  How  did  Julian  become 
emperor  ? 

45.  Why  was  Julian  styled  "the  Apostate"  ?  What  did  he  attempt  ?  How  was 
it  defeated?    Where  was  he  killed  ? 


A.  D.  388.]  THE   KOMAtf   EMPIEE.  123 

restore  the  ancient  faith  and  worship ;  and  hence  he  has  been 
called  "  the  Apostate."  To  disprove  the  prophecy  of  Christ, 
he  attempted  to  rebuild  the  temple  at  Jerusalem ;  but  the 
design,  it  is  said,  was  frustrated  by  miracle,  fire-balls 
breaking  out  from  the  foundation  and  driving  the  work- 
men away,  so  that  they  were  obliged  to  abandon  the 
attempt.  Julian  was  afterward  killed  in  a  disastrous  ex- 
pedition against  the  Persians,  after  a  reign  of  sixteen 
months  (a.  d.  363). 

46.  Jovian,  his  successor,  restored  Christianity,  but 
died  after  a  reign  of  seven  months.  Valentinian,  com- 
mander of  the  guards,  succeeded,  and  divided  the  empire, 
giving  to  his  brother  Valens  the  government  of  the  east, 
while  he  retained  that  of  the  west,  making  Mil'an  his 
capital.  The  barbarous  nations  of  the  north  still  con- 
tinued their  incursions.  The  Goths,  pressed  in  their  rear 
by  the  more  savage  Huns,*  entreated  and  obtained  permis- 
sion to  settle  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Danube,  but  were 
afterward  driven  into  revolt  by  the  treachery  of  a  Eoman 
governor.  Valens  attempting  to  subdue  them,  was  de- 
feated and  slain  in  a  great  battle,  near  Adrianople;  Gra- 
tian,  who  had  succeeded  Valentinian,  arriving  too  late  to 
prevent  the  disaster  (a.  d.  378).  The  empire  of  the  east 
was  then  given  to  Theodosius  (a.  d.  379),who  subdued 
the  Goths,  and  received  great  numbers  of  them  into  the 
Roman  armies. 

47.  Theodosius  the  Great.  After  the  death  of  his 
associates  Gratian  and  Valentinian  II.,  and  the  defeat  of 
the  different  rivals  who  attempted  to  obtain  the  throne, 
Theodosius  became  sole  monarch  (a.  d.  388).  He  ruled 
with  so  much  wisdom  and  ability  that  he  has  been  called 

*  The  Huns  were  a  warlike  tribe,  of  the  Mongolian  race,  of  uncouth  and  hideous  aspect  and 
dreadful  ferocity.     They  emigrated  from  Central  Asia. 


46.  What  is  said  of  Jovian  ?  How  was  the  empire  divided  by  Valentinian  ? 
Where  were  the  Goths  permitted  to  settle  ?  Why  ?  What  was  the  consequence  ? 
Who  succeeded  Valens  ?    What  was  done  by  Theodosius  ? 

47.  When  did  Theodosius  become  sole  monarch?  Why  called  the  Great f 
What  were  the  prominent  events  of  his  reign  ?    How  did  he  divide  the  empire  ? 


124  THE   ROMAN  EMPIRE.  [A. ».  403. 


the  Great.  The  complete  overthrow  of  Paganism  and  the 
establishment  of  Christianity  in  the  Roman  dominions,  as 
well  as  the  repulse  of  the  barbarians  from  every  part  of  the 
frontier,  were  striking  events  of  this  reign,— the  last  that 
reflected  any  credit  upon  the  Roman  name.  Theodosius  at 
his  death  divided  the  empire  between  his  two  sons,  Ho-no'- 
ri-us  being  placed  on  the  throne  of  the  West,  and  Ar-ca'di-us 
on  that  of  the  East  (a.  d.  395). 

•  48.  Honoritis .— This  reign  had  scarcely  commenced, 
when  the  Goths,  indignant  that  their  subsidy  had  not  been 
paid,  invaded  Greece  under  the  renowned  leader  Al'a-ric, 
and  devastated  the  whole  country  from  Thermopylae  to 
Sparta.  Stil'i-cho,  the  brave  and  talented  minister  of  Ho- 
norius,  by  a  series  of  masterly  movements,  drove  out  the 
barbarians ;  but  the  pusillanimous  Arcadius  made  a  dis- 
graceful treaty  with  Alaric,  which  put  an  end  to  the  cam- 
paign. Alaric  soon  after  invaded  Italy,  and  made  a  rapid 
march  for  Rome ;  but  he  was  overtaken  near  Ve-ro'na  and 
entirely  defeated  by  Stilicho  (a.  d.  403).  His  departure 
from  Italy  was,  however,  purchased  by  the  weak  and  timid 
Honorius  by  the  payment  of  a  large  pension. 

49.  During  the  next  five  years,  Stilicho  gained  several 
important  victories  over  the  barbarians ;  but  the  unworthy 
emperor,  tired  of  his  influence  and  jealous  of  his  great 
fame,  treacherously  caused  him  to  be  put  to  death,  appoint- 
ing in  his  stead  a  minister  of  neither  capacity  nor  worth. 
The  latter  having  caused  a  massacre  of  the  families  of  the 
barbarians  throughout  Italy,  the  Gothic  soldiers  in  the 
Roman  army  revolted  and  joined  the  standard  of  Alaric, 
who  immediately  invaded  Italy  and  marched  to  Rome.  The 
city  was  soon  compelled  by  famine  to  surrender,  and  Ho- 
norius, who  held  his  court  at  Ravenna,  refusing  to  treat  for 

48.  What  invasion  took  place  during  the  reign  of  Honorius  ?  What  was  done 
by  Stilicho?    How  was  Alaric  induced  to  leave  Italy? 

49.  What  other  victories  were  gained  by  Stilicho?  What  were  the  circum- 
stances of  his  death  ?  What  caused  another  invasion  by  Alaric?  What  is  said 
of  the  pillage  of  Rome  ?    Of  the  death  of  Alaric  ? 


A.  ».  450.]  THE   ROMAN   EMPIRE.  125 

peace,  the  ancient  capital  was  given  np  to  pillage  (a.  d, 
410).  The  devastation  and  massacre  were  frightful ;  but 
Alaric,  professing  Christianity,  spared  the  churches ;  and, 
unwilling  utterly  to  destroy  the  city  which  had  been  the 
world's'  mistress,  the  sixth  day  after  its  capture  he  withdrew 
his  forces.  He  then  prepared  to  invade  Sicily,  but  was  seized 
with  a  mortal  disease ;  and  his  remains  were  buried  beneath 
the  bed  of  a  small  stream,  in  the  southern  part  of  Italy. 

50.  A-dol'phus,  the  brother-in-law  of  Alaric,  succeeded  to 
the  sovereignty  of  the  Goths;  and  having  married  Pla- 
cid'i-a,  the  sister  of  Honorius,  he  made  peace  with  the  Ro- 
mans. He  then  retired  into  Spain,  and  founded  in  that 
country  the  Kingdom  of  the  Vis'i-goths*  About  the  same 
time  the  Vandals  settled  in  the  central  and  southern  parts 
of  Spain ;  and  the  Sue'vi  and  other  German  tribes,  in  the 
northwestern  part.  Under  the  successors  of  Adolphus,  the 
Vandals  were  expelled  (a.  d.  427),  the  other  nations  sub- 
dued, and  the  Gothic  monarchy  extended  over  a  large  part 
of  Gaul  as  well  as  Spain.  The  Vandals,  crossing  into  Africa, 
made  themselves  masters  of  the  northern  part  of  that 
country.  About  this  time  also  the  Franks,  Burgundians, 
and  other  barbarous  tribes  invaded  Gaul. 

51.  Valentinian  III. — After  a  disgraceful  reign  of 
twenty-eight  years  Honorius  died  (a.  d.  423),  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Valentinian  III.,  a  weak  prince,  under  the 
guardianship  of  his  mother  Placidia,  who  ruled  in  his 
name  for  twenty-five  years.  During  this  period  the  Huns, 
under  their  terrible  leader  At'ti-la,  having  defeated  several 
Roman  armies,  ravaged  the  Eastern  Empire  from  the 
Euxine  to  the  Adriatic  (a.  d.  441-450).  After  extorting 
immense  treasures  from  the  Emperor  of  the  East,  as  the 

*  The  Goths  were  divided  into  two  portions,  those  of  the  east  being  called  the  Ostro-goths,  and 
those  of  the  west  the  Visigoths. 


50.  Who  succeeded  Alaric?  Why  did  he  make  peace  with  the  Romans? 
Whither  did  he  retire  ?  What  kingdoms  were  founded  in  Spain  ?  Whither  did 
the  Vandals  retire  ?    Who  invaded  Gaul  about  this  time  ? 

5 1 .  How  long  did  Valentinian  reign  ?  By  whom  was  he  succeeded  ?  Who  was 
A  ttila,  and  what  is  related  of  him  ?    By  whom  was  he  defeated  ? 


126  THE   KOMAK   EMPIKE.  [A.  D.  455. 

price  of  peace,  Attila  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Franks, 
and  marched  into  Ganl,  where  he  was  met  and  defeated 
with  terrible  slaughter  by  the  united  forces  of  the  Romans 
and  Goths,  the  former  commanded  by  A-e'tius,  the  greatest 
general  of  his  age,  and  called  by  some  "  the  last  of  the  Ro- 
mans"  (a.  d.  451). 

52.  Notwithstanding  this  great  defeat,  Attila  the  next 
year  invaded  Italy,  and  committed  the  most  dreadful 
devastations,  boasting  that  "  the  grass  never  grew  on  the 
spot  where  his  horse  had  trod."  Many  of  the  most 
flourishing  cities  were  taken  and  utterly  destroyed.  The 
people  of  the  Venetian  territory  (the  Ven'e-tl)  took  refuge  in 
the  neighboring  islands ;  and  thus  was  founded  a  maritime 
republic,  which  afterward  became  the  great  emporium  of 
Europe.  The  entreaties  of  Leo,  Bishop  of  Rome,  and  the 
payment  of  an  immense  sum,  finally  induced  Attila  to  de- 
part from  Italy;  and  the  next  year  (a.  d.  453). his  death 
relieved  the  empire  from  the  terror  of  his  arms.  Aetius,  in 
the  year  following,  was  basely  murdered  by  order  of  Valen- 
tinian  ;  and  the  next  year  the  emperor  himself  was  assas- 
sinated in  revenge  for  the  crime  (a.  d.  455).  This  was  done 
at  the  instigation  of  a  wealthy  senator  named  Pe-tro'ni-us 
Max'i-mus. 

53.  Maximus  was  then  proclaimed  emperor;  but 
Eu-dox'i-a,  the  widow  of  Valentinian,  implored  the  aid  of 
Gen'se-ric,  king  of  the  Vandals,  to  avenge  his  death.  With 
a  numerous  fleet  he  set  sail  from  Carthage,  his  capital ;  and, 
disembarking  at  Ostia,  marched  to  Rome,  which  became  a 
prey  to  the  violence  of  his  followers.  The  pillage  of  the 
city  lasted  fourteen  days  and  nights ;  and  the  vessels  of  the 
Vandals  and  Moors  were  laden  with  the  spoils  of  temples 
and  palaces  (a.  d.  455).     During  the  next  twenty-one  years 

52.  What  ravages  were  committed  by  Attila  in  Italy?  Where  did  the  Veneti, 
or  Venetians,  take  refuge  ?  When  did  the  death  of  Attila  occur  ?  Of  Aetius  ? 
How  did  the  reign  of  Valentinian  end,  and  when  ? 

53.  By  whom  were  the  Vandals  called  into  Italy,  and  why?  What  city  waa 
Backed  ?  How  many  emperors  reigned  during  the  next  twenty-one  years  ?  Who 
was  the  last  ?    Who  was  Orestes  ? 


A.».  476.]  THE   ROMAN   EMPIRE.  127 

eight  emperors  successively  assumed  the  purple,  the  last  of 
whom  was  Romulus,  the  son  of  O-res'tes,  a  Pannonian  chief, 
who  had  been  in  the  service  of  Attila,  but  afterward  trans- 
ferred his  allegiance  to  the  emperors  of  the  West. 

54.  Romulus  Augustulus — Odoacer.  The  barba- 
rian mercenaries,  demanding  from  Orestes  a  third  part  01 
Italy  and  being  refused,  revolted,  and  chose  Ocl-o-a'cer, 
chief  of  a  Gothic  tribe  called  the  Heruli,  as  their  leader. 
Pavia  was  taken  by  storm ;  and  Orestes  having  been  made 
prisoner,  was  put  to  death.  Odoacer  compelled  Eomulus 
(surnamed  in  derision  Au-gus'tu-lus*)  to  resign  the  purple ; 
and  abolishing  the  title  and  office  of  Emperor  of  the  West, 
lie  proclaimed  himself  King  of  Italy  (a.  d.  476).  Thus  ter- 
minated the  western  division  of  the  Great  Koman  Empire. 
The  eastern  division  continued  to  exist  for  nearly  one 
thousand  years. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

B.  C. 

81.  Augustus  (I).    Army  of  Varus  destroyed  (a.  d.  10).    Virgil,  Livy 
Ovid,  and  Horace. 
4.  Birth  of  our  Saviour. 

A.  D. 

14.  Tiberius  (II).     Germanicus.    Hermann.    The  wicked  Sejanus. 
33.  Crucifixion  of  our  Saviour. 
37.  Caligula  (III).    Dreadful  cruelties  perpetrated. 
41.  Claudius  (IV).    Caractacus.    Wicked  Messalina  and  Agrippina. 
54.  Nero  (V).     Seneca.    Lucan.    Martyrdom  of  St.  Paul.    Revolt  of 
the  Jews. 

68.  Galba  (VI).    Reign  of  seven  months. 
G9.  Otho  (VII).     Reign  of  three  months. 

69.  Vitellius  (VIII).     Reign  of  eight  months.  [tilian.     Pliny. 

69.  Vespasian  (IX).     Colosseum   commenced.     Josephus.     Quin- 

70.  Destruction  of  Jerusalem. 

79.  Titus  (X).    Destruction  of  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum.     Colea- 
seum  finished. 


*  Aui/u.sttilus  means,  in  Latin,  the  Little  Augustus. 

54.  What  led  to  the  death  of  Orestes?     How  and  wheu  did  the  Western  Em- 
pire end  ? 


12S  THE   ROMAN   EMPIRE. 

81.  Domitian  (XI).    Wars  with  the  Dacians.    Conquest  of  Britain 

by  Agricola. 
96.  Nerva  (XII).     Reign  of  sixteen  months. 
98.  Trajan  (XIII).    Conquest  of  the  Dacians.    Victories  in  th6 

East. 
117.  Adrian  (XIV).    General  survey  of  the  Empire.    Wall  built  in 

Britain.    Jews  revolt  and  are  subdued. 
lo8.  Antoninus  Pius  (XV). 

161.  Marcus  Aureltus  Antoninus  (XVI).    War  with  the  Partis- 
ans and  Germans.    Persecution  of  the  Christians. 
180.  Commodus  (XVII).     Dreadful  cruelties  perpetrated. 

192.  Pertlnax  (XVIII).    Reign  of  about  three  months.     Empire 

sold  by  auction. 

193.  Didius  Julianus  (XIX).     Reign  of  two  months. 

193.  Septimius  Severus  (XX).  Abolishes  the  forms  of  the  republic. 
Defeat  of  the  Parthians. 

211.  Caracalla  (XXI).  Murders  his  brother  Geta.  Dreadful  mas- 
sacre at  Alexandria. 

217.  Macrinus  (XXII).    Defeated  and  slain  near  Antioch. 

218.  Heliogabalus  (XXIII).    "Priest of  the  Sun."    Temple  to  the 

Sun  built  in  Rome. 

222.  Alexander  Severus  (XXIV).  Foundation  of  the  Second  Per- 
sian Empire. 

235.  Maximin  (XXV).  Dreadful  cruelties  perpetrated.  Victories 
over  the  barbarians. 

238.  Gordian,  the  Third  (XXIX).  Succeeds  the  two  Gordians 
(XXVI  and  XXVII)  who  had  been  declared  emperors  by  the 
army,  and  Maximus  and  Balbinus  (XXVIII)  elected  by  the 
Senate  to  rule  jointly. 

244.  Philip  (XXX).    Insurrection  of  the  army  under  Decius. 

249.  Decius  (XXXI).  Dreadful  persecution  (seventh)  of  the  Chris- 
tians.    Gothic  invasion. 

251.  Death  of  Decius.    Brief  reigns  of  Gallus  and  ^Emilianus. 

254.  Valerian  (XXXIV).  Defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Per- 
sians. 

200.  Gallienus  (XXXV).  The  empire  invaded  on  all  sides  by 
the  barbarians.  The  "  Thirty  Tyrants."  Odenatus  and  Ze- 
nobia. 

268.  Claudius  (XXXIV).    Defeats  the  Goths  in  Moesia. 

270.  Aurelian  (XXXVII).  Dacia  given  up  to  the  Goths.  Zenobia 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner. 

275.  Tacitus  (XXXVIII).    Civil  war ;  ended  by  Diocletian. 


THE   ROMAN   EMPIRE.  129 


284.  Diocletian  (XLI1I).  Subdues  his  four  rivals,  each  of  whom 
had  been  declared  emperor,  and  takes  Maximian  as  his  col- 
league. Empire  divided  among  the  two  emperors  and  the 
two  Cassars.     Last  persecution  (tenth)  of  the  Christians. 

305.  Diocletian  and  Maximian  resign  the  empire  to  the  Caesars,  Gale- 

rius  and  Constantius. 

306.  Constantine  (XLV).    Six  competitors  for  the  throne.    Max- 

entius  defeated. 

323.  Constantine  sole  and  undisputed  emperor.  Christianity  estab- 
lished.    Capital  removed  to  Byzantium. 

325.  Council  of  Nice. 

337.  Constantine  II.,  Constantius,  and  Constans  (XLYI),  three 
emperors.    Civil  war. 

353.  Constantius  sole  emperor.  Victories  over  the  Germans  by 
Julian. 

361.  Julian  the  Apostate  (XL VII).  Re-establishes  Paganism. 
Defeated  and  slain  by  the  Persians. 

363.  Jovian  (XL VIII).      Christianity    restored.      Reign    of  seven 

months. 

364.  Yalentinian  I.  (XLIX).    Empire  divided  ;  Valens  emperor  of 

the  East. 
375.  Gratian  (L).     Battle  of  Adrianople;  Valens  defeated  and  slain 

by  the  Goths.     Theodosius  emperor  of  the  East. 
383.  Valentinian  II.  (LI).    Defeat  of  the  Goths  by  Theodosius. 
388.  Theodosius  the  Great  (LII).  '  Defeats  his  rivals,  Maximus 

and  Eugenius.     Complete  establishment  of  Christianity.    Final 

division  of  the  Empire. 
395.  Honorius  (LIU).     Invasion  of  Greece  and  Italy  by  Alaric. 

Stilicho. 
410.  Rome  pillaged  by  the  Goths  under  Alaric. 
412.  Kingdom  of  the  Vandals  founded  in  Spain. 
415.  Kingdom  of  the  Visigoths  founded  in  Spain  and  Gaul. 
420.  The  Franks,  Burgundians,  &c,  invade  Gaul. 
423.  Valentinian  III.  (LIV).      The  Huns  under  Attila  invade  the 

Empire. 
45'j  .  Defeat  of  Attila  in  Gaul  by  Aetius. 
452.  Ravage  of  Italy  by  Attila.     Venice  founded. 

454.  Death  of  Aetius,  the  "  Last  of  the  Romans." 

455.  Maximus  (LV).     Sack  of  Rome  by  the  Vandals. 

475.  Romulus  Augustulus  (LXIII).    Last  emperor  of  the  West 

476.  Odoacer  founds  the  Kingdom  of  Italy. 


130  THE   ROMAN   EMPIRE. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  What  were  the  most  important  events  of  the  reign  of  Augustus  ? 104-105 

2.  Describe  the  Augustan  age  of  Roman  literature 105 

3.  Give  an  account  of  Tiberius  and  the  principal  events  of  his  reign 105-100 

4.  Describe  the  character  of  Caligula 106 

5    What  were  the  principal  events  of  the  reign  of  Claudius  ? 106-107 

6.  Describe  the  character  of  Nero,  and  his  reign 107-108 

7.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  character  of  Galba,  Otho,  and  Vitellius 108-109 

8.  What  events  occurred  during  the  reigns  of  Vespasian  and  Titus  ? 109-110 

9.  Describe  the  character  of  Domitian Ill 

10.  Name  the  "  five  good  Emperors,"  and  state  the  important  events  of 

their  reigns 111-113 

11.  Describe  the  character  and  conduct  of  Commodus 113-114 

13.  What  events  led  to  the  accession  of  Septimius  Severus  ?  114 

13.  What  were  the  most  important  events  of  his  reign  ? 114-115 

14.  Give  an  account  of  the  reign  of  Caracalla 115 

15.  In  what  way  did  Macrinus  acquire  the  throne  ? 115 

16.  Give  an  account  of  Heliogabalus  and  his  reign 116 

17.  What  important  events  occurred  during  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus  ?         116 

18.  Name  the  four  immediate  successors  of  Severus,and  describe  their  reigns  116-117 

19.  Describe  the  character  and  reign  of  Decius 117 

20.  How  did  Valerian  acquire  the  throne,  and  how  did  he  lose  it  ? 118 

21.  Give  an  account  of  Gallienus  and  the  "  Thirty  Tyrants" 118-119 

22.  Give  an  account  of  Zenobia 120 

23.  How  did  Diocletian  acquire  the  throne  ? 120 

2 1.  What  were  the  most  interesting  events  of  his  reign  ?  120-121 

25.  In  what  way  did  Constantine  obtain  the  throne  ? 121 

2>).  Give  an  account  of  the  reign  of  Constantine 122 

27.  Describe  the  character  and  reign  of  Julian  the  Apostate 122-123 

2S.  What  led  to  the  accession  of  Theodosius  the  Great  ? 123 

2!).  What  were  the  chief  events  of  his  reign  ?  124 

30.  What  important  events  occurred  during  the  reign  of  Honorius  ? 124-125 

31.  What  were  the  chief  events  of  the  reign  of  Valentinian  IH.  ? 125-126 

83.  What  emperors  occupied  the  throne  after  this  reign  ? 126-127 

33.  In  what  reigns  were  there  persecutions  of  the  Christians  ?  107-110-112-113-117-121 
3 1.  During  whose  reign  was  Jerusalem  taken  ?   109 

35.  During  whose  reigns  were  the  Britons  defeated  and  subdued  ? 107-110 

36.  When  and  how  were  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii  destroyed  ? 1 10 

37.  Give  an  account  of  Plutarch,  the  historian Ill 

38.  By  what  emperors  were  the  Parthians  defeated,  and  how  was  their 

empire  destroyed  ? 111-115-116 

39.  Who  were  the  Sassanides,  and  howr  long  did  they  reign  ? 116 

40.  Give  an  account  of  the  Goths  and  their  invasions . .  119-122-123-124-125 

41.  Give  an  account  of  the  invasions  of  the  Vandals  119-125-126 

42.  Give  an  account  of  the  invasions  of  the  Huns 123-125-126 

43.  Who  was  Stilicho,  and  what  victories  did  he  gain  ? 124 

41.  Who  was  Aetius,  and  what  victory  did  he  gain  ? 126 

45.  Give  a  brief  account  of  Alaric,  Attila,  and  Genseric 124-125-126 

4r>.  What  were  the  chief  events  of  the  first  century  A.  D.  ? 127-128 

47.  Relate  the  principal  event  s  of  the  second  century 128 

4§.  Also  of  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  centuries 128-129 


PKocim-issivi':  map  n?5. 


A.  D.  408.]  THE   EASTERN"   EMPIRE.  13] 


PAET  II. 
MEDIEVAL   HISTORY. 


section  i. 

The  Eastern  Empire. 

Extending  from  the  Accession  of  Arcadius  (395  a.  d.),  to  the  taking  of 
Constantinople  by  the  Turks  in  1453. 

1.  The  Eastern  or  Byz'an-tine  Empire,  or,  as  it  is  some- 
times called,  the  Greek  Empire,  was  founded  in  395  A.  d., 
when  Theodosius,  at  his  death,  divided  the  Eoman  Empire 
between  his  two  sons,  Honorius  and  Arcadius,  assigning  to 
the  latter  all  the  portion  lying  between  the  Adriatic  Sea 
and  the  Tigris  River.  Arcadius  was  a  weak  monarch,  who 
left  the  administration  of  the  government  to  ambitious 
and  corrupt  ministers,  while  he  lived  in  oriental  luxury, 
indifferent  to  his  duties  and  careless  of  the  condition  of  his 
subjects.  During  his  reign  nourished  the  virtuous  and 
eloquent  Chrys'os-tom,*  archbishop  of  Constantinople,  who 
was  persecuted  by  the  empress  Eu-dox'i-a,  on  account  of 
his  firm  adherence  to  the  orthodox  Christian  faith.  Arca- 
dius died  in  408. 

2.  The  successor  of  Arcadius  was  Theodosius  II.,  during 

*  C'hrysotitom  is  a  Greek  word  which  means  golden-mouth. 


Map  Questions.— (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  5.)  How  far  did  the  kingdom  of 
the  Ostrogoths  extend  toward  the  north?  What  people  occupied  Italy  at  the 
commencement  of  Justinian's  reign?  What  people  east  of  the  Phone?  What 
kingdom  comprehended  France  and  a  part  of  Germany?  What  people  farther 
east,  at  the  sources  of  the  Danube?  What  races  had  settled  on  the  Danube? 
What  others  farther  to  the  north?  What  kingdom  occupied  Spain?  What  king- 
dom in  the  north  of  Africa  ?  What  was  the  extent  of  the  Eastern  Empire  at  that 
period?    What  empire  bordered  it  on  the  east? 

1.  When  and  how  was  the  Eastern  Empire  founded?  What  was  its  extent? 
What  is  said  of  Arcadius  ?     Who  nourished  during  his  reign  ? 

2.  Who  succeeded  Arcadius  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Huns  ?    Of  Pulcheria  ? 


132  THE   EASTERN   EMPIRE.  [A.  ».  534 

whose  reign  the  Huns  under  Attila  invaded  the  empire ; 
and,  having  in  three  battles  vanquished  the  armies  sent  to 
oppose  them,  committed  the  most  dreadful  and  widespread 
ravages.  They  dictated  terms  of  peace  in  the  suburbs  of 
Constantinople,  exacting  the  enormous  annual  tribute  of 
2,100  pounds  of  gold,  and  the  immediate  payment  of  6,000 
pounds.  Theodosius  was  only  the  nominal  sovereign,  the 
government  being  really  administered  by  his  sister  Pul- 
che'ri-a,  who,  after  his  death,  in  450,  was  proclaimed  em- 
press, and  reigned  about  three  years. 

3.  During  the  reign  of  Ze'no  (the  third  from  Pulcheria), 
Od-o-a'cer  having  made  himself  master  of  Italy,  and  de- 
posed the  last  emperor,  Augustulus,  ruled  the  country  for 
14  years,  under  the  title  of  King  of  Italy.  His  reign  was 
terminated  by  an  invasion  of  the  Ostrogoths  under  The- 
od'o-ric  (a.  d.  493),  who  reigned  over  Italy  33  years,  with 
all  the  wisdom  and  moderation  of  a  virtuous  and  enlight- 
ened prince.  A  large  part  of  the  Gothic  nation  had  been 
transported  into  Italy,  and  after  its  conquest,  one-third  of 
all  the  lands  were  divided  among  the  followers  of  Theodo- 
ric ;  and  yet,  such  was  the  efficiency  of  his  government, 
that  peace  and  prosperity  were  everywhere  prevalent,  and 
it  was  a  common  saying,  "  that  a  purse  of  gold  might  be 
safely  left  in  the  fields." 

4.  The  famous  reign  of  Jus-tin' i-an  over  the  empire  of 
the  East,  commenced  in  527  A.  d.,  and  lasted  38  years.  It 
is  remarkable  for  the  code  of  laws  which  the  emperor 
caused  to  be  framed,  and  for  the  victories  of  Bel-i-sa'ri-us 
and  JVar'ses,  the  two  greatest  generals  of  the  age.  The 
former  defeated  the  Vandals,  in  Africa,  in  two  great  bat- 
tles, and  recovered  the  provinces  which  they  had  subdued 
(a.  d.  534).    He  next  reduced  Sicily,  and,  crossing  into 

3.  During  whose  reign  did  Odoacer  conquer  Italy?  How  and  when  was  Odoa- 
cer's  reign  terminated?  What  was  the  length  of  Theodoric's  reign?  What  was 
its  character  ? 

4.  When  did  the  emperor  Justinian's  reign  begin  ?  What  was  its  length  ?  For 
what  was  it  remarkable  ?    What  conquests  were  made  by  Belisarius  ? 


A.  ».  565.]  THE   EASTEE^"   EMPIRE.    •  133 

Italy,  defeated  the  Gotlis  and  captured  their  capital,  Ra- 
ven 'na  (539  A.  D.).  In  544  A.  D.,  the  barbarians  having, 
under  their  king  Tot'i-la,  again  invaded  and  reconquered 
Italy,  Belisarius  waged  war  against  them  for  five  years,  but 
with  very  inadequate  forces,  and  through  the  jealousy  and 
unjust  suspicions  of  Justinian,  was  finally  recalled. 

5.  After  several  years  of  retirement,  Belisarius,  in  his  old 
age,  was  called  upon  to  defend  Constantinople  against  the 
Bul-ga'ri-ans  and  Sla-vo'ni-ans,*  who,  after  committing 
frightful  ravages  in  various  parts  of  the  empire,  threatened 
Constantinople.  The  aged  hero,  by  his  skill  and  valor, 
entirely  defeated  these  fierce  barbarians ;  but  four  years 
afterward,  notwithstanding  his  great  services,  he  was  un- 
justly imprisoned  by  the  emperor  on  a  charge  of  treason. 
He  was  subsequently  acquitted,  and  died  in  565. 

6.  Meanwhile,  the  war  had  been  continued  against  the 
Goths  in  Italy.  Rome,  which  had  been  taken  by  Totila, 
and  its  entire  destruction  threatened,  was  recaptured  by 
Narses,  and  the  Goths  defeated  with  great  slaughter,  their 
king,  Totila,  being  slain  (a.  d.  552).  After  he  had  gained 
another  great  victory  over  the  Goths  the  next  year,  and 
defeated  the  Franks  and  other  German  tribes  who  had 
ravaged  the  peninsula  from  the  Alps  to  Otranto,  ISTarses 
entered  Rome  as  a  conqueror,  and  was  afterward  appointed 
by  Justinian  Exarch  of  Italy.  He  fixed  his  court  at  Ra- 
venna, and  continued  to  govern  the  country  till  the  death 
of  Justinian,  in  565,  by  whose  successor  he  was  recalled. 
He  died  in  Rome  a  short  time  afterward,  at  the  age,  it  is 
said,  of  95. 

7.  During  the  reign  of  Justinian,  the  A-vars',  a  race  sim- 

*  The  Bulgarians  were  the  remains  of  the  Huns  who,  after  the  death  of  Attila,  retreated  to 
the  Kuxine  and  the  lake  Masotis.  The  Slavonian*  were  a  barbarous  race  from  the  plains  of  .Rus- 
sia, who  afterward  settled  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 


5.  Who  were  the  Bulgarians  and  Slavonians  ?    (See  note.)    By  whom  were  they 
defeated  ?    What  further  is  said  of  Belisarius  ? 

6.  What  victories  were  gained  hy  Narses  ?    To  what  office  was  he  appointed  ? 
How  long  did  he  rule  Italy  ?    What  was  his  capital  ?     When  did  his  death  occur  i 

7.  What  is  said  of  the  Avars  ?    The  Lombards  ?    The  Gepidae  ? 


134  THE    EASTERN   EMPIRE.  [A.  I>.  622. 

ilar  in  origin  to  the  Huns,  fleeing  from  the  Turks,  who 
lived  at  that  time  near  the  Altai  Mountains,  crossed  the 
Tana-is  and  Bo-rys'the-nes  (Don  and  Dnieper  rivers),  and 
advanced  into  Poland  and  Germany.  They  then  passed  to 
the  Danube,  and,  subduing  the  Bulgarians,  took  possession 
of  the  country  which  the  latter  had  occupied  (Dacia).  This 
period  is  also  noted  for  the  passage  to  the  south  of  the 
Lombards,*  who  had  been  invited  by  the  emperor  to  enter 
Noricum  and  Pannonia,  in  order  to  check  the  advance  of 
another  barbarous  race  called  the  Gep'i-dce.  These,  after  a 
thirty  years'  war,  were  almost  entirely  exterminated  by  the 
Lombards,  under  Al'bo-in,  assisted  by  the  Avars,  the  latter 
of  whom  continued  to  occupy  Dacia,  and  some  of  the  adja- 
cent countries,  for  more  than  two  centuries. 

8.  In  the  reign  of  Justin  II,  the  successor  of  Justinian, 
the  Lombards,  under  Alboin,  entered  Italy  (a.  d.  568), 
being  invited,  as  it  is  said,  by  Parses,  in  revenge  for  the 
affront  of  his  recall.  In  a  short  time  they  conquered  the 
whole  country,  except  a  small  portion  which  continued, 
under  the  name  of  the  Exarchate  of  Ravenna,  in  possession 
of  the  Eastern  Empire.  The  kingdom  of  the  Lombards  in 
Italy  lasted  more  than  two  centuries,  their  seat  of  govern- 
ment being  Pa' via.  The  famous  iron  croivn  of  the  Lom- 
bards is  said  to  have  been  presented  to  one  of  their  queens 
by  the  celebrated  Roman  pontiff,  Gregory  the  Great,  as  a 
reward  for  converting  the  king  to  the  Catholic  faith  (about 
600  A.  D.). 

9.  The  reigns  of  Justinian  and  several  of  his  successors 
were  much  disturbed  by  the  encroachments  of  Persia,  then 
the  most  extensive  and  powerful  monarchy  of  the  East; 
but  the  emperor  He-rac'li-us,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
seventh  century  (622-628),  in  three   remarkable  expedi- 

*  Or  Lonr/obards,  meaning  men  with  long  beards. 

8.  When  did  the  Lombards  invade  Italy?  Why  ?  What  part  of  it  did  they  con- 
quer?   How  long  did  their  kingdom  last?    What  is  said  of  the  iron  crown? 

*).  What  is  said  of  Persia  ?  By  whom  was  the  Persian  monarch  defeated?  Who 
overturned  the  Persian  monarchy  ? 


A.  D.  642.]  THE   EASTERN"   EMPIRE.  135 

{ions,  in  which  he  displayed  a  boldness,  perseverance,  and 
military  skill  never  surpassed,  defeated  Khos'ru,  the  greatest 
of  the  Persian  monarchs,  and  effectually  broke  the  power 
of  the  kingdom.  Eight  years  afterward,  the  last  of  the. 
Sas-san-i'des,  a  dynasty  which  had  filled  the  Persian  throne 
for  four  centuries,  was  defeated  by  the  Sar'a-cens  ;  and  in 
a  few  years  the  whole  of  the  Persian  dominions  submitted 
to  their  victorious  arms  (a.  d.  651). 

10.  The  reign  of  Heraclius  is  also  remarkable  for  the 
commencement  of  that  succession  of  victories  and  con- 
quests by  which  those  enthusiastic  Arabian  zealots,  called 
the  Saracens,  despoiled  the  Byzantine  empire  of  the  largest 
part  of  its  dominions.  Syria  was  subdued  in  this  reign 
(a.  d.  638),  the  forces  of  Heraclius  having  been  defeated  in 
several  great  battles ;  and  Damascus  and  Jerusalem  were 
taken,  seven  centuries  after  Pompey  had  achieved  the  con- 
quest of  Syria,  and  annexed  it  to  the  dominions  of  the 
Eoman  republic.  Egypt  was  conquered  during  the  next 
two  years,  Alexandria  being  taken  after  a  siege  of  14 
months  (a.  t>.  640).  This  was  the  last  drop  of  bitterness 
in  the  cup  of  the  unfortunate  Heraclius,  who  died  seven 
weeks  after  he  received  intelligence  of  the  sad  event.* 

11.  During  the  next  half-century,  the  descendants  of 
Heraclius  continued  to  occupy  the  throne,  and  the  empire 
was  still  further  despoiled  of  its  provinces  by  the  irresisti- 
ble valor  and  activity  of  the  Saracens.  The  conquest  of  all 
northern  Africa  was  completed  in  this  period ;  and  twice 
did  the  victorious  Mohammedans  lay  siege  to  Constantino- 
ple itself,  and  were  repelled  from  its  walls  only  by  the  effectual 
use  of  the  famous  Greek  fire.  This  is  supposed  to  have 
been  a  kind  of  bitumen  or  inflammable  oil,  and  was  poured 

*  It  was  on  this  occasion  that  the  great  Alexandrian  library  was  burnt,  the  bigoted  Mahome- 
tan general  saying  that  if  the  books  agreed  with  the  Koran  they  were  unnecessary  ;  and  it  they 
contradicted  it,  they  were  pernicious. 


1 0.  For  what  is  the  reign  of  Heraclius  noted  ?    When  was  Syria  subdued  by  the 
Saracens  ?    Egypt  ? 

1 1 .  What  is  said  of  the  farther  conquests  of  the  Saracens  ?    The  Greek  fire  ? 


136  THE   EASTERN"   EMPIRE.  [A.  ».  1055. 

from  the  ramparts,  or  blown  through  long  tubes  against  the 
besiegers. 

12.  During  the  same  period  also,  the  Bulgarians,  who  in  the 
previous  century  had  been  subject  to  the  Avars,  crossed  the 
Danube,  followed  by  various  Slavonian  tribes,  as  the  Servi- 
ents, Bos'ni-ans,  Cro-a'tians,  etc.,  and  having  vanquished  the 
Eoman  armies  sent  against  them,  founded  (a.  d.  680)  the 
Kingdom  of  Bulgaria,  in  the  country  a  part  of  which  still 
bears  this  name.  This  kingdom  was  a  formidable  enemy 
of  the  Greek  Empire  till  the  reign  of  Basil  II  (976-1025), 
by  whom,  after  a  war  of  several  years,  in  which  the  most 
shocking  cruelties  were  perpetrated,  it  was  entirely  subdued. 
It  then  became  again  a  province  of  the  empire,  and  so  re- 
mained till  1186,  when  it  once  more  regained  its  inde- 
pendence. 

13.  In  the  ninth  century  (a.  d.  865),  the  Russians,  having 
descended  the  Bo-rys'the-nes  (Dnieper)  Eiver,  in  their  rude 
boats  and  sailed  into  the  Bosporus,  made  an  attack  upon 
Constantinople,  but  were  repulsed.  During  the  next  cen- 
tury the  attempt  was  twice  repeated ;  but  although  the  ar- 
maments of  the  Russians  were  quite  formidable,  both  from 
the  number  of  the  vessels  and  the  valor  of  those  who  manned 
them,  their  expeditions  were  all  unsuccessful.  During  the 
reign  of  Zim'is-ces  (969-976),  the  Russians  having  gained  a 
great  victory  over  the  Bulgarians,  again  threatened  Con- 
stantinople, but  were  severely  defeated  by  the  brave  and 
warlike  emperor  in  several  battles,  and  finally  compelled  to 
capitulate.     Thus  terminated  these  dangerous  inroads. 

14.  The  next  formidable  enemy  of  the  empire  were  the 
Turks,  who  abandoned  their  ancient  habitations  in  Central 
Asia ;  and,  in  the  eleventh  century,  taking  advantage  of  the 
dissensions  of  the  Saraceus,  conquered  Persia,  capturing 
Bagdad  in  1055.     Previous  to  this  they  had  carried  their 

1 2.  When  and  how  was  the  Kingdom  of  Bulgaria  founded  ?  Give  a  sketch  of 
itb  history. 

1 3.  What  is  said  of  the  incursions  of  the  Russians  ? 

14.  Describe  the  invasion  of  the  Seljuk  Turks.  What  is  said  of  the  Kingdom 
of  Roum ! 


A.  I>.  1097.]  THE   EASTERN   EMPIRE.  137 

conquering  arms  as  far  as  northern  India.  In  1090,  they 
had  subdued  Asia  Minor  and  Syria;  and  their  empire  ex- 
tended from*  the  Hellespont  to  the  borders  of  Chinese 
Tartary.  These  Turks  belonged  to  the  tribe  called  Seljuks 
(sel'yooks),  and  are  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  Ot'to-man 
Turks,  to  be  treated  of  hereafter.  The  dominions  of  the 
Seljuks  were  afterward  divided,  and  a  new  kingdom  was 
established  by  them  in  Asia  Minor,  called  the  Kingdom  of 
Roum  {room),  which  lasted  about  two  centuries  (from  1075 
to  1272),  during  which  period  it  waged  frequent  wars  with 
the  Greek  Empire.  Its  capital  was  at  first  Ni'ce,  in 
Bithynia,  but  in  1097  was  removed  to  I-co'ni-um* 

15.  In  1076,  Jerusalem,  which  had  been  in  the  possession 
of  the  Saracens  for  four  centuries,  was  taken  by  the  Seljuk 
Turks,  who  treated  the  pilgrims  to  the  sepulchre  of  our 
Saviour  with  such  insult  and  cruelty,  that  the  Christian 
nations  of  Europe  were  roused  to  indignation,  and  sent 
against  them  those  remarkable  expeditions  called  the  Cru- 
sades. In  the  first  of  these,  Nice,  the  capital  of  Sol'i-man, 
Sultan  of  Roum,  was  taken  (1097),  and,  a  short  time  after- 
ward, Antioch  and  Jerusalem.  The  latter  of  these  was 
made  the  capital  of  a  new  kingdom,  which  soon  compre- 
hended the  whole  of  Palestine.  Most  of  Asia  Minor  was 
also  rescued  from  the  power  of  the  Turks,  and  again  an- 
nexed to  the  Greek  Empire. 

16.  In  the  fourth  of  these  expeditions,  during  the  reign 
of  a  usurping  emperor  at  Constantinople,  the  Crusaders 
(Erench  and  Venetians)  were  induced  by  the  son  of  the  law- 
ful emperor  to  abandon  the  proper  object  of  the  expedition 
and  attack  Constantinople,  with  the  view  to  restore  the  union 
of  the  Roman  and  Greek  churches,  which  had  separated  on 
account  of  a  difference  in  doctrine.     The  city  was  accord- 

*An  ancient   city  of  Phrygia,  in  Asia  Minor.    The  Kingdom  of  Roum  ({.  e.  of  the  Romans) 
was  afterward  called  the  Kiw/dom  of  Iconium. 


15.  By  whom  was  Jerusalem   taken  in  1076?     What  led   to  the  Crusades! 
What  was  done  in  the  first  Crusade  ? 

1 6.  What  led  to  the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  the  Crusaders  ? 


138  THE   EASTERN   EMPIRE.  [A.  D.  1272. 

ingly  besieged  with  all  their  forces,  and,  by  means  of  the 
powerful  fleet  of  the  Venetians,  was  taken ;  and  the  lawful 
emperor  was  restored  to  the  throne.  He  being„however,  the 
next  year,  by  an  insurrection  of  the  inhabitants,  deprived 
of  his  throne  and  put  to  death,  the  Crusaders  again  besieged 
the  city,  and  took  it  by  storm  (1204). 

17.  Most  of  the  dominions  of  the  empire  were  then  di- 
vided between  the  French  and  Venetians,  who  appointed 
Baldwin,  Count  of  Flanders,  emperor.  He  and  his  suc- 
cessors, called  the  Latin  Emperors,  continued  to  occupy  the 
throne  till  1261,  when  the  Greeks,  who  in  the  meanwhile 
had  held  Nice  as  their  capital,  again  obtained  possession  of 
Constantinople,  under  their  emperor  Pal-ce-ol'o-gus.  This 
emperor  expelled  the  Latins  from  the  city;  but  some  few 
Latin  principalities  continued  to  exist  within  the  limits  of 
the  Empire  until  its  final  destruction. 

18.  Meanwhile  another  tremendous  revolution  had  taken 
place  in  western  Asia,  occasioned  by  an  incursion  of  the 
Mon'gols,  a  Tartar  race  who,  in  the  beginning  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  under  the  renowned  chief  Jen'gliis  Khan, 
subdued  a  large  part  of  China,  overturned  the  flourishing 
kingdom  of  KJia-rasm  (now  Kliiva),  and  conquered  the 
greater  part  of  Persia.  Populous  territories,  abounding  in 
the  noblest  works  of  mankind,  were  made  entirely  desolate, 
so  that  the  peaceful  industry  of  centuries  has  been  scarcely 
sufficient  to  repair  the  ravages  of  a  few  years.  After  the 
death  of  Jenghis  (1227),  the  Mongols  passed  into  Syria  and 
Asia  Minor,  pillaged  Aleppo  and  Damascus,  and  destroyed 
the  kingdom  of  Koum,  or  Iconium,  the  last  Seljuk  sultan 
seeking  a  refuge  among  the  Greeks  of  Constantinople  (1272). 
The  Mongols  subsequently  carried  their  victorious  arms 
into  Europe,  and  devastated  or  conquered  many  of  its  most 
fertile  and  populous  countries. 


1  7.  How  were  the  dominions  of  the  empire  divided  by  the  Crusaders?  When 
did  the  Greeks  regain  Constantinople  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Latins  ? 

18.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  conquest  of  the  Mongols  under  Jenghis  Khan  When 
did  the  beljuk  kingdom  of  Iconium  end  ?    What  is  further  said  of  the  Mongols  ? 


A.  D.  1402.]  THE  EASTERN  EMPIRE.  139 

19.  Soon  after  these  events,  and  while  the  descendants 
of  Palaeologus  still  continued  a  feeble  administration  at 
Constantinople,  there  arose  a  power  which  was  destined  to 
cause  the  final  destruction  of  the  Byzantine  Empire,  and 
establish  upon  its  ruins  one  which  should  rival  it  in  extent, 
and  far  surpass  it  in  the  splendor  of  its  conquests.  This 
was  the  Ottoman  Turks,  so  called  from  their  founder 
Otliman,  Ottoman,  or  Os'man,  who  in  1299  invaded  Asia 
Minor,  and  in  a  few  years  succeeded  in  establishing  there  a 
kingdom,  the  capital  of  which  he  fixed  at  Pru'sa,  in  Bithy- 
nia.  This  kingdom  soon  became  one  of  the  most  flourish- 
ing states  of  the  East. 

20.  The  remaining  history  of  the  Greek  Empire,  during 
a  century  and  a  half,  is  but  the  narrative  of  its  contests 
with  the  Ottomans,  who  successively  wrested  from  it  the 
fairest  portions  of  its  dominions.  In  the  middle  of  the 
14th  century  (1360),  Am'u-rath,  one  of  the  successors  of 
Othman,  captured  Adrianople,  and  made  it  his  capital. 
He  afterward  subdued  Thrace  and  Macedon,  but  fell  at 
Cos-so'va,  in  Servia,  where,  however,  he  defeated  an  im- 
mense army  of  Christians,  amounting,  it  is  said,  to  500,000 
men  (1390).  His  successor,  Baj'a-zet,  continued  the  tide  of 
conquest ;  and  for  ten  years  besieged  Constantinople,  but 
was  called  away  to  defend  his  dominions  against  the  cele- 
brated chieftain  Ti'mour,  or  Tam'er-lane,  by  whom  he  was 
afterward  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  (1402). 

21.  This  delayed  the  fall  of  the  Greek  Empire  for  some 
years ;  but  Timour's  empire  being  dismembered,  the  Turks 
resumed  their  encroachments,  and  finally,  under  Mo-liam'- 
med  II,  after  a  siege  of  fifty-three  days,  took  Constanti- 
nople by  storm  (May  2§,  1453).    Constantine  {Palceologus), 

19.  What  power  arose  a  short  time  after  this  ?  Who  was  the  founder  of  the 
Ottomans  ?     What  kingdom  was  established  by  him  ? 

20.  What  is  said  of  the  remaining  history  of  the  Greek  Empire?  What  con- 
quests were  made  by  Amurath  ?  Where  did  he  defeat  the  Christians  ?  By  whom 
was  he  defeated. 

21.  By  whom  and  when  was  Constantinople  taken?  What  events  followed  I 
What  is  said  of  the  history  of  the  Byzantine  emperors  ? 


140  THE   EASTERN   EMPIRE. 

its  last  emperor,  fell  in  the  battle,  and  the  inhabitants 
were  either  massacred,  or  carried  into  slavery.  This  event 
was  soon  followed  by  the  subjugation  of  all  the  remaining 
dominions  of  the  empire,  which  thus,  after  an  existence 
of  1058  years,  was  brought  to  an  end.  The  minute  history 
of  the  dynasties  and  emperors  which  followed  each  other 
during  this  long  period,  presents  probably  the  most  shock- 
ing and  disgraceful  narrative  of  imbecility,  wickedness,  and 
crime,  contained  in  any  part  of  the  annals  of  the  world. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

A.  D. 

395.  Foundation  of  the  Eastern  Empire  under  Arcadius. 

408.  Accession  of  Theodosius  II. 

441.  Invasion  of  Attila. 

493.  Invasion  of  Italy  by  the  Ostrogoths,  under  Theodoric. 

527.  Accession  of  Justinian. 

584.  Conquest  of  the  Vandals  by  Belisarius. 

539.  Conquest  of  the  Goths  in  Italy  by  Belisarius. 

552.  Defeat  of  the  Goths  in  Italy  by  Narses.    Totila  slain. 

564.  Death  of  Belisarius. 

565.  Death  of  Justinian.    Recall  of  Narses  from  Italy. 
568.  Invasion  of  Italy  by  the  Lombards. 

622.  Defeat  of  the  Persians  by  the  Emperor  Heraclius. 
638.  Conquest  of  Syria  by  the  Saracens. 
640.  Alexandria  taken  by  the  Saracens. 
651.  Conquest  of  Persia  by  the  Saracens. 
680.  Foundation  of  the  Kingdom  of  Bulgaria. 
865.  Constantinople  attacked  by  the  Russians. 
1055.  Conquest  of  Persia  by  the  Seljuk  Turks. 

1075.  Foundation  of  the  Kingdom  of  Roum  or  Iconium. 

1076.  Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Seljuks. 

109-7.  Nice,  the  capital  of  Roum,  taken  by  the  Crusaders. 

1204.  Constantinople  taken  by  the  Crusaders.   Accession  of  the  Latin 

emperors.    Baldwin. 
1261 .  Constantinople  retaken  by  the  Greeks.    Palaeologus  emperor. 
1272.  Kingdom  of  Iconium  destroyed  by  the  Mongols. 
1299.  Invasion  of  Asia  Minor  by  the  Ottoman  Turks. 
1360.  Capture  of  Adrianople  by  the  Ottomans,  under  Amurath. 
1453.  Constantinople  taken. — End  of  the  Greek  Empire. 


TIIE   EASTERN   EMPIRE.  141 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  Give  an  account  of  the  reign  of  Arcadius 131 

2.  What  important  events  occurred  during  the  reign  of  Theodosius  II.  ? . .  132 

3.  State  the  great  events  of  Justinian's  reign 132-133-134 

4.  Give  an  account  of  Behsarius 132-133 

5.  What  victories  were  gained  hy  Narses  ? 133 

6.  Who  were  the  Bulgarians  and  Slavonians  ? 133-136 

7.  Give  an  account  of  the  Ostrogoths  under  Theodoric  and  Totila 132-133 

8.  Who  were  the  Lombards,  and  what  monarchy  did  they  found  ? 134 

9.  Who  were  the  Avars,  and  what,  led  to  their  invasion  of  the  empire  ? . . .  133-134 

10.  For  what  events  is  the  reign  of  Heraclius  memorable  ? 134-135 

1 1.  During  whose  reign  did  the  Saracens  begin  their  conquests  ? 135 

12.  When  and  by  whom  was  Constantinople  attacked  ? ...  135-136-137-139 

13.  What  was  the  Greek  fire,  and  how  was  it  used  ? 135 

14.  Give  an  account  of  the  Seljuk  Turks  and  their  conquests 136-137-138 

15.  Relate  the  history  of  the  kingdom  of  Roum 137-138 

16.  What  led  to  the  Crusades? 137 

17.  How  did  the  Latin  emperors  acquire  the  throne  of  Constantinople,  and 

how  long  did  they  retain  it  ? 137 

1A  Who  was  Jenghis  Khan,  and  what  conquests  did  he  make  ? 138 

19.  What  further  conquests  were  made  by  the  Mongols  after  the  death  of 

JenghisKhan? 138 

20.  Who  were  the  Ottomans,  and  why  were  they  so  called  ?.'. 139 

21.  During  what  periods  did  they  attack  the  empire  ? 139 

22.  What  conquests  were  made  by  Amurath  ? 139 

23.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Cossova 139 

24.  Give  an  account  of  Timour,  or  Tamerlane , 139 

25.  When  and  by  whom  was  Constantinople  finally  taken  ?  — 139-140 

28.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  inhabitants  ? 140 

27.  Who  was  the  last  of  the  Greek  emperors  ? 140 

28.  How  long  had  the  Byzantine  Empire  lasted  ? 140 

29.  What  is  the  general  character  of  the  internal  history  of  this  empire  ? . .  140 

30.  After  whom  was  Constantinople  named  ? 122 

31.  Who  was  Chrysostom,  and  during  whose  reign  did  he  live  ? 131 

32.  When  and  by  whom  was  the  Alexandrian  library  burnt  ? (note)  135 

33.  Give  a  brief  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  kingdom  of  Bulgaria 136 

34.  What  is  the  date  of  the  foundation  of  the  Eastern  Empire  ? 140 

35.  Mention  three  important  events  in  the  history  of  this  empire,  that 

occurred  during  the  fifth  century 140 

36.  Mention  seven  important  events  of  the  sixth  century 140 

37.  Mention  five  of  the  seventh  century 140 

38.  What  important  event  occurred  during  the  ninth  century  ? 140 

39.  Mention  four  important  events  of  the  eleventh  century 140 

40.  Mention  four  of  the  thirteenth  century 140 

41.  What  is  the  date  .of  the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  the  Ottomans  ? . . .  140 

42.  When  did  Justinian's  reign  commence,  and  what  was  its  duration  ?. . .  140 

43.  When  was  Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Seljuks  ? 140 

44.  What  was  the  origin  of  the  famous  iron  croivn  of  the  Lombards  ? 134 


142  THE   DARK   AGES. 


section  ii. 
The  Dark  Ages, 

Extending  from  (lie  Invasion  of  Gaul  by  the  Franks  to  the  End  of  the 
Saracen  Empire  (a.  d.  1258). 

1.  The  history  of  the  Dark  Ages,  so  called  from  the 
universal  ignorance  and  superstition  that  prevailed  during 
that  period,  is  the  history  of  the  various  warlike  and  bar- 
barous nations  that,  migrating  from  the  north  and  east, 
overwhelmed  the  Eoman  Empire,  and,  occupying  the  dif- 
ferent districts  of  Europe,  laid  the  foundation  of  the  present 
nations  found  in  those  countries.  Most  of  these  barbarous 
tribes  have  already  been  referred  to  and  briefly  described  in 
connection  with  the  history  of  the  two  divisions  of  the 
Eoman  Empire;  but  in  this  section  there  is  presented  a 
more  specific  account  of  those  whose  influence  was  espe- 
cially powerful  and  wide-spread,  and  whose  more  durable 
institutions  have  affected  the  character  and  condition  of 
the  modern  world.  These  are,  the  Franks,  the  Saxons,  the 
Saracens,  and  the  Normans. 

The  Franks. 

2.  The  Franks,  or  Freemen,  were  a  confederation  of 
German  tribes  living  in  the  country  near  the  lower  part 

Map  Questions.— (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  6.)  How  far  did  the  empire  of 
Charlemagne  extend  from  east  to  west?  What  river  was  its  eastern  boundary? 
How  far  did  it  extend  toward  the  south?— Am.  To  Gaeta,  in  Italy.  How  far  did 
it  extend  toward  the  north  ?— Am.  To  the  Baltic  Sea.  What  state  occupied  the 
southeastern  part  of  France  ?  The  southwestern  part  ?  What  monarchy  occupied 
both  sides  of  the  Lower  Danube  ?  What  people  dwelt  in  the  districts  of  the  Upper 
Danube  ?  What  people  occupied  both  banks  of  the  Oder  ?  What  race  lived  in  the 
regions  near  the  Elbe  and  Rhine  ?  What  monarchy  occupied  nearly  all  Spain  ?  To 
what  part  of  Spain  had  the  Visigorhs  retired  ?  What  kingdom  existed  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Africa  ?    What  was  its  capital  ?    Where  was  the  Caliphate  of  Bagdad  ? 

1.  What  is  said  of  the  history  of  the  Dark  A^es  ?  Why  are  they  so  called? 
Which  were  the  most  important  of  the  barbaric  nations  ? 

2.  Who  were  the  Franks  ?  When  did  Clovis  invade  Gaul?  Who  was  he  ?  What 
were  his  other  chief  conquests  and  victories  ?    Where  was  Burgundy  ? 


PROGRESSIVE  MAP  XV  6. 


A.B.  511.]  THE   DARK   AGES.  143 

of  the  Rhine,  who  in  the  third  century  successfully  opposed 
the  Romans,  committing  great  devastations  throughout  Gaul 
and  Spain.  In  the  fifth  century  (a.  d.  486),  Clo'vis,  chief 
of  a  tribe  known  as  the  Sa'lian  Franks,  invaded  Gaul,  and 
having  victoriously  overrun  the  greater  part  of  it,  founded 
therein  a  new  monarchy,  the  capital  of  which  he  fixed  at 
Lu-te'tia,  or  Paris.*  He  chose  for  his  queen  do-til' da,  a 
Christian  princess,  and  niece  of  the  king  of  Burgundy,  a 
country  situated  east  of  the  Rhone ;  and  through  her  in- 
fluence he  embraced  Christianity.  He  gained  several  great 
victories  over  the  Al-le-man'ni — a  powerful  confederation  of 
German  tribes — and  defeated  the  Burgundians  and  the 
Visigoths,  the  latter  of  whom  were  deprived  of  nearly  all 
their  possessions  in  Gaul. 

3.  After  the  death  of  Clovis  (511),  his  extensive  domin- 
ions were  divided  among  his  sons,  and  thus  were  formed 
three  kingdoms :  1.  Aus-tra'sia,  east  of  the  Rhine ;  2.  Nens'- 
tria,  north  of  the  Loire;  and  3.  Aquitaine  (ak'tve-tain), 
between  the  Loire  (hvar)  and  the  Pyrenees.  These  were 
afterward  united  under  a  single  monarch,  and  increased  by 
the  annexation  of  Burgundy,  which  was  obtained  by  con- 
quest. Thus  the  monarchy  of  the  Franks  became  more 
powerful  and  extensive  than  any  other  formed  by  the  Bar- 
barians, and  was  the  only  one  that  was  durable.  In  the  his- 
tory of  France,  Clovis  and  his  descendants  are  called  the 
Mer-o-vin 'gi-ans,  from  Mer-o-vm'us,  one  of  their  ancestors. 
This  dynasty  lasted  a  little  more  than  250  years  (486-752). 

4.  The  immediate  successors  of  Clovis  were  noted  for 
their  constant  dissensions,  their  vices,  and  the  dreadful 
crimes  which  they  perpetrated  to  obtain  possession  of  each 
others  dominions.     Some  were  great  warriors,  like  Clovis 

*  Lvtetta  was  the  name  given  by  the  Romans  to  the  collection  of  lints  built  of  mud  (lulum), 
And  inhabited  by  a  Gallic  tribe  called  the  Pun'sii,  from  whom  it  was  afterward  called  Paris. 


3.  How  were  the  dominions  of  Clovis  divided  at  his  death  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
monarchy  of  the  Franks  ?  Who  were  the  Merovingians  ?  How  long  did  the  dy- 
nasty last  ? 

4.  What  is  said  of  the  successors  of  Clovis  ?  Who  were  the  "  Mayors  of  the 
Palace  ?"    When  did  Pepin  d'Heristal  rule  ? 


144  THE   DARK   AGES.  [A.  ».  774. 

himself;  but  for  more  than  a  century  previous  to  the  termi- 
nation of  the  dynasty,  they  were  but  nominally  kings  [called 
Faineants  (fa-na-ong) — Do-nothings],  all  the  royal  power 
being  exercised  by  the  great  ministers,  styled  Mayors  of  the 
Palace.  This  high  office  was  made  hereditary  by  Pep' in 
cTIIer-is-tal',  who  held  it  from  687  to  714. 

5.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  famous  Charles  Mar-teV  (the 
Hammer),  who,  when  the  Saracens,  after  completing  the 
conquest  of  Spain,  crossed  the  Pyrenees,  threatening  not 
only  the  subjugation  of  France  but  of  all  Europe,  met 
them  near  Tours  (toor),  and  inflicted  upon  them  so  severe 
a  defeat,  that  they  were  completely  checked  in  their  long 
tide  of  conquests  (732). 

6.  Pepin  the  Short,*  the  successor  of  Charles  Martel, 
having  rendered  important  aid  in  repelling  the  Lombards 
from  Route,  was,  by  the  authority  of  Pope  Zach'ary,  placed 
upon  the  throne  of  the  Franks,  and  the  weak  Ohil'de-ric, 
the  last  of  the  Merovingians,  was  formally  deposed  (752). 
Thus  commenced  the  Carlovingian  dynasty.  This  j)eriod 
is  also  noted  for  the  termination  of  the  rule  of  the  Eastern 
emperors  in  Italy,  and  the  commencement  of  the  temporal 
dominion  of  the  Roman  Pontiff,  whose  government  of  the 
territories  previously  included-within.the  Exarchate  of  Ra- 
venna, was  acknowledged  and  sustained  by  Pepin. 

7.  At  the  death  of  Pepin  (768),  his  two  sons  Car'lo-man 
and  Charles  succeeded,  but  the  former  dying,  Charles 
[afterward  known  as  Charlemagne  (shar'le-malm) — Charles 
the  Great]  became  the  sole  monarch  of  the  Franks,  and 
the  ruler  over  not  only  France,  but  a  large  part  of  Ger- 
many. He  made  war  upon  the  Lombards  in  Italy,  and 
having  taken  Pavia,  their  capital  (774),  put  an  end  to  this 

*  So  called  from  his  very  low  stature,  being  it  is  said  only  four  and  a  half  feet  high;  while  his 
gon  Charlemagne  was  seven  feet  in  height. 


5.  By  whom  was  he  succeeded  ?    What  great  victory  did  Charles  Martel  gain  ? 

6.  How  did  Pepin  the  Short  become  king  ?      What  dynasty  was  commenced  by 
him  ?    For  what  is  this  period  noted  ? 

7.  WTho  succeeded  Pepin  ?    What  were  the  chief  conquests  of  Charlemagne .' 
What  did  the  battle  of  Roncevalles  give  rise  to  ? 


A.  D.  841.]  THE   DARK   AGES.  145 

monarchy,  which  had  lasted  about  two  centuries.  He  also, 
after  several  years  of  severe  war,  reduced  the  Saxons  on  the 
lower  Weser  (ive'zer),  and  invading  Spain,  which  was  then  in 
possession  of  the  Saracens,  conquered  all  that  part  lying 
north  of  the  E'bro  (778).  On  his  return  through  the 
Pyrenees,  the  rearguard  of  his  army  was  surprised  at 
Ron-ces-val'les  and  defeated,  its  brave  commander  Ro'land, 
the  favorite  nephew  of  Charlemagne,  being  slain.  This 
battle  gave  rise  to  many  romantic  stories,  and  formed  the 
subject  of  the  most  popular  epic  poem  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
the  famous  "  Song  of  Koland." 

8.  Charlemagne  also  gained  some  victories  over  the 
Avars,  in  Pannonia,  and  other  eastern  races ;  and  in  800, 
while  on  a  visit  to  Italy,  the  Pope  (Leo  III.)  crowned  him 
Emperor  of  the  Romans,  thus  reviving  the  Empire  of  the 
West,  the  capital  of  which  Charlemagne  fixed  at  Aix  la 
Chapelle  (dices  lah  sha-pel').  This  monarch  was  not  only 
distinguished  for  his  military  talents,  but  was  passionately 
fond  of  learning,  receiving  instruction  from  Al'cuin,  a  Saxon, 
who  was  the  most  accomplished  scholar  of  the  age.  He 
also  showed  the  greatness  as  well  as  beneficence  of  his  char- 
acter by  the  many  useful  enterprises  which  he  planned  for 
the  benefit  of  his  people,  and  by  his  efforts  to  dispel  the  ig- 
norance which  universally  prevailed.  His  death  occurred 
in  814. 

9.  His  son  and  successor,  .Louis  le  Deb-on-naire'  (the 
Easy)  was  of  too  mild  and  unwarlike  a  disposition  to  reign 
over  an  empire  so  extensive,  and  composed  of  such  hetero- 
genous parts ;  and  his  own  sons  formed  conspiracies  against 
him.  After  his  death,  in  840,  three  divisions  were  formed, 
one  for  each  of  his  sons  ;  but  they  soon  quarrelled,  and  the 
great  battle  of  Fon-te-naille'  was  fought  (841),  in  which,  it 

8.  What  other  victories  were  gained  by  Charlemagne  ?  What  title  did  the  Pope 
confer  on  him  ?    What  is  said  of  his  character  ?    Who  was  Alcuin  ? 

9.  Who  succeeded  Charlemagne ?  What  was  the  character  of  Louis?  What 
occurred  after  his  death  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Fontenaille  ?  How 
was  the  empire  divided  in  843  ? 


146  THE   DARK  AGES.  [A.  ».  912. 

is  said,  so  many  of  the  bravest  generals  and  soldiers  of  the 
empire  fell,  that  it  was  afterward  impossible  to  repel  the 
incursions  of  the  Normans,  who  about  this  time  commenced 
their  piratical  attacks.  Two  years  after  this  battle  (843),  a 
treaty  was  made  by  the  contending  parties,  according  to 
which  a  new  distribution  of  the  imperial  dominions  was 
made  among  the  three  sons ; — Louis  receiving  Germany  ; 
Charles,  France ;  and  Lothaire,  Italy. 

10.  Charles  the  Fat,  a  son  of  Louis,  obtained  possession  of 
the  whole  in  884 ;  but  three  years  afterward  it  was  finally 
separated,  Germany  alone  retaining  the  imperial  title  and 
dignity.  The  other  divisions  were  France,  Italy,  and  Bur- 
gundy or  Aries  («W),*  this  latter  kingdom  having  regained 
its  independence  during  the  weak  reigns  of  some  of  the  pre- 
ceding Carlovingian  princes. 

11.  The  Normans. — These  were  a  bold  and  enterpris- 
ing race  from  Norway  and  Denmark,  and  were  sometimes 
called  Norsemen  or  Northmen.  They  commenced  their 
ravages  during  the  reign  of  Charlemagne ;  but  under  his 
successors,  taking  advantage  of  the  weakness  of  the  govern- 
ment, they  sailed  up  the  navigable  rivers,  pillaged  and 
burnt  the  great  towns,  and  retired  dragging  away  many  of 
the  inhabitants  with  them.  During  the  reign  of  an  im- 
becile king,  named  Charles  the  Simple,  they  ascended  the 
Seine  {sane),  and  besieged  Paris ;  whereupon  the  king,  un- 
able to  make  any  resistance,  finally  ceded  to  their  ruler, 
Dulce  Rollo,  a  large  district  in  the  north  of  France,  after- 
ward called  Normandy  (912).  The  same  active  race 
about  the  same  time  crossed  the  Atlantic,  and  estab- 
lished colonies  in  the  Faroe  Islands,  Iceland,  and  Green- 
land ;  and  in  the  next  century  are  supposed  to  have  visited 


So  named  because  its  dukes,  or  rulers,  for  some  time  made  the  city  of  Aries  their  capital. 


10.  Who  afterward  ruled  over  the  whole?  What  was  the  final  division? 
When  was  it  made  ? 

1 1 .  Who  were  the  Normans  ?  What  ravages  were  committed  hy  them  ?  What 
took  place  daring  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Simple  ?  What  other  colonies  were 
established  by  the  Normans  during  this  period  ? 


A.  B.449.]  THE   DARK  AGES.  147 

the  eastern  shore  of  North  America,  in  the  latitude  of  New 
England. 

12.  During  the  reign  of  Louis  V.,  surnamed  Le  Faineant 
(the  Do-nothing),  Hugo,  or  Hugh  Cap'et,  the  most  powerful  of 
the  French  vassals,  seized  the  throne,  which,  on  account  of 
the  moderation  and  efficiency  of  his  government,  he  was  al- 
lowed by  the  Church  and  the  nobles  to  retain  He  was 
formally  crowned  in  987,  thus  inaugurating  a  new  line  of 
kings,  named  after  him  the  Capetian  Dynasty. 

The  Saxons  ik  Britain. 

13.  The  Saxons  were  a  German  race  who,  as  early  as  the 
third  century,  made  their  appearance  in  northern  Ger- 
many; and,  forming  powerful  confederations,  during  the 
reigns  of  Julian  and  Valentinian,  invaded  the  Eoman  em- 
pire. At  a  later  period,  probably  in  the  fifth  century,  they 
commenced  their  incursions  in  Gaul  and  Britain.  After 
the  abandonment  of  the  latter  province  by  the  Romans, 
hordes  of  these  barbarous  tribes,  associated  with  An'gles 
and  Jutes  from  Denmark,  rushed  with  irresistible  force 
upon  the  island,  and  completed  the  conquest  of  the  whole, 
except  the  western  portion,  now  called  Wales,  into  which 
the  remnant  of  the  British  population  retired. 

14.  The  story  generally  related  to  account  for  this  revo- 
lution is,  that  the  Britons,  attacked  by  the  Scots  and  Picts 
from  the  north,  and  being  deserted  by  the  Eomans,  and 
therefore  unable  to  defend  their  country,  invited  the  Saxons 
to  assist  them  in  repelling  their  enemies.  The  Saxons 
coming  over  (449)  under  two  leaders,  named  Hen'ghist  and 
Hor'sa,  soon  drove  back  the  Scots  and  Picts,  but  finding 
the  country  which  they  had  saved  by  their  valor  pleasant 
and  fertile,  determined  to  conquer  it  for  themselves.  This 
story  is  now  generally  considered  mythical ;  the  evidence 

12.  How  and  when  did  Hugh  the  Great  acquire  the  throne  ?  What  new  dynasty 
was  commenced  by  him? 

I  3.  Who  were  the  Saxons  ?    Describe  their  invasion  of  Britain. 
14.  Give  the  mythical  history  of  this  event. 


148  TIIE   DARK   AGES.  [A.  B.  597. 

which  we  possess  only  showing  that  Britain  was  conquered 
by  the  Angles,  Jutes,  and  Saxons  in  the  fifth  century. 

15.  Thus  were  formed  during  the  fifth  and  sixth  cen- 
turies, by  the  many  inroads  of  these  people,  seven  kingdoms 
in  different  parts  of  the  island,  named  collectively  the 
Saxon  Hep'tar-chy,  and  consisting  of:  1,  Kent ;  2,  Sussex  ; 
3,  Wessex ;  4,  Essex;  5,  Northumbria ;  6,  East  Anglia ; 
7,  Mercia.  Various  wars  arose  among  these  states,  and 
many  changes  occurred  in  their  respective  territories,  the 
final  result  of  which  was  that  Wessex  absorbed  all  the 
others ;  and  in  827,  its  king  Egbert  became  the  acknowledged 
monarch  of  the  whole  country,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
England.  (Engla-land,  i.  e.,  Land  of  the  Angles). 

16.  To  this  period  of  the  Saxon  history  belong  the 
stories  related  of  King  Arthur,  a  famous  British  cham- 
pion who  became  renowned  for  his  many  victories  over  the 
Saxon  invaders ;  also  the  partial  conversion  of  the  Saxons 
to  Christianity,  which  was  effected  by  St.  Au-gus-tine'  and 
several  monks,  commissioned  by  Pope  Gregory  the  Great 
to  perform  this  work  (597).  The  barbarous  and  ferocious 
manners  of  the  age,  although  softened,  were  by  no  means 
removed,  by  the  partial  christianization  thus  effected. 

17.  During  the  period  of  the  Heptarchy,  the  Danes  com- 
menced their  inroads  upon  the  Saxons.  These  were  Norse- 
men who  had  come  from  Norway  to  Denmark,  and  occu- 
pied the  lands  left  uninhabited  by  the  emigration  of  the 
Angles  and  Jutes  to  Britain.  It  is  said  that  these  North- 
men were  induced  to  make  depredations  on  Charlemagne's 
dominions  by  the  Saxon  exiles,  who  had  been  driven  from 
their  homes  in  northern  Germany  by  the  victorious  arms 
of  the  great  Frankish  monarch.  After  several  years  of 
fierce   war,    Charlemagne   succeeded  finally   in   subduing 


1  5.  What  kingdoms  were  formed  in  Britain  ?     When  and  by  whom  were  they 
united?    What  name  was  given  to  the  kingdom  thus  formed  ? 

1 6.  What  is  related  of  the  period  of  the  Saxon  conquest  ?    When  and  how  were 
the  Saxons  converted  ? 

1 7.  Who  were  the  Danes  ?     Why  did  they  invade  Charlemagne's  dominions  ? 


A.  D.  622.]  THE   DARK  AGES.  149 

those  heroic  Germans,  and  taking  possession  of  their  conn  try, 
dispersed  them  among  the  surrounding  nations  (804). 

The  Saeaceks. 

18.  Sar'a-cens — meaning  Eastern  People — was  the  name 
given  to  that  fierce  and  active  race,  who,  proceeding  from 
Arabia  in  the  seventh  century,  rapidly  overran  a  consider- 
able part  of  Western  Asia  and  the  whole  of  northern 
Africa,  and  made  a  conquest  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Visi- 
goths in  Spain ;  but  were  stopped  in  their  victorious  career 
by  the  valor  of  the  Franks,  under  their  renowned  leader, 
Charles  Martel. 

19.  They  were  followers  of  Ma'ho-met,  or  Mo-ham' med, 
who  was  born  at  Mec'ca,  and  in  the  fortieth  year  of  his  age 
(611),  pretended  to  have  a  divine  mission,  and  a  new  reve- 
lation from  God.  The  preaching  of  his  doctrines  excited 
great  opposition  at  Mecca;  and  in  622  (July  16),  he  was 
compelled  to  flee  from  the  city  in  order  to  save  his  life. 
This  event,  called  in  Arabic  the  He-gi'ra,  is  the  epoch  which 
the  Mohammedans  employ  in  their  chronology. 

20.  His  prophetic  character  being  acknowledged  at  Me-di'- 
na,  in  which  city  he  had  taken  refuge,  his  doctrines  rapidly 
gained  general  credence ;  and,  having  assumed  the  sword  as 
a  means  of  making  converts,  he  was  enabled,  seven  years 
after  his  flight,  to  re-enter  Mecca  in  triumph,  being  sus- 
tained by  a  large  army  which  he  had  collected  from  among 
tbe  roving  Arabs  by  large  promises  of  plunder  in  this 
world,  and  everlasting  bliss  in  the  next.  The  whole 
Arabian  nation,  soon  after  the  taking  of  Mecca,  embraced 
his  doctrines,  became  thorough  believers  in  his  sacred  mis- 
sion, and  determined  to  extirpate  all  unbelievers,  or  compel 
them  to  assent  to  the  cardinal  principle  of  his  creed, 
"  There  is  but  one  God,  and  Mohammed  is  his  prophets 

1 8.  Who  were  the  Saracens  ? 

19.  Who  was  Mahomet,  and  what  were  the  first  effects  of  his   preaching 
When  did  the  Ilegira  occur  ? 

20.  When  did  his  doctrine  gain  credence,  and  what  was  the  result  ? 


150  THE   DARK  AGES.  [A. ».  655. 

21.  The  impostor  had  not  only  conquered  Arabia,  but 
had  commenced  the  conquest  of  Syria,  when  death  stopped 
him  in  his  successful  career,  at  the  age  of  63  (a.d.  632). 
He  was  succeeded  by  A-bu'be-ker,  styled  the  First  Caliph 
(i.  e.  vicar),  who  collected  the  fragmentary  writings  of 
Mohammed,  and  formed  from  them  the  sacred  book  called 
by  his  followers  the  Ko'ran.  He  also  prosecuted  the  con- 
quest of  Syria,  defeated,  by  means  of  his  general,  Ca'led 
(called  the  "Sword  of  God"),  Heraclius,  the  Greek  em- 
peror, and  took  Damascus.  Under  his  successor,  O'mar, 
Jerusalem  was  taken  (a.  D.  637),  and  all  Syria  subdued; 
Egypt  was  conquered,  and  the  Persians  defeated  in  a  great 
battle,  at  Ca-de'sia,  on  the  Tigris  River. 

22.  This  caliph,  it  is  said,  during  a  reign  of  ten  years, 
reduced  36,000  cities  and  villages,  demolished  4,000  Chris- 
tian churches,  and  erected  1500  Mohammedan  temples, 
called  mosques.  He  was  succeeded  by  Oth' man,  who  com- 
pleted the  conquest  of  Persia  and  other  eastern  countries, 
extended  his  dominion  in  Africa,  and  published  a  new  edi- 
tion of  the  Koran.  Cyprus  and  Rhodes  were  also  taken,  the 
Saracens  at  the  latter  place  destroying  the  famous  brazen 
Co-los'sus,*  or  statue  of  Phce'bus,  the  god  of  the  sun.  The 
murder  of  Othman  made  Ali  (ah'le)  caliph,  considered  the 
bravest  and  most  virtuous  of  the  successors  of  Mohammed 
(a.  d.  655). 

23.  The  reign  of  Ali  is  noted  for  the  schism  which 
occurred  among  these  fierce  zealots,  by  which  the  who'le 
Mohammedan  world  became  divided  into  two  parties,  called 
the   Sun'nltes  and  the  Shi'Ues,  the  former  acknowledging 

*  This  celebrated  statue  was  erected  300  b.  c.  It  was  formed  of  metal,  cast  in  separate  pieces, 
was  about  100  feet  high,  and  took  twelve  years  to  complete  it.  It  was  thrown  down  by  at 
earthquake,  about  sixty  years  after  its  erection,  and  remained  in  ruins  nearly  nine  centuries. 
The  Saracens  caused  it  to  be  broken  up  and  sold. 


2 1 .  When  did  Mohammed's  death  occur,  and  hy  whom  was  he  succeeded  ?  What 
was  done  by  Abu-beker  ?  What  conquests  were  made  by  Caled  ?  What  was 
achieved  under  Omar  ? 

22.  How  many  cities,  etc.,  were  taken  under  Omar  ?  By  whom  was  he  succeeded? 
What  were  the  chief  events  of  Ottoman's  rei^n  ?     Who  was  his  successor  * 

23.  What  schism  occurred  while  Ali  was  caliph  ?  What  usurpation  took  place, 
and  what  dynasty  was  founded  ? 


A.D.  T11.J  THE   DARK  AGES.  151 

the  authority  of  all  the  caliphs,  while  the  latter  reject  all 
but  Ali,  whom  they  regard  as  the  equal  of  Mohammed. 
The  Shiites  also  reject  the  Sun'nah,  a  book  of  traditions 
concerning  the  prophet,  which  the  Sunnites,  or  orthodox 
Mohammedans,  receive  as  sacred.  During  the  reign  of  Ali, 
Mo-a-wi'yah  usurped  the  government  of  Syria,  and  by  the 
murder  of  Ali,  became  caliph.  He  was  the  first  of  the 
dynasty  called  the  Om-mi-ya'des,  which  lasted  till  752. 

24.  Moawiyah  fixed  his  capital  at  Damascus,  and,  by  his 
A-mir-al-ma  (captain  at  sea;  hence  our  word  admiral)  and 
his  lieutenant  Ak'bah,  continued  the  conquest  of  northern 
Africa,  founding  south  of  Tunis  the  famous  city  of 
Kairwan  (klre-wah?i ).  It  was  the  army  of  this  caliph  that 
besieged  Constantinople,  and  was  repulsed  by  means  of  the 
Greek  fire,  so  efficiently  employed  by  its  defenders  (668- 
675).  About  forty  years  afterward  (717)  Constantinople 
was  again  attacked  by  an  army  of  Saracens,  said  to  num- 
ber 120,000  men  ;  but,  after  a  siege  of  thirteen  months,  was 
relieved  by  the  Bulgarians,  who  fell  upon  the  Saracens,  and 
defeated  them  with  immense  slaughter. 

25.  Carthage  was  taken  by  the  Saracens  in  698,  and 
utterly  destroyed,  after  which  they  encountered  no  opposi- 
tion in  Africa  except  from  the  native  Berber  tribes,  whom 
they  finally  subdued  (709)  and  converted.  From  the  union 
of  the  Arabic  and  Berber  races  sprung  the  Moors,  so  noted  in 
Saracenic  history.  The  conquest  of  Africa  was  immediately 
followed  by  that  of  Spain  ;  for  Mu'sa,  the  Saracen  general, 
dispatched  his  lieutenant  Ta'rih  across  the  strait  of  Gib- 
raltar (Gib-el- Tar  ik — mountain  of  Tarik)  with  an  army, 
which  defeated  Roderick,  the  last  of  the  Visigothic  kings, 
and  thus  destroyed  their  monarchy  in  Spain,  after  an  ex- 
istence of  more  than  two  centuries  (711).*     A  remnant  of 

*  It  is  said  that  the  Saracens  were  invited  into  Spain  by  Count  Julian,  a  Gothic  noble,  in  re- 
.sa&jje  for  an  injury  inflicted  upon  him  by  King  Roderick. 

24.  What  was  the  capital  under  Moawiyah  ?  What  were  the  chief  events  of  his 
reign  ?    When  was  Constantinople  attacked,  and  how  was  it  saved  ? 

S»5.  What  account  is  given  of  the  conquest  of  Africa?  Of  Spain?  What  be 
came  of  the  Goths  ? 


j-o  THE   DARK   AGES.  [A.  ».  808. 

the  Gothic  nation,  however,  escaped  to  the  highlands 
among  the  Adrian  mountains,  where  they  succeeded  in 
maintaining  their  independence  for  many  centuries. 

20.  Crossing  the  Pyrenees,  the  victorious  Saracens  were 
Mill  pressing  on  in  their  career  of  conquest  when  they  were 
defeated,  in  a  battle  that  lasted  seven  days,  by  the  renowned 
( Ibarles  Hartel,  who  by  his  valor  and  skill  probably  rescued 
Enrope  from  the  Mohammedan  yoke  (732).  His  grandson 
Charlemagne  more  than  fifty  years  afterward  drove  them 
beyond  the  Ebro,  and  thus  confined  them  to  their  do- 
minions in  Spain.  The  Ommiade  dynasty  of  caliphs  was,  in 
t  he  middle  of  the  eighth  century  (752),  succeeded  by  theAb- 
bas'i-des,  descendants  of  Ab'bas,  the  uncle  of  Mohammed; 
bat  one  of  the  Ommiyades,  escaping  to  Spain,  founded 
afi  independent  caliphate  at  Cor'do-va,  which  lasted  250 
wars,  and  was  one  of  the  largest  and  most  splendid  centres 
of  commerce,  literature,  and  the  arts  in  the  world. 

27.  Al  Mansur  (man-soor'),  the  second  of  the  Abbasides, 
removed  the  capital  to  the  Tigris,  founding  there  the  city 
of  Bagdad,  which  was  built  out  of  the  ruins  of  Seleucia  and 
Otesiphon  (762).  The  most  celebrated  of  the  caliphs  of 
Bagdad  was  Ha'roun-al-Rasch'id  (Aaron  the  Just),  made 
familiar  both  to  young  and  old  by  the  tales  of  the  "  Arabian 
N  ignis."  During  this  reign  (786-808),  and  several  succeed- 
ing reigns,  literature  and  science,  particularly  astronomy, 
were  carried  to  a  very  high  degree  of  perfection  both  at 
Cordova  and  Bagdad,  while  nearly  all  Europe  was  slum- 
bering in  the  intellectual  night  of  the  dark  ages. 

28.  After  the  reign  of  Haroun  al  Raschid,  the  Saracen 
empire  became  divided  by  the  rebellion  and  usurpation  of 
the  provincial  governors,  so  that,  in  the  beginning  of  the 

•H\.  What  stopped  the  Saracens  in  their  career  of  conquest?     WThen  did  the 
Ommiade  dynasty  cease,  and  by  whom  was  it  succeeded  ?     What  was  established 
Bva  r 

27.  Who  founded  Bagdad?  What,  is  said  of  Haronn  al  Raschid ?  What  pro- 
_!.--  was  made  in  literature  and  science  by  the  Saracens? 

28.  How  was  the  empire  afterward  divided  ?  How  many  caliphates  were  there 
in  the  tenth  century !  Which  was  the  most  distinguished?  How  long  did  the 
Patimitea  continue" in  power  ?     By  whom  were  they  succeeded  at  Cairo  ? 


A.  I>.  1258.]  THE   DARK  AGES.  153 

10th  century,  there  were  no  less  than  seven  caliphates,  all 
of  whom  acknowledged  the  caliph  of  Bagdad  only  as  the 
successor  of  Mohammed,  denying  to  him  any  temporal 
authority  over  their  respective  dominions.  Of  these  inde- 
pendent kingdoms  the  most  distinguished  was  that  of  the 
Fat'i-mites*  in  Africa,  whose  capital  was  Cairo  (ki'ro),  and 
who  continued  in  power  till  1171,  when  the  last  of  the 
dynasty  was  succeeded  by  the  famous  Sal'a-din. 

29.  In  the  eleventh  century  (1055),  Bagdad  was  taken  by 
the  Seljuks ;  but  these  fierce  barbarians,  being  believers  in 
Mohammed,  acknowledged  the  caliphs  of  Bagdad  as  their 
superiors.  The  power,  however,  of  the  latter  had  been 
greatly  diminished ;  and  their  dominions  scarcely  extended 
beyond  the  walls  of  the  city.  At  length,  in  1258,  during 
the  reign  of  the  grandson  of  Jenghis  Khan,  Bagdad  was 
taken  and  sacked  by  the  Mongols ;  and  the  caliphate  ex- 
tinguished, after  it  had  existed  nearly  500  years.  This  is 
generally  regarded  as  the  termination  of  the  Saracen  em- 
pire, although,  centuries  before,  its  various  parts  had  been 
but  nominally  connected. 

The  Feudal  System. 

30.  The  prevailing  system  by  which,  during  the  period 
from  the  9th  to  the  13th  century,  social  and  political  rela- 
tions, including  particularly  the  rights  of  property,  were 
regulated  in  nearly  all  the  countries  of  Europe,  was  called  the 
Feudal  System,  a  feudal  proprietor  being  a  person  who 
held  his  lands  from  another,  on  condition  of  certain  ser- 
vices which  he,  as  a  vassal,  was  bound  to  perform  for  the 
other,  as  a  suzerain  or  superior. 


*  So  called  because  they  were  believed  to  be  the  descendants  of  Fatima,  the  daughter  of  Mo- 
hammed. 


29.  By  whom  was  Bagdad  taken  in  the  eleventh  century  ?     When  and  in  what 
way  did  the  Saracen  empire  terminate  ? 

30.  What  was  the  feudal  system  ?    What  was  meant  hy  a  feudal  proprietor  ? 


154  THE   DAKK  AGES. 


31.  With  the  exception  of  the  duty  of  military  service  to 
their  superiors,  the  vassals  of  a  king  practically  were  invested 
with  sovereign  power  within  their  own  dominions,  having 
vassals  in  various  degrees  beneath  them ;  and  living  in  their 
fortified  castles,  often  by  means  of  pillage,  while  the 
peasantry  were  bound  as  serfs,  or  slaves,  to  the  soil. 

32.  The  feudal  nobles  and  gentlemen  fought  on  horse- 
back, and  were  protected  by  a  close-fitting  armor  of  steel, 
often  ornamented  with  gold  and  silver.  Their  principal 
weapons  of  offence  were  long  lances,  with  which  they  rode 
fiercely  against  each  other ;  and  clubs,  maces,  or  swords  for 
hand-to-hand  conflicts  when  their  lances  were  broken,  or 
when  the  combatants  became  unhorsed.  The  common 
soldiers  fought  on  foot,  were  unprovided  with  protective 
armor,  and  used  bows  and  arrows, — either  long-bows  or 
cross-bows.  The  Normans  were  skilled  in  the  use  of  every 
species  of  arms,  but  particularly  in  the  cross-bow;  and, 
after  the  Norman  invasion,  the  English  became  the  most 
skilful  archers  in  the  world.  Cannon  came  into  use  in  the 
middle  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

33.  The  feeble  bond  of  union  by  which  the  different 
members  of  society  were  held  together,  led  to  violence,  re- 
bellion, and  anarchy ;  and,  during  the  middle  ages,  was  a 
perfect  barrier  against  all  improvement  in  government, 
maimers,  or  the  arts  of  civilized  life.  The  feudal  system 
gradually  yielded  to  influences  which  will  be  explained  in 
connection  with  the  subsequent  history. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

A.  D. 

449.  Invasion  of  Britain  by  the  Saxons. 

480.  Invasion  of  Gaul  by  Clovis. 

597.  Conversion  of  the  Saxons  in  Britain  to  Christianity. 

3 1 .  What  was  the  condition  of  the  vassals  ?    Of  the  peasantry  ? 

32.  How  did  the  feudal  nobles  and  gentlemen  fight  ?      The  common  soldiers? 
What  is  said  of  the  skill  of  the  Normans  ?    Of  the  English  ? 

33.  What  was  the  condition  of  society  during  the  middle  ages? 


THE   DARK   AGES.  155 


611.  Mohammed  commences  his  pretended  mission. 

622.         Flight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca.    The  Hegira. 

629.  Mohammed  enters  Mecca  in  triumph. 

632.  Death  of  Mohammed. 

637.  Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Saracens. 

661.  Commencement  of  the  Ommiyades. 

687.  Pepin  d'Heristal,  Mayor  of  the  Palace. 

698.  Carthage  stormed  by  the  Saracens,  and  destroyed. 

709.  Conquest  of  Africa  completed  by  the  Saracens. 

711.  Spain  conquered  by  the  Saracens. 

End  of  the  monarchy  of  the  Visigoths. 

732.         The  Saracens  defeated  by  Charles  Martel 

752.  End  of  the  Merovingian  dynasty  of  the  Franks,  and  of 

the  Saracen  dynasty  of  the  Ommiyades. 

755.  The  Pope  made  a  temporal  prince. 

762.  Bagdad  founded  by  the  Saracens. 

768.  Accession  of  Carloman    and    Charles,  afterward  styled 

Charlemagne. 

774.  Pavia  taken  by  Charlemagne.   End  of  the  Kingdom  of  the 

Lombards. 

786-808.  Reign  of  Haroun  al  Raschid  at  Bagdad. 

800.         Charlemagne  crowned  "  Emperor  of  the  Romans."    The 
Western  Empire  revived. 

804.  The  Saxons  in  Germany  subdued  by  Charlemagne. 

814.  Death  of  Charlemagne. 

827.         England  founded  by  Egbert. 
End  of  the  Saxon  Heptarchy. 

841.  Battle  of  Fontenaille. 

843.  The  empire  of  Charlemagne  divided. 

884.  Charles  the  Fat  sole  monarch  of  the  Franks. 

887.  Final  division  of  the  Empire  into  France,  Germany,  Bur- 

gundy, and  Italy. 

910.  Commencement  of  the  Fatimite  dynasty  at  Tunis. 

912.  The  Normans  settle  in  France,  during  the  reign  of  Charles 

the  Simple. 

987.         Hugh  Capet  becomes  king  of  France. 

End  of  the  Carlovingian  dynasty. 
1055.  Bagdad  taken  by  the  Seljuks. 

1171.  The  Fatimite  dynasty  overturned  at  Cairo  by  Saladin. 

1258.         Bagdad  taken  by  Jenghis  Khan. 
End  of  the  Saracen  Empire. 


156  THE  DARK  AGES. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1.  What  period  is  called  the  Dark  Ages  ? 143 

2.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Clovis 143 

3.  During  what  period  did  the  Merovingians  occupy  the  throne  of  France  ?  143 

4.  Name  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Mayors  of  the  Palace,  and  state  for 

what  they  were  distinguished 144 

5.  Give  the  history  of  Pepin  the  Short 141 

6.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Charlemagne 144-145 

7.  Who  was  Alcuin,  and  for  what  was  he  distinguished  ?  145 

8.  What  was  the  "  Song  of  Roland  ?" 145 

9.  Mention  the  most  eminent  of  the  successors  of  Charlemagne 145-146 

10.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  Normans 146 

11.  What  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Capetian  Dynasty  ? 147 

12.  What  led  to  the  invasion  of  Britain  by  the  Saxons  ? 147 

13.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  Saxon  Heptarchy 148 

14.  What  led  to  the  invasion  of  Britain  by  the  Danes  ? 148 

15.  Who  was  King  Arthur  ? 148 

16.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Mohammed... 149-150 

17.  Who  were  the  most  noted  of  his  immediate  successors  ? 150-151 

18.  Give  an  account  of  the  conquest  of  Syria,  Egypt,  and  Persia,  by  the 

Saracens 150-151 

19.  What  is  the  origin  of  the  name  Gibraltar  ? 151 

20.  Give  an  account  of  the  Ommiyades 151-152 

21.  Give  the  history  of  the  Abbasides 152 

22.  Who  was  Haroun  al  Raschid,  and  for  what  was  he  noted  ? 152 

23.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  Caliphs  of  Bagdad 152-153 

24.  Give  the  history  of  the  Fatimites 153 

25.  During  what  period  did  the  Saracen  Empire  last  ? 149-153 

26.  State  the  peculiar  features  of  the  Feudal  System 153-154 

27.  What  were  the  effects  of  this  system  upon  the  manners  and  state  of 

society  of  the  Middle  Ages  ? 154 

28.  Describe  the  mode  of  warfare  practised  during  this  period 154 

29.  What  is  the  date  of  the  Hegira  ? 149-155 

30.  What  Saracen  monarch  was  contemporary  with  Charlemagne  ? 155 

31.  What  two  important  events  in  the  tenth  century  were  very  nearly 

contemporaneous  ? 155 

>32.  By  whom  was  Bagdad  taken  in  the  eleventh  century  ? 155 

33.  By  whom  was  it  taken  in  the  thirteenth  century  ?  155 

34.  Mention,  in  chronological  order,  the  important  events  of  the  fifth 

century 154 

35.  Mention  those  of  the  seventh  century 155 

3(5.  Mention  those  of  the  eighth  century  155 

37.  What  were  the  most  important  events  of  the  ninth  century  ? 15j 

38.  What  important  event  of  French  history  occurred  in  the  tenth  century  ?  155 

39.  What  important  event  in  the  Saracen  history  took  place  in  the  eleventh 

century  ? 155 

40.  What  important  event  occurred  in  732  ? 155 

41.  Name  ten  events  from  732  to  the  death  of  Charlemagne 155 

42.  Name  in  chronological  order  fourteen  events  after  the  death  of  Charle- 

magne   155 


A.  D.  827.]       ENGLAND   IN  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  157 


section  iii. 

England  in  the  Middle  Ages, 

Extending  from  tlie  Foundation  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Monarchy  under 
Egbert  (827)  to  the  Accession  of  Henry  VII.  (1485). 

1.  Egbert  and  his  successors,  the  Saxon  kings  of  Eng- 
land, held  the  throne  a  little  over  two  centuries  (827-1066) 
The  most  eminent  among  the  latter  was  Alfred  the  Great, 
who  was  the  most  illustrious  monarch  of  his  age  (871-901), 
and  one  of  the  wisest  and  most  virtuous  kings  that  ever 
reigned.  Though  at  one  time  entirely  overwhelmed  by  the 
Danes,  who  had  long  disturbed  the  kingdom  by  their  irrup- 
tions, and  though  reduced  to  such  an  extremity  that  he  was 
obliged  to  seek  safety  in  an  obscure  part  of  the  country,  in 
the  disguise  of  a  peasant,  he  at  last  by  his  fortitude  and 
address  was  enabled  to  defeat  his  enemies,  and  to  regain  his 
throne.  The  Danes  being  expelled,  he  restored  tranquillity 
to  the  country,  and  endeavored,  by  judicious  measures,  to 
promote  the  prosperity  and  civilization  of  the  people.  He 
founded  the  University  of  Oxford,  improved  the  laws  of 
the  kingdom,  and  established  schools  for  the  education  of 
the  people. 

2.  The  continued  struggle  with  the  Danes  forms  the 
most  prominent  feature  of  the  Saxon  history  of  England. 
Edward,  surnamed  the  Elder,  the  son  and  successor  of 
Alfred,  and  Edward's  successor,  Ath'el-stan,  were  distin- 

Map  Questions.— (Map,  page  158.)  What  cities  and  towns  near  the  southern 
coast  of  England  ?  What  cities  and  towns  near  the  boundary  of  Wales  ?  In  the 
northern  part  of  England  ?  In  the  eastern  part  ?  Where  is  Bosworth  ?  Edge  Hill  ? 
Northampton  ?  What  cities  and  towns  in  the  southern  part  of  Scotland  ?  In  the 
northern  part  ?  In  what  part  of  Ireland  is  Dublin  ?  Drogheda  ?  Londonderry  ? 
Gal  way  ?    Cork  ?    In  what  part  of  Wales  is  Milford  Haven  ?    Caernarvon  ? 

1 .  How  long  did  Egbert  and  his  successors  hold  the  English  throne  ?  Who  was 
the  most  eminent  of  the  Saxon  kings  ?  What  was  his  character  ?  The  chief  events 
of  his  reign? 

2.  What  constitutes  the  chief  feature  of  the  Saxon  history  ?  What  kings  de 
feated  the  Danes  ?  What  massacre  was  committed  ?  The  consequence  of  it  I 
How  did  Canute  become  king  ? 


158 


ENGLAND   IX  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.        [A.  ».  1013. 


guished  for  the  victories  which  they  gained  over  these  fierce 
and  persevering  invaders.  During  the  reign  of  Eth' el-red, 
surnamed  the  Unready,  a  barbarous  massacre,  ordered  by 


the  king,  of  all  the  Danes  who  had  settled  in  any  part  of 
the  country,  so  incensed  Sweyn  (swane),  king  of  Denmark, 
that  he  raised  an  immense  army,  with  which  he  invaded 
the  kingdom,  and  having  compelled  Ethelredto  flee,  caused 


A.  ».  1017.]        EtfGLAtfD   IK  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  159 

himself  to  be  proclaimed  king  of  England  (1013).  On  his 
death,  Ethelred  was  restored  to  the  throne ;  but  his  suc- 
cessor, Edmund  Ironside,  was  defeated  by  an  army  of 
Danes  under  Can-ute',  the  successor  of  Sweyn,  and  com- 
pelled to  surrender  one-half  of  his  dominions  to  the  victor, 
who,  a  short  time  afterward,  by  the  death  of  Edmund,  be- 
came sole  monarch  of  England  (1017). 

3.  Canute,  surnamed  the  Great,  was  an  able  and  politic 
monarch,  whose  rule,  although  at  first  severe  and  cruel, 
became  afterward  so  popular  from  its  efficiency  and  mod- 
eration, that  the  Anglo-Saxon  people  forgot  that  they  had 
been  subjugated;  and  after  his  death  (i035)  Canute  was  as 
much  lamented  as  Alfred  or  Athelstan.  He  was  succeeded 
by  his  son,  Har'old  Harefoot,  so  called  from  his  fondness  for 
the  chase  and  his  swiftness  in  running.  At  his  death, 
his  brother  Hardicanute  obtained  the  throne,  after  whom 
the  English  succeeded  in  throwing  off  the  Danish  yoke,  and 
the  Saxon  line  was  restored  in  the  person  of  Edward,  sur- 
named the  Con'fessor,  on  account  of  his  fondness  for  learn- 
ing, his  studious  habits,  and  his  distaste  for  active  pursuits. 
He  was  canonized  by  the  Pope,  and  very  much  revered  by 
his  people,  who  imputed  to  him  the  power  of  curing  the 
scrofula  by  the  touch  of  his  hand.  Hence,  this  disease  was 
called  the  "  king's  evil ;"  and  for  seven  centuries  those 
afflicted  with  it  were,  at  times,  presented  to  the  king  to  be 
cured  in  this  way. 

4.  Edward  dying  without  heirs,  the  crown  was  conferred 
by  the  clergy  and  nobles  upon  Harold,  son  of  Earl  Godwin, 
the  most  powerful  nobleman  of  the  time,  whose  daughter 
Edward  had  married.  Harold  was  also,  through  his 
grandmother,  a  descendant  of  Sweyn,  the  Danish  king. 
His  right  to  the  throne  was,  however,  disputed  by  his 
brother  Tos'tig,  who,  with  the  aid  of  the  kings  of  Scotland 
and  Norway,  was  enabled  to  raise  a  large  army,  which  was 

3.  What  was  the  character  of  Canute?     What  other  Danish  kings  reigned? 
What  is  said  of  Edward  the  Confessor? 
■1.  Who  succeeded  him  ?    What  victory  did  Harold  gain  1 


160  ENGLAND   m  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.     [A.  D.  1066. 

defeated  by  the  English  forces  under  Harold,  after  a  severe 
battle  fought  near  the  Der'went  River,  in  the  northern  part 
of  England  (Sept.  25,  1066). 

5.  Three  days  after  this  battle,  a  more  powerful  com- 
petitor for  the  throne  landed  on  the  southeastern  shore  of 
England,  with  a  large  and  finely  equipped  army.  This 
was  William,  Duke  of  Normandy,  to  whom  Edward  had 
bequeathed  the  throne,  and  whose  claim  was  sanctioned  by 
the  Pope;  while  Harold,  who,  it  was  said,  had  sacredly 
promised  not  to  dispute  William's  claim,  was  viewed  by 
many  as  guilty  of  usurpation  and  perjury.  Harold,  not- 
withstanding his  recent  conflict  with  the  Norwegians, 
marched  with  all  the  forces  he  could  collect  to  oppose  the 
Normans.  The  battle,  which  was  long  and  bloody,  was 
fought  near  Hastings*  and  resulted  in  the  entire  defeat  of 
the  Saxons,  Harold  himself  being  slain  (Oct.  14,  1066). 
This  ended  the  Saxon  dynasty,  and  gave  the  control  of  the 
kingdom  to  William,  who,  two  months  afterward,  was  for- 
mally crowned  king  of  England  in  Westminster  Abbey 
(Dec.  25,  1066). 

Normal  Kings. 

6.  William  I.,  surnamed  the  Conqueror,  was  a  descend- 
ant of  the  famous  duke  Eollo,  to  whom  Charles  the  Simple 
had  ceded  Normandy  about  150  years  previously.  He  was 
not  only  a  brave  and  skilful  general,  but  an  able  statesman ; 
and,  after  subduing  all  the  Anglo-Saxon  leaders  who  op- 
posed his  rule,  he,  by  severe  but  judicious  regulations, 
firmly  established  the  government,  and  effectually  protected 
the  country  from  foreign  invasions.  The  Saxon  population 
was,  however,  reduced  to  a  condition  of  abject  bondage  to 
the  great  Norman  barons,  among  whom  most  of  the  lands 

*  On  the  site  of  the  town  now  called  Battle,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  England.    (See  Map.) 


5.  Who  invaded  England  ?    On  what  did  William  hase  his  claim  to  the  throne  ? 
Where  was  Harold  defeated  ?    What  followed  the  hattle  of  Hastings  ? 

6.  Who  was  William  the  Conqueror?    What  was  his    character?     By  what 
measures  did  he  complete  the  conquest  ?    What  was  the  condition  of  the  Saxons  ? 


A.  ».  1087.]      EKGLAND   IK  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  161 

were  divided  as  a  reward  for  their  services,  according  to 
the  usages  of  the  feudal  system.  The  laws  of  Edward  the 
Confessor  were  not,  however,  abolished ;  and  some  of  the 
Saxon  nobles  sat  in  council  with  the  Norman  counts. 

7.  William  instituted  the  custom  of  ringing  the  curfeiu- 
bell  in  the  evening,  as  a  signal  that  the  people  should  ex- 
tinguish their  lamps  and  fires,  either  to  prevent  conflagra- 
tions, or  secret  assemblies  of  those  who  were  hostile  to  his 
government.  One  of  his  most  useful  acts  was  to  cause  the 
compilation  of  the  Domesday  Book,  which  was  a  register 
of  all  the  estates  in  the  kingdom.  Hunting  was  his  favor- 
ite amusement ;  and  in  order  to  make  a  new  forest  near 
his  residence,  he  laid  waste  a  tract  of  country  extending 
thirty  miles,  driving  out  the  inhabitants,  demolishing 
houses  and  even  churches,  but  making  no  compensation  for 
the  injury.  To  kill  game  in  any  of  the  forests  was  made  a 
crime  of  greater  enormity  than  murder.  He  died  during 
an  invasion  of  France  in  the  twenty-third  year  of  his  reign 
(1087). 

8.  William  II.,  surnamed  Rufus,  the  Red,  from  the 
color  of  his  hair,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  England,  by 
the  will  of  his  father,  while  his  elder  brother  Eobert  as- 
sumed the  government  of  Normandy.  William  inherited 
the  courage  and  much  of  the  ability  of  his  father,  but  was 
more  cruel  and  unprincipled.  His  reign  was  much  dis- 
turbed by  quarrels  with  his  brothers  Robert  and  Henry, 
which  caused  him  to  invade  Normandy.  He  also  waged 
war  with  Malcolm,  king  of  Scotland.  During  this  period 
the  first  crusade  occurred;  and  Eobert,  wishing  to  join  it, 
sold  to  William  his  duchy  of  Normandy  (1095),  the  latter 
raising  the  money  to  pay  for  it  by  forced  levies  upon  his 
subjects,  even  compelling  the  convents  to  melt  their  plate 
in  order  to  furnish  their  quota.     After  a  reign  of  13  years, 


7.  What  was  the  curfew  ?    The  Domesday  Book  ?    The  New  Forest  ? 

8.  What  was  the  character  of  William  II.  ?    What  were  the  chief  events  of  his 
reign  J    How  was  his  death  caused  ?    Why  was  it  considered  a  just  retribution  ? 


1G2  ENGLAND   IN"  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.    [A.  IK  1135 

he  was  accidentally  shot  while  hunting  in  the  New  Forest 
(1100).  The  people  viewed  this  as  a  just  retribution;  for 
where  the  Conqueror  had  destroyed  the  homes  of  the 
Saxons,  his  son  prematurely  and  miserably  perished. 

9.  Henry  I.  (surnamed  Beanclerk,  the  Scholar),  the 
younger  brother  of  William  II.,  succeeded  him ;  Robert, 
the  elder  brother,  being  absent  in  the  Holy  Land.  The 
latter,  on  his  return,  again  received  Normandy ;  but  some- 
time afterward,  war  arising  between  the  brothers,  Robert 
was  made  prisoner,  sent  to  England,  and  confined  in  a 
castle  in  Wales  till  his  death.  The  government  of  Henry 
was  characterized  by  severity ;  and  so  strict  and  impartial 
was  he  in  administering  the  laws,  that  he  was  styled  the 
"  Lion  of  Justice."  His  private  life  was,  however,  very  im- 
moral ;  and  he  was  so  deceitful  and  treacherous  that  even 
his  greatest  favorites  distrusted  him.  The  latter  part  of 
his  life  was  saddened  by  the  loss  of  his  only  son,  who  was 
drowned  on  his  passage  from  Normandy;  after  which 
event,  it  is  said,  Henry  was  never  seen  to  smile.  His  death 
occurred  in  1135. 

'  10.  Stephen,  a  nephew  of  Henry,  succeeded  him,  al- 
though it  had  been  his  cherished  wish  that  his  daughter 
Matilda  should  have  the  throne.  This  princess,  whose  first 
husband  was  the  emperor  of  Germany,  and  who  afterward 
married  Geoffrey  Plan-tag' e-net,  Earl  of  Anjou,  raised  an 
army,  and  having  defeated  Stephen  and  made  him  a  pris- 
oner, was  declared  queen  of  England  (1141).  She,  how- 
ever, soon  disgusted  all  her  English  friends  and  supporters 
by  her  despotic  and  arrogant  behavior ;  and  Stephen  was 
enabled  to  regain  the  throne,  Matilda  being  compelled  to 
flee. 

11.  Some  years  after  this,  Henry  Plantagenet,  her  son, 
made  another  effort  to  dethrone  Stephen,  but  was  finally 

9.  Who  succeeded  William  II.  ?  What  is  said  of  Robert?  Describe  the  govern- 
ment of  Henry  I.     What  was  his  character  ?     Effect  of  the  loss  of  Prince  Henry  \ 

10.  Who  succeeded  Henry  I.  ?     What  was  done  by  Matilda  J 

11.  What  was  done  by  Henry  Plautagenet '(    From  what  did  the  country  suffer  1 


A.D.  1154.]     EKGLAND   IN  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  163 

reconciled  to  the  king,  being  adopted  by  him  as  his  son 
and  successor ;  soon  after  which,  on  the  death  of  Stephen, 
he  became  king  (1154).  During  the  reign  of  Stephen,  on 
account  of  the  weakness  of  the  government,  the  country 
suffered  greatly  from  the  violence  and  rapacity  of  the  feudal 
barons,  each  of  whom  occupied  a  fortified  castle,  from 
which,  at  the  head  of  his  band  of  mercenary  ruffians,  he 
sallied  forth  day  and  night  to  plunder  and  oppress  the  in- 
habitants.    Stephen  was  the  last  of  the  direct  Norman  line. 

The  Plantagenets. 

12.  Henry  II.,  the  first  of  the  Plantagenets,*  had  mar- 
ried Eleanor,  duchess  of  Guienne  {ghe-en'),  the  divorced 
queen  of  Louis  VII.,  king  of  France ;  and  thus,  at  his  ac- 
cession, he  became  the  ruler  not  only  of  England  but  of  the 
greater  part  of  France.  His  first  acts  were  to  reduce  the 
refractory  nobles  to  obedience;  and,  dispossessing  them  of 
their  strongholds,  to  compel  them  to  discontinue  their  law- 
less violence  and  pillage.  His  next  object  was  to  reform 
the  abuses  and  correct  the  vices  of  the  clergy,  who,  being 
by  the  institutions  of  William  the  Conqueror,  amenable 
only  to  ecclesiastical  authority,  set  the  common  laws  of  the 
realm  at  defiance. 

13.  In  this  undertaking,  he  met  with  determined  opposi- 
tion from  Thomas  d  Becket,  a  man  of  great  talent  and  fear- 
less courage,  who,  holding  the  highest  office  in  the  Church 
(that  of  ArcliMshop  of  Can'ter-bu-ry),  considered  it  his  duty 
to  defend  the  authority  and  privileges  of  his  order,  not- 
withstanding he  had  been  elevated  to  this  great  dignity  by 
the  friendship  and  partiality  of  Henry  II.  At  a  grand 
council  held  at  Clarendon  (1164),  the  king  presented  six- 

*  PlantagenH  means,  in  French,  hroom-pJant  ;  and  was  Riven  to  this  family,  it  is  said,  because 
one  of  their  ancestors  had  done  penance  by  scourging  himself  with  twigs  of  that  plant. 


12.  How  did  Henry  enlarge  his  dominions?    What  did  he  attempt  to  accom- 
plish ? 

13.  Who  opposed  him  ?     What  was  the  character  of  Becket?    What  were  the 
11  Constitutions  of  Clarendou  ?"    What  was  the  conduct  of  Becket  ? 


164  ENGLAND   IN   THE   MIDDLE   AGES.      [A.D.I  170. 


teen  propositions,  called  the  "  Constitutions  of  Clarendon," 
mir  of  which  was*that  clergymen  accused  of  any  crime 
should  be  tried  by  the  civil  courts;  while  the  others  were 
designed  to  define  and  regulate  the  ecclesiastical  authority, 
and  make  it  subservient  to  the  civil  power.  To  these  prop- 
ositions  Becket,  after  great  resistance,  reluctantly  gave  his 
assent;  but,  afterward  attempting  to  evade  them,  he  was 
condemned  by  a  council,  especially  called  by  the  king  to 
consider  his  offence. 

14.  He  then  secretly  departed  from  England,  and  took 
refuge  with  the  king  of  France,  by  whom,  as  well  as  by  the 
Pope,  he  was  encouraged  and  sustained.  Henry  at  last 
becoming  reconciled  to  him,  he  returned  to  England  and 
resumed  his  high  office ;  but  he  again  opposed  the  royal  au- 
thority ;  and  the  king  was  at  last  provoked  into  exclaiming, 
u  Is  there  no  one  of  my  subjects  who  will  rid  me  of  this  in- 
solent priest?"  Four  knights,  construing  this  as  a  com- 
mand, immediately  proceeded  to  the  residence  of  the  prel- 
ate, and,  pursuing  him  into  the  cathedral,  barbarously  slew 
him  before  the  altar  (1170). 

15.  Henry  was  thrown  into  the  greatest  consternation  on 
hearing  of  this  event.  He  expressed  the  deepest  sorrow  for 
the  words  he  had  hastily  uttered,  and  evinced  the  sincerity 
of  his  repentance  by  acts  of  the  severest  penance,  consent- 
ing to  go  as  a  pilgrim  to  the  tomb  of  the  murdered  prelate, 
now  canonized  as  a  saint  and  martyr,  and  for  miles  of  the 
way  walked  barefoot  over  the  flinty  road,  marking  his  steps 
with  blood.  Independently  of  its  atrocity,  nothing  could 
have  been  more  disastrous  to  the  king's  cause  than  the 
murder  of  Becket ;  for  the  Church  party  gained  more  by  the 
death  of  their  champion  than  all  his  best  efforts  could  have 
won  for  them  if  he  had  lived,  talented  and  determined  as 
he  was;  and  Henry  only  obtained  pardon  from  the  Roman 

H*  57,. whom  was  Becket  supported  ?    What  led  to  his  assassination  ? 

1  o.  \\  hat  was  its  effect  on  Henry  ?    On  the  cause  of  the  Church  ? 


A.  D.  1172.]    ENGLAND   IN"  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  165 

pontiff  on  condition  that  he  would  submit  entirely  to  the 
wishes  and  injunctions  of  the  holy  See: 

16.  Conquest  of  Ireland. — One  of  the  most  important 
events  of  this  reign  was  the  conquest  of  Ireland,  which 
Henry  completed  in  1172.  Ireland,  anciently  called  Hi- 
bernia,  was  peopled  by  a  race  similar  to  the  Britons,  but 
little  is  known  of  them  before  the  fourth  century.  Each 
province  had  its  separate  king,  but  was  dependent  upon 
the  monarch  who  held  his  court  at  Tar  a.  In  the  fifth 
century  the  people  were  converted  to  Christianity,  chiefly 
through  the  efforts  of  the  renowned  St.  Patrick.  From  the 
sixth  to  the  twelfth  century,  Ireland  became  famous  for  its 
progress  in  literature  and  art,  and  sent  forth  many  learned 
men  and  missionaries  from  the  monasteries  which  had  been 
established.  For  three  centuries  it  was  much  harassed  by 
the  Northmen  or  Danes ;  but  in  1014,  the  latter  were  ut- 
terly defeated  in  a  great  battle  fought  at  Clon'tarf,  near 
Dublin. 

17.  Some  years  before  the  death  of  Becket,  Henry  ob- 
tained permission  of  the  Pope  to  subdue  the  island;  but 
it  was  not  until  1172  that  he  accomplished  this  object. 
One  of  the  five  subordinate  kings  having  been  expelled 
from  his  province,  and  having  taken  refuge  in  England, 
succeeded  in  enlisting  a  force  from  the  Anglo-Norman 
nobles  and  adventurers,  with  which  he  regained  his  king- 
dom. The  English  then  so  rapidly  prosecuted  the  con- 
quest of  the  country,  that  the  next  year  Henry  went  there, 
and,  having  received  the  submission  of  most  of  the  native 
chiefs,  committed  the  government  of  the  island  to  a  viceroy 
whom  he  appointed. 

18.  The  last  sixteen  years  of  Henry's  life  were  embittered 
by  family  dissensions,  his  three  oldest  sons  combining  with 
Louis,  king  of  France,  to  deprive  him  of  his  throne.     At 


1 6.  When  was  Ireland  conquered  ?    Give  a  sketch  of  its  early  history. 

1 7.  How  was  the  conquest  effected  ? 

18.  What  embittered  the  close  of  Henry's  life  ?    Give  an  account  of  this. 


1G6  ENGLAND   IN  THE  MIDDLE   AGES.    [A.  ».  1189. 

the  same  time  his  French  dominions  were  threatened  by 
a  revolt,  and  the  northern  part  of  England  was  invaded 
by  the  king  of  Scotland.  Henry,  however,  triumphed 
over  all  his  enemies.  But  these  troubles  were  no  sooner 
pacified  than  similar  family  discords  broke  out,  his  sons 
being  encouraged  in  their  disobedience  and  unnatural 
hostility  by  Queen  Eleanor,  their  mother,  who  had  become 
enraged  against  the  king  for  his  licentiousness,  and  par- 
ticularly on  account  of  his  attachment  to  Rosamond  Clif- 
ford, styled  in  the  ballads  of  the  time  the  "Fair  Kosa- 
mond." 

19.  Eleanor,  attempting  to  flee  the  kingdom,  was  ar- 
rested and  kept  in  close  confinement.  The  king's  eldest 
son,  Henry,  died  of  a  fever,  his  second  son  Geoffrey  (jef're) 
was  killed  in  a  tournament  in  France,  and  Richard,  the 
third  son,  joined  the  king  of  France  in  a  war  against 
his  father,  so  that  Henry  was  compelled  to  submit  to 
a  very  humiliating  treaty  of  peace.  His  death  occurred 
a  short  time  afterward  (1189).  He  was,  undoubtedly,  a 
very  able  monarch,  and  did  much  to  establish  the  royal 
authority  in  opposition  to  the  violence  of  the  feudal  barons, 
and  to  the  exorbitant  claims  and  pretensions  of  the  clergy. 
He  was  a  patron  of  learning  and  art,  and  many  Gothic 
edifices  of  great  splendor  were  erected  during  his  reign. 
The  simple  arts  of  civilized  life  also  made  considerable 
progress  during  the  same  period.  Henry  was  succeeded 
by  Richard,  afterward  styled,  on  account  of  his  martial 
courage,  Cceur  de  Lion — the  Lion-hearted. 

20.  Richard  I.,  Cmur  de  Lion  (kyur  duh  le-ong). — 
This  monarch,  being  ambitious  of  military  glory,  embarked 
in  the  third  crusade,  and  gained  several  important  vic- 
tories in  the  Holy  Land  over  the  renowned  Saladin.  On 
his  return,  he  was  arrested  in  Germany ;  and,  by  the  order 

1 9.  What  were  the  last  events  of  Henry's  reign  ?  Date  of  his  death  ?  His  charac- 
ter?   His  successor? 

20.  In  what  enterprise  did  Richard  I.  engage  ?   What  delayed  his  return  ?  Who 
plotted  against  him  ? 


A.  ».  1199.]     ENGLAND   IN-   THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  167 

of  Henry  VI.,  emperor  of  Germany,  whom  he  had  offended 
in  Palestine,  was  confined  in  a  dungeon,  nntil  his  subjects 
paid  a  large  sum  of  money  for  his  deliverance  (1194). 
During  his  absence,  Philip,  king  of  France,  had  seduced 
John,  Richard's  brother,  from  his  allegiance ;  and  both  had 
plotted  for  the  destruction  of  Richard,  with  the  design  of 
obtaining  possession  of  his  dominions. 

21.  The  rest  of  Richard's  reign  was  occupied  in  conten- 
tion with  Philip;  and  after  much  petty  and  indecisive 
war,  he  was  mortally  wounded  in  an  attack  upon  a  castle 
in  France,  held  by  a  rebellious  vassal  (1199).  The  character 
of  this  monarch  is  one  of  the  most  romantic  to  be  found  in 
history,  and  displays  a  love  of  adventure,  a  military  daring, 
and  a  strength  and  skill  in  feats  of  arms,  unsurpassed  in 
ancient  or  modern  times.  His  people,  oppressed  by  the 
taxes  which  were  ruthlessly  levied  to  carry  out  his  useless 
projects,  were  yet  proud  of  his  fame,  though  he  accom- 
plished nothing  for  their  benefit,  nor  advanced  in  any 
respect  the  prosperity  of  the  country.  He,  indeed,  spent 
but  fourteen  months  in  his  kingdom  during  the  ten  years 
of  his  reign. 

22.  John,  the  brother  of  Richard,  succeeded  him,  with 
the  consent  of  the  people,  although  Arthur,  Geoffrey's  son, 
was  the  rightful  heir.  This  young  prince,  having  fallen 
into  the  power  of  his  uncle,  was  imprisoned,  and,  it  is  said, 
cruelly  murdered  by  him.  Philip,  king  of  France,  sum- 
moned John,  as  Duke  of  Normandy  and  Aquitaine  (ak-tve- 
tairi),  to  answer  for  this  offence  before  a  court  of  peers; 
but  he  refused  to  obey  the  summons,  and  was  accordingly 
branded  as  a  murderer,  and  adjudged  to  lose  all  his  French 
territories,  which  in  a  few  years  Philip  succeeded  in  con- 
quering, and  annexed  them  to  his  own  dominions.  Hence, 
John  received  the  surname  of  Lackland. 


21.  When  and  how  did  his  death  occur?    Describe  his  character. 

22.  Who  succeeded  Richard  I.  ?    What  was  the  fate  of  Prince  Arthur  ?    Wha« 
caused  John  to  lose  his  French  territories  ? 


168  ENGLAND   IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.     [A. ».  1215. 


23.  The  Pope  (Innocent  III.)  having  caused  Stephen 
Lanffion,  a  man  of  great  talent  and  unblemished  character, 
to  be  elected  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  John  refused  to 
give  his  consent;  whereupon  Innocent  placed  the  kingdom 
under  an  interdict,  in  consequence  of  which  the  churches 
were  closed,  the  dead  were  refused  Christian  burial,  and  all 
other  religious  offices  ceased.  The  king,  still  resisting,  was 
formally  excommunicated  by  Innocent,  his  people  were  ab- 
solved from  their  allegiance  to  him,  and  a  solemn  injunction 
was  placed  upon  Philip  of  France  to  take  possession  of  the 
kingdom.  John  at  last  submitted,  and  solemnly  surren- 
dered his  dominions  to  the  Pope,  promising  to  hold  them 
as  his  obedient  vassal,  and  pay  to  him  an  annual  tribute 
(1213).  Philip,  attempting  to  carry  out  his  design  of  con- 
quering England,  sustained  a  great  disaster  in  the  loss  of 
his  fleet,  which  was  attacked  by  the  English  and  destroyed. 
This  was  the  first  naval  action  of  importance  between  the 
English  and  French. 

24.  John's  next  contest  was  with  the  barons,  who,  under 
the  leadership  of  Langton,  determined  to  compel  his  assent 
to  a  series  of  propositions  designed  to  diminish  the  royal 
prerogatives  and  secure  the  liberties  of  the  subjects  by 
established  principles.  This,  John  steadily  refused,  until  a 
large  army  had  been  raised  by  the  barons,  and  the  city  of 
London  taken ;  when  he  finally  submitted,  and  signed  the 
famous  Magna  Charta  (the  Great  Charter)  at  Kun-ny- 
mede'  (June  15, 1215).  One  of  the  most  important  articles 
of  this  instrument  was,  that  "no  delay  should  take  place 
in  doing  justice  to  every  one;  and  no  freeman  should  be 
taken  or  imprisoned,  dispossessed  of  his  free  tenement, 
outlawed,  or  banished,  unless  by  the  legal  judgment  of  his 
peers"     This  famous   charter,  although   granted  to   the 

23.  How  was  John  compelled  to  submit  to  the  Pope  ?  What  naval  action  with 
lli«'  (Trench  occurred? 

24.  What  CMIMd  a  contest  with  the  barons?  How  was  he  compelled  to  sign 
Magna  Charfaf  What  important  article  was  contained  in  it  ?  How  is  this  instru- 
ment regarded  • 


A.  D.  1264.]     ENGLAND   IK  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  169 

nobles  only,  protected  the  rights  of  all,  and  is  justly  re- 
garded as  the  palladium  of  English  liberty. 

25.  John  attempted  afterward  to  resist  the  execution  of 
this  instrument,  and  levied  an  army  of  foreign  mercena- 
ries, by  means  of  which  he  perpetrated  the  most  atrocious 
cruelties,  and  compelled  the  authors  and  supporters  of 
Magna  Charta  to  nee  the  country.  In  the  midst  of  the 
troubles  which  this  excited,  his  death  fortunately  occurred, 
and  thus  saved  the  people  from  the  misery  and  disaster  of  a 
prolonged  civil  war  (1216).  The  character  of  John  was 
despicable;  cruelty,  treachery,  and  cowardice  being  its 
prominent  traits,  unrelieved  by  a  single  redeeming  virtue. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Henry,  then  in  his  tenth  year. 

26.  Henry  III. — During  the  first  part  of  this  reign,  the 
country  was  governed  by  the  guardians  of  the  young  king, 
and  was  much  disturbed  by  wars  with  France.  After 
attaining  the  age  of  majority,  Henry  had  frequent  disputes 
with  the  barons,  who  compelled  him  to  confirm  the  Great 
Charter  in  the  most  solemn  manner.  They  nevertheless 
continued  to  oppose  the  royal  authority,  in  consequence  of 
the  unwise  exactions  of  Henry,  and  his  submission  to  the 
influence  of  foreigners,  by  whom  the  offices  both  of  church 
and  state  were  filled. 

27.  Through  the  efforts  of  Simon  de  Mont' fort,  Earl  of 
Leicester  (les'ter),  twenty-four  barons  were  appointed  by  the 
great  council  to  regulate  the  kingdom ;  and  to  this  arrange- 
ment the  king  gave  his  assent  (1258).  A  quarrel  afterward 
arising  between  the  nobles  and  the  royalists,  civil  war 
ensued ;  and  the  king's  forces  were  defeated  at  Lew'es,  and 
he  and  his  son,  Prince  Edward,  were  taken  prisoners  (1264). 
This  placed  the  government  mainly  under  the  control  of 

25.  What  was  John's  subsequent  conduct ?  When  did  he  die?  What  is  said 
of  his  character?    Who  was  his  successor  ? 

26.  How  was  the  government  at  first  conducted  under  Henry?  What  led  to 
dispute  with  the  barons  ? 

27.  What  was  done  through  the  influence  of  Simon  de  Montfort  ?  What  led  to 
the  battle  ot  Lewes  ?  What  was  its  result  ?  What  did  Leicester  do  to  strengthen 
his  influence  ?    How  is  this  considered  ? 

8 


170  ENGLAND   IN  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.       [A.  D.  1272. 


Leicester,  who,  in  order  to  strengthen  his  influence,  sum- 
moned a  council  (now  styled  a  parliament),  and  gave 
seats  in  it  not  only  to  the  barons  and  knights,  but  to  the 
representatives  of  the  boroughs,  or  towns  (1265).  This  is 
considered  the  first  institution  of  the  House  of  Commons — 
a  branch  of  the  English  legislature,  which,  representing 
the  will  of  the  great  body  of  the  people,  has  ever  proved  the 
chief  bulwark  of  the  political  and  civil  liberty  of  the 
country. 

28.  Prince  Edward,  having  escaped  from  the  confinement 
in  which  he  had  been  kept  by  Leicester,  raised  an  army ;  and, 
in  the  battle  of  Eres'ham,  entirely  defeated  the  forces  of 
Leicester,  who,  with  his  eldest  son,  was  among  the  slain 
(1265).  This  placed  Henry  again  on  the  throne;  and 
Prince  Edward  having  by  prudent  measures  restored  gen- 
eral tranquillity,  by  infusing  a  wiser  and  more  popular 
spirit  in  the  government,  went  on  a  crusade  to  the  Holy 
Land.  Before  his  return,  his  father  died  (1272),  after  the 
exceedingly  long  reign  of  fifty-six  years.  Henry  was  mild 
and  pacific  in  his  disposition,  but  possessed  neither  the 
talents  nor  force  of  character  required  to  cope  successfully 
with  the  difficulties 'of  so  disturbed  a  period.  England, 
however,  increased  in  wealth  and  influence  during  this 
reign,  and  widely  extended  her  commercial  relations  with 
other  countries. 

29.  Edward  I. — The  first  important  event  of  this  reign 
was  the  conquest  of  Wales,  which  Edward  undertook 
because  Lew-eXlyn,  prince  of  that  country,  refused  to  do  him 
the  homage  which  he  owed  as  a  vassal.  The  conquest  was 
completed  in  1283 ;  Lewellyn  being  executed  as  a  traitor,  and 
the  government  of  Wales  conferred  upon  the  king's  eldest 
son,  called  the  "  Prince  of  Wales  " — a  title  ever  afterward 
borne  by  the  eldest  son  of  the  English  sovereign.    This  event 

28.  How  did  Henry  regain  his  throne?  When  did  he  die?  What  was  his 
character ':    What  progress  was  made  during  his  reign  ? 

29.  What  was  the  first  important  event  ol  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  ?  Why  was 
Wales  attacked  ?    What  was  the  result  ? 


A.».  1298.]     EKGLAND   IN  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  171 

was  followed  by  a  cruel  persecution  of  the  Jews,  who  were 
at  last,  to  the  number  of  16,000,  banished  from  the  country. 

30.  The  wars  with  Scotland  occupy  nearly  all  the  rest  of 
this  reign.  A  lexander  III.,  king  of  that  country,  h aving  died 
without  heirs,  numerous  competitors  arose  for  the  throne, 
the  most  noted  of  whom  were  John  Ba'li-ol  and  Rooert 
Bruce,  the  former  being  the  grandson  of  a  second  daughter, 
and  the  latter  a  son  of  a  third  daughter,  of  David,  the  brother 
of  a  previous  king.  A  furious  dispute  having  arisen  in  the 
Scotch  parliament,  as  to  the  succession,  the  matter  was 
referred  to  the  arbitration  of  Edward,  who,  in  accordance 
with  the  unanimous  opinion  of  all  the  great  lawyers  of 
Europe,  decided  in  favor  of  Baliol,  as  being  the  most  direct 
descendant,  and  he  was  accordingly  placed  upon  the  throne. 

31.  Edward,  however,  had  meanly  taken  advantage  of  the 
circumstances  to  compel  Baliol  to  take  an  oath  of  fealty  to 
him,  and  thus  to  acknowledge  himself  a  vassal  to  the 
English  king;  and  he  subsequently  so  harassed  him  by 
frequent  and  degrading  commands,  that  Baliol  was  finally 
provoked  into  a  refusal  to  comply,  determining  to  make  a 
stand  for  his  own  and  his  people's  liberty.  He  was,  how- 
ever, unsuccessful ;  for  Edward,  invading  Scotland  with  a 
large  army,  defeated  Baliol  in  the  battle  of  Dunbar  (1296), 
took  him  prisoner,  and  carried  him  captive  to  England.  He 
was  afterward  released,  and  died  in  obscurity,  in  France. 

32.  Scotland,  although  subdued  for  a  time,  soon  found  a 
noble  champion  in  the  renowned  William  Wallace,  who  de- 
feated an  English  army  of  40,000  men,  near  Stirling,  and 
committed  great  ravages  in  the  north  of  England  (1297). 
The  next  year,  however,  Edward  defeated  Wallace,  in  the 
battle  of  Fal'hirk,  and  again  established  his  government  in 
Scotland.     Wallace   was  never  afterward  able  to  gain  a 

30.  What  dispute  led  to  the  intervention  of  Edward  I.  in  the  affairs  of  Scot- 
land ?    How  was  it  settled  ? 

3 1 .  What  dishonorable  course  did  Edward  pursue  ?  What  led  to  war  ?  What 
victory  did  the  English  gain  ?    What  became  of  Baliol  ? 

32.  What  victory  did  Wallace  gain  ?    Where  was  he  defeated  ?    His  fate  ? 


172  ENGLAND   IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.      [A.  D.  1307. 

decisive  victory  over  his  country's  enemies;  although  he 
fought  bravely  for  several  years,  until,  having  been  betrayed 
by  one  of  his  own  countrymen  into  the  power  of  Edward, 
that  remorseless  king  sent  him  to  London ;  and,  in  order  to 
intimidate  the  Scottish  leaders,  caused  him  to  be  executed 
(1305). 

33.  The  people  of  Scotland,  however,  made  another 
effort  to  regain  their  liberties  under  Robert  Bruce,  son  of 
the  competitor  of  Baliol,  and  now  acknowledged  the  right- 
ful heir  to  the  throne ;  and  the  English  were  once  more 
expelled  from  the  country.  But  Bruce  was  defeated  by  one 
of  Edward's  generals ;  und  the  king  himself  marched  to  com- 
plete the  conquest,  but  was  suddenly  taken  ill,  and  died,  at 
Carlisle  (1307),  enjoining  with  his  last  breath  his  son  and 
successor,  Edward,  to  prosecute  the  enterprise,  until  the 
Scots  should  be  entirely  subdued. 

34.  Edward  I.  had  also  carried  oh  war  with  Philip  IV.  of 
France,  who  had  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Scottish  king, 
Baliol.  He  confirmed,  but  with  great  reluctance,  the  Great 
Charter;  and  (in  1295)  caused  the  deputies  from  the  bor- 
oughs to  meet  the  other  representatives  in  Parliament, 
stating  that  "what  concerns  all  should  be  approved  by 
all," — a  principle  that  lies  at  the  foundation  of  all  civil 
and  political  freedom.  Edward  was  one  of  the  ablest  and 
most  successful  monarchs  that  ever  reigned.  He  was  pol- 
itic and  warlike,  popular  on  account  of  his  majestic  per- 
sonal appearance,  his  military  success,  and  his  wise  meas- 
ures. His  efforts  to  reform  and  establish  the  laws  gained 
for  him  the  appellation  of  the  English  Justinian. 

35.  Edward  II.,  unmindful  of  his  father's  dying  in- 
junction, withdrew  his  forces  from  Scotland,  and  the  people 
of  that  country  gradually  recovered  their  freedom.     Hav- 


33.  What  other  attempt  was  made  by  the  Scots  to  regain  their  freedom  ?  How 
did  Edward's  reign  end  ? 

84.  What  were  the  other  events  of  Edward's  reis™  ?    His  character  ? 

35.  What  account  is  given  of  the  battle  of  Bannockburn  ?  What  was  the  char- 
acter of  Edward  II.  ?    How  and  when  did  his  reign  end  ? 


A.  D.  1333.]      EKGLAND   IN"  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  1?3 

ing,  at  last,  in  the  seventh  year  of  his  reign,  invaded  the 
country,  he  was  disastrously  defeated  by  Kobert  Bruce,  in 
the  fanious  battle  of  Bannochbum  (1314).  Of  a  character 
the  very  reverse  of  his  father,  Edward  soon  lost  the  respect 
of  his  people,  and  gave  great  offence  to  the  nobles  by  sur- 
rendering himself  to  the  influence  of  foreign  favorites. 
Civil  war  finally  broke  out,  in  which  Isabella,  Edward's 
queen,  took  part  against  him ;  and  being  deserted  by  his 
subjects,  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies,  who  kept 
him  for  some  time  in  prison,  but  at  last  caused  him  to  be 
put  to  death  in  the  most  shocking  manner  (1327).  His 
son  Edward  had  previously  been  declared  king. 

36.  Edward  III. — In  consequence  of  the  youth  of  the 
king,  a  council  of  regency  was  appointed  to  administer  the 
government ;  but  the  real  power  was  possessed  by  Isabella 
and  her  paramour  (the  infamous  Mor'ti-mer,  a  prominent 
baron),  both  of  whom  had  been  accessory  to  the  murder  of 
the  late  king.  This  occasioned  universal  disgust  and  ab- 
horrence ;  and  the  young  king  soon  (1330)  found  means  to 
punish  the  murderers  of  his  father,  Mortimer  being  seized 
and  executed  as  a  common  criminal,  and  Isabella  placed  in 
confinement,  where  slie  was  kept  until  her  death. 

37.  Kobert  Bruce,  who  had  fully  achieved  the  independ- 
ence of  Scotland,  left  the  throne  to  his  son  David,  who  at 
the  time  of  his  father's  death  was  only  five  years  old.  Ed- 
ward, taking  advantage  of  this  circumstance,  endeavored 
to  depose  the  young  king,  so  as  to  place  Echuard  Baliol, 
son  of  the  former  king,  on  the  throne,  he  having  sworn 
fealty  to  the  English  -  monarch.  This  the  Scots  resisted, 
but  were  severely  defeated  by  Edward  in  the  great  battle 
of  Halidown  Hill  (1333),  and  were  again  brought  into  sub- 
jection to  the  English  crown,  David  fleeing  his  country, 
and  taking  refuge  in  France. 


36.  Mention  the  first  events  of  the  next  reign.    What  was  done  with  Mortimei 
and  Isabella  ? 

37.  How  was  Scotland  again  subdued  by  the  English  ? 


174  ENGLAND  IN"  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.      [A.  D.  1346. 


38.  Edward's  next  object  of  ambition  was  to  acquire 
possession  of  the  throne  of  France,  circumstances  seeming 
to  favor  that  project;  for  Charles  IV,  the  king  of  that 
country,  having  died  without  heirs,  the  nation  had  placed 
his  cousin  Philip  VI.  on  the  throne.  But  Edward,  through 
his  mother  Isabella,  was  a  more  direct  descendant;  and 
on  this  ground,  notwithstanding  that  the  ancient  laws  of 
France  (the  Salic  laiv—i.  e.,  law  of  the  Salian  Franks)  ex- 
cluded females  from  the  throne,  he  claimed  his  right  to 
the  succession,  and  proceeded  to  vindicate  it  by  force  of 
arms.  Having  destroyed  the  French  fleet  in  a  great  naval 
battle  (1340),  he  invaded  France,  and  with  forces  far  infe- 
rior to  those  of  Philip,  defeated  him  in  the  memorable 
battle  of  Crecy  (Jcres'e).  This  battle  is  made  particularly 
interesting,  not  only  by  the  greatness  of  the  victory,  but  by 
the  fact,  that  in  it  cannon  were  for  the  first  time  employed 
by  the  English,*  and  also  as  the  occasion  on  which  the 
king's  son  Edward,  afterward  styled  the  Black  Prince 
(from  the  color  of  his  armor),  commenced  his  brilliant 
military  career  (1346). 

39.  Edward  next  took  Calais  (Teal' is),  after  a  long  siege ; 
and  expelling  all  the  inhabitants,  peopled  it  anew  with 
English.  This  city,  regarded  as  the  key  of  France,  the 
English  retained  for  nearly  two  centuries.  While  Edward 
was  thus  engaged,  the  Scottish  people  had  again  placed 
David  Bruce  upon  the  throne,  who,  invading  England,  was 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner  in  the  battle  of  Neville's  Cross, 
near  Dur'ham  (1346).  This  victory  was  due  to  the  activity 
and  heroism  of  Phi-lip'pa,  Edward's  queen,  who,  previous 
to  the  action,  rode  through  the'  ranks  of  the  army,  exhort- 


*  Firearms  appear  to  have  been  used  by  the  Chinese  in  618  b.  c,  nearly  two  thousand  years 
before  the  battle  of  Crecy.  They  were  also  used  in  different  forms  in  India;  and,  as  early  as  the 
eighth  century,  by  the  Saracens.  The  invention  of  gunpowder  is  generally  attributed  to  Friar 
Bacon,  who  in  1216  announced  its  composition;  but  it  was  not  till  1320  that  the  proper  mode  of 
making  it  was  understood.     King  Edward's  cannon  were  only  of  the  size  of  duck-guns. 


38.  Why  did  Edward  III.  claim  the  French  throne  ?   What  battles  were  fought  ? 
What  gives  particular  interest  to  the  battle  of  Crecy  ? 

39.  What  other  events  occurred  in  France  and  England  about  the  same  time  ? 


A.  D.  1364.]      ENGLAND   IN  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  175 

ing  every  man  to  do  his  duty,  and  repel  the  invaders  of  their 
country.  Having  caused  David  to  be  lodged  in  the  Tower, 
"she  joined  her  husband  at  Calais. 

40.  A  truce  was  concluded,  a  short  time  afterward,  be- 
tween the  French  and  English  monarchs,  which  was  pro- 
tracted by  a  dreadful  plague  that  swept  away  many  thou- 
sands of  the  people,  not  only  in  England,  but  in  most  of 
the  other  countries  of  Europe.  Philip,  king  of  France,  hav- 
ing been  succeeded  by  John  (1350),  and  the  country  being 
distracted  by  factious  dissensions,  Edward  resolved  again 
to  attack  it ;  and  for  this  purpose  dispatched  the  Black 
Prince,  with  an  army,  to  Guienne,  while  he  himself  was  to 
make  an  incursion  by  way  of  Calais.  The  former  pene- 
trated into  the  heart  of  France  with  an  army  of  12,000 
men ;  but  at  Poitiers  (poi-terz')  found  himself  confronted 
by  a  splendidly  equipped  force  of  60,000  men,  commanded 
by  John  in  person.  Desirous  to  retreat,  the  Prince  offered 
to  restore  all  his  conquests  and  give  up  the  war ;  but  John 
declining  any  terms  but  unconditional  surrender,  a  battle 
ensued,  which,  owing  to  the  skill  and  valor  of  the  Black 
Prince,  resulted  in  the  entire  overthrow  of  the  French, 
John  himself  being  made  a  prisoner  (1356). 

41.  John,  in  accordance  with  the  manners  of  the  times, 
was  treated  by  his  conqueror  with  the  most  chivalric  cour- 
tesy and  respect;  but  was  kept  in  captivity  at  London  till 
ransomed  by  his  subjects  (1360),  when  he  resumed  the 
throne ;  but,  not  being  able  to  fulfil  the  terms  of  his  release, 
he  returned  to  London,  where  he  died  the  next  year  (1364). 
Under  his  successor,  war  was  renewed  between  the  two 
countries;  but  Edward  gained  no  permanent  advantage, 
although  the  Black  Prince  manifested  all  the  qualities  of 
an  able  and  enterprising  general.  The  latter,  however,  sul- 
lied his  fair  fame  by  causing  an  inhuman  butchery  of  all 


40.  What  protracted  the  truce  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Poitiers. 

41 .  What  further  account  is  given  of  King  John  ?    What  was  clone  by  the  Black 
Frince  ?    When  did  his  death  occur  ?   His  character  ?  Who  succeeded  Edward  III.  * 


176  ENGLAND   IN  THE  MIDDLE   AGES.      [A.  ».  1377. 

the  inhabitants  of  one  of  the  French  towns  after  it  had  sur- 
rendered to  his  arms.  Worn  out  by  incessant  toil  and  ex- 
posure, he  died  (1376),  universally  esteemed,  not  only  for 
his  heroism  and  skill  as  a  military  commander,  but  for  the 
generosity,  moderation,  and  amiability  which  shed  still 
greater  lustre  on  his  character.  The  king  survived  him 
only  a  year;  and  was  succeeded  (1377)  by  Richard,  the  son 
of  the  Black  Prince,  then  only  11  years  of  age. 

42.  Edward  III.  was  a  wise  and  powerful  monarch,  pop- 
ular not  only  for  his  military  success  and  prudent  admin- 
istration, but  for  his  many  personal  accomplishments.  He 
took  no  important  steps  without  consulting  his  parlia- 
ment, refused  to  pay  tribute  to  the  Pope  as  a  temporal 
prince,  to  which  John  had  meanly  consented;  and  so 
greatly  encouraged  trade,  that  he  has  been  called  the 
"  Father  of  English  commerce."  Wool  was  the  chief  arti- 
cle of  export,  and  an  extensive  trade  was  carried  on  with 
the  ports  of  the  Baltic.  During  this  reign,  also,  com- 
menced    the    FIRST    ERA    OF    ENGLISH    LITERATURE,    the 

earliest  known  work  in  prose,  the  Travels  of  Sir  John 
MandevilU,  being  published  about  1360.  The  famous  Jolm 
WicJcliffe,  and  the  poets  Chaucer  (chaw'ser)  and  Gower, 
also  nourished  during  a  part  of  this  reign. 

43.  Richard  II. — The  first  part  of  this  reign  is  noted 
for  an  insurrection  of  the  lower  orders  of  the  people,  occa- 
sioned by  the  condition  of  serfdom  in  which  they  were 
kept,  and  the  miseries  to  which  they  were  subjected  by  the 
unjust  laws  of  the  period,  and  by  the  oppressions  of  the 
wealthier  classes.  The  immediate  occasion  of  the  outbreak 
was  the  imposition  of  a  tax  on  every  person  above  fifteen 
years  of  age,  and  the  indignity  with  which  a  young  maiden, 
the  daughter  of  one  Wat  Tyler  (or  Wat,  the  tiler),  was 
treated  by  the  brutal  tax-gatherers.  This  so  incensed  her 
father  that  he  struck  the  officer  dead  with  his  hammer ; 

42.  What  was  the  character  of  Edward  III.  ?  What  is  said  of  his  administration  * 
Of  commerce  ?    Of  literature  ? 

43.  What  caused  the  insurrection  of  Wat  Tyler? 


A.  D.  1381]       ENGLAND   Itf  THE  MIDDLE   AGES.  177 

and,  being  joined  by  his  friends  and  neighbors,  raised  a 
revolt,  and  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  insurgents. 

44.  The  populace  to  the  number  of  100,000  men  as- 
sembled at  Blackheathy  near  London,  broke  into  the  city, 
burned  the  palaces  and  mansions  of  the  nobles,  plundered 
the  warehouses,  and  murdered  the  archbishop  and  many 
other  persons  of  distinction.  The  king  having  entered 
upon  a  conference  with  Wat  Tyler,  the  latter,  it  is  said, 
acted  with  so  much  insolence  that  WaV worth,  the  Mayor  of 
London,  struck  him  with  his  sword;  whereupon  Tyler 
was  immediately  dispatched  by  others  of  the  king's  retinue. 
Eichard,  to  quell  the  mutiny,  acceded  to  the  demands  of 
the  insurgents,  and  the  latter  dispersed ;  but  the  nobility 
having  raised  a  large  army,  the  ringleaders  were  appre- 
hended and  executed,  and  the  concessions  of  the  king  were 
annulled  (1381).  This  made  Eichard  very  unpopular  with 
the  common  people,  for  their  demands  had  been  reasonable 
and  just;  the  most  important  being  that  villenage  or  slavery 
should  be  abolished,  the  people  paying  a  fixed  rent  for  their 
lands,  instead  of  being  bound  to  do  such  services  as  their 
feudal  lords  might  require.  Serfdom,  however,  did  not 
entirely  cease  in  England  until  more  than  four  centuries 
after  the  date  of  these  events. 

45.  Eichard,  although  displaying  much  spirit  and  cour- 
age in  these  times  of  disturbance,  was  afterward  charac- 
terized by  indolence  and  want  of  capacity.  He  quarrelled 
with  the  great  officers  and  distinguished  nobles  of  his  court, 
and  gave  his  entire  confidence  to  unworthy  favorites.  He 
had  banished  his  cousin  Henry,  son  of  John  of  Gaunt, 
Duke  of  Lancaster,  for  being  concerned  in  a  duel ;  and,  on 
the  death  of  the  duke,  proceeded  to  dispossess  Henry  of 
his  estates  and  annex  them  to  those  of  the  crown.     Henry, 

44.  What  were  the  chief  incidents  of  this  rebellion  ?  How  was  it  subdued  ? 
What  made  Richard  unpopular  with  the  lower  orders?  What  were  their  de- 
mands ?    How  long  did  serfdom  continue  ? 

45.  What  was  the  character  of  Eichard  9  What  led  to  his  deposition  ?  What 
distinguished  reformer  and  poet  flourished  during  this  reign  ? 


178  ENGLAND  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.      [A.  D.  1403. 

however,  taking  advantage  of  Kichard's  absence  in  Ireland, 
landed  with  a  small  force  in  England ;  and  so  unpopular  was 
the  king,  that  the  invader  was  soon  joined  by  a  force  of 
G0,000  men.  Kichard  was  accordingly  deposed  (1399),  and, 
it  is  said,  was  soon  afterward  murdered.  During  this  reign 
Wickliffe,  called  by  some  the  "morning  star  of  the  Reforma- 
tion," translated  the  Bible.  He  and  his  doctrines  were 
much  favored  by  John  of  Gaunt.*  Chaucer,  styled  the 
"  Father  of  English  poetry,"  also  wrote  his  celebrated  poem, 
"  The  Canterbury  Tales." 

46.  Henry  IV.,  the  first  of  the  house  of  Lancaster,  had 
no  legal  right  to  the  throne,  being  a  descendant  of  the 
fourth  son  of  Edward  III.,  while  Edmund  Mortimer  was 
living,  who  was  descended  from  the  third  son  of  the  same 
monarch;  hence  this  reign  was  little  else  than  a  series 
of  insurrections.  The  most  formidable  was  that  excited 
by  the  Earl  of  Northumberland  and  his  son,  Harry  Percy, 
surnamed  Hotspur,  on  account  of  his  fiery  temper.  This 
young  nobleman  was  distinguished  for  the  battle  which,  in 
the  previous  reign,  he  had  fought  with  the  Scots  at  Otter- 
burn  (1388),  and  on  which  was  founded  the  famous  bal- 
lad of  "  Chevy  Chase."  He  had  also  greatly  aided  Henry 
in  his  efforts  to  obtain  possession  of  the  kingdom;  but, 
afterward  quarrelling  with  him,  joined  his  forces  to 
those  of  the  Scots  under  Douglas  and  the  Welsh  under 
Owen  Glen' dower,  with  the  object  of  placing  Mortimer  on 
the  throne. 

47.  A  terrific  battle  was  fought  near  Shrewsbury  (1403) ; 
but  the  rebels  were  defeated,  and  their  brave  leader,  Percy, 
was  slain.  The  king  and  his  son  took  part  in  the  battle, 
and  signalized  themselves  by  their  feats  of  strength  and 

*  Wickliffe  advocated  many  of  the  reforms  and  doctrines  afterward  preached  by  Luther  and 
Ins  followers,  in  the  16th  century.     The  followers  of  Wickliffe  were  called  Lollards. 

46.  Why  had  Henrv  IV.  no  legal  right  to  the  throne  ?  What  formidable  insur- 
rection broke  out*  What  was  Percy  called?  For  what  was  he  distinguished  ? 
What  gives  interest  to  the  battle  of  Otterburn  ? 

4  7.  Describe  the  battle  of  Shrewsbury.  How  did  religious  persecution  com 
mence  ?    By  whom  was  Henry  IV.  succeeded  ? 


A.  ».  1420.]     ENGLAND   IN"  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  179 

daring.  Henry,  in  order  to  gain  the  favor  of  the  Church, 
caused  severe  laws  to  be  passed  against  the  Lollards,  and 
one  of  them  was  condemned  and  burnt  at  the  stake  (1401). 
This  was  the  first  English  subject  that  was  put  to  death  on 
account  of  his  religious  opinions.  Henry  IV.  died  in  1413, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Henry  V. 

48.  Henry  V.,  during  his  father's  life,  had  been  distin- 
guished for  his  riotous  and  disorderly  conduct ;  and  had,  on 
one  occasion,  been  committed  to  prison  by  the  chief-justice, 
whom  he  had  insulted  for  indicting  one  of  his  dissolute  com- 
panions. On  his  accession,  however,  he  dismissed  his 
profligate  associates  and  thoroughly  reformed  his  life,  retain- 
ing in  office  the  wise  ministers  of  his  father,  including  the 
chief-justice  by  whom  he  had  been  so  fearlessly  punished. 
Among  his  first  acts  was  the  persecution  of  the  Lollards, 
now  a  numerous  party;  and  their  leader,  Lord  Cooham, 
with  many  others,  was  condemned  and  executed. 

49.  Henry  next  made  an  attack  upon  France,  which  he 
hoped  to  subdue ;  because,  during  the  lunacy  of  its  king, 
Charles  VI.,  it  was  distracted  by  disputes  as  to  who  should 
have  the  regency.  Having  taken  Har'flenr,  after  a  long 
siege,  he  marched  against  the  French  army,  four  times  as 
numerous  as  his  own,  and  totally  routed  it  in  the  memor- 
able battle  of  Ag'in-court  (1415),  10,000  of  the  French  be- 
ing slain  and  14,000  taken  prisoners ;  while,  it  is  said,  the 
English  lost  only  40.  After  some  other  successes,  a  treaty 
was  concluded  (1420)  at  Troyes  {tmvali),  by  which  Henry 
was  to  marry  the  king's  daughter  Catharine,  and  to  succeed 
to  the  French  throne  on  the  death  of  Charles,  and  the  two 
kingdoms  were  to  be  united.  Two  years  afterward,  he  and 
his  queen  entered  Paris  with  all  the  pageantry  of  a  royal 
progress,  dazzling  the  inhabitants  with  the  wealth  and  mag- 
nificence of  their  future  sovereigns;  but  in  a  few  months 


48.  What  was  the  character  of  Henry  V.  ?    How  did  he  commence  his  reicrn  ? 

49.  Why  did  he  invade  France ?    What  victory  did  he  gain  ?    What  treaty  wag 
made  ?    When  did  his  death  occur  ?    Who  was  his  successor  ? 


ISO  ENGLAND   IN  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.     [A.  ».  1437. 

death  stopped  short  the  triumphant  career  of  Henry,  and 
put  an  end  to  all  his  schemes  of  vainglory  and  ambition 
(1422).    He  left  one  son,  Henry,  less  than  a  year  old. 

50.  Henry  VI.,  at  his  accession,  was  proclaimed,  by  the 
Parliament,  King  of  France  as  well  as  of  England ;  and  his 
uncle,  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  the  most  accomplished  prince 
of  his  age,  was  appointed  Protector  of  the  kingdom,  and 
guardian  of  the  infant  king.  The  French  king,  Charles  VI., 
having  expired  a  few  months  after  the  death  of  Henry  V., 
his  son  Charles  VII.,  an  energetic  prince,  asserted  his  claim 
to  the  throne  in  opposition  to  that  of  the  English  king ; 
and  a  war  of  several  years  ensued,  in  which  the  French, 
chiefly  by  the  heroism  of  the  wonderful  Joan  of  Arc,*  were 
enabled  to  recover  their  country  from  the  possession  of 
the  English,  and  place  their  own  king,  Charles  VII.,  on 
the  throne  (1437). 

51.  Henry,  on  arriving  at  the  age  of  majority,  showed 
neither  the  capacity  nor  the  disposition  to  take  control  of 
the  government.  He  married  Margaret  of  A  njou,  a  prin- 
cess whose  accomplishments  and  masculine  energy  of  char- 
acter were  well  suited  to  supply  the  defects  and  weaknesses 
of  her  husband.  But  the  incapacity  of  the  king  encouraged 
the  rival  house  of  York  to  lay  claim  to  the  throne,  in  be- 
half of  Richard,  Duke  of  York,  the  descendant  of  Edward's 
third  son,  who  was  a  man  of  ability  and  valor,  as  well  as 
immense  wealth.  In  this  pretension  Richard  was  upheld  by 
the  greatest  nobleman  of  the  kingdom,  the  renowned  Earl 
of  Warwick  (war'rick),  afterward  called  the  King-maker, 
whose  means  and  possessions  were  so  extensive  that  30,000 
retainers  were  constantly  supported  by  him  in  his  various 
castles  and  manors.     An  insurrection  of  the  lower  orders, 


See  History  of  France,  Section  IV.,  27,  28. 


50.  What  led  to  a  war  with  France  during  the  regency  of  Bedford?  How  did 
the  French  regain  their  possessions  1 

51.  What  was  Henry's  character  ?  Whom  did  he  marry  ?  Her  character  ?  What 
led  to  the  claim  of  Richard,  duke  of  York  ?  By  whom  was  he  supported  ?  What 
is  said  of  Warwick  ?    Give  an  account  of  Jack  Cade's  rebellion. 


A.  D.  1461.]      ENGLAND   IK  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  181 

under  a  leader  named  Jack  Cade,  broke  out  about  this 
time,  but  was  soon  put  down,  Cade  being  slain  (1450). 

52.  The  king's  government  being  very  unpopular,  Kich- 
ard  raised  an  army,  ostensibly  for  the  redress  of  grievances ; 
and  in  the  battle  of  St.  Albans  (awl' bans)  defeated  the 
royalists  (1455),  and  took  the  king  prisoner.  This  was  the 
first  battle  in  that  great  civil  war  styled  the  "  War  of  the 
Eoses"  (from  the  badges  of  the  parties,  the  Lancastrians 
wearing  a  red  rose  and  the  Yorkists  a  white  rose).  This 
war  lasted  thirty  years,  was  signalized  by  twelve  pitched 
battles,  and  almost  annihilated  the  ancient  nobility  of  Eng- 
land. The  next  year  after  the  battle  of  St.  Albans,  the  king 
was  restored  to  his  authority ;  but  the  contest  soon  broke 
out  with  increased  fury,  and  in  the  battle  of  Northampton 
the  king  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Earl  of 
Warwick  (1460),  after  which  the  Duke  of  York  was  pro- 
claimed the  lawful  successor  of  Henry,  and  Edward,  the 
son  of  Henry  and  Margaret,  was  excluded  from  the  throne. 

53.  The  queen,  however,  fled  to  Scotland,  and  with  the 
aid  of  the  northern  barons  raised  a  large  army,  with  which, 
in  the  battle  of  Wakefield,  she  defeated  the  Duke  of  York, 
who  was  taken  prisoner  and  put  to  death  (1460).  A  few 
weeks  after  this,  Margaret  defeated  the  Earl  of  Warwick 
and  regained  possession  of  the  king ;  but  Edward,  son  of 
the  late  Duke  of  York,  joining  his  forces  with  those  of 
Warwick,  compelled  her  to  retreat,  and,  triumphantly  enter- 
ing London,  was  proclaimed  king,  under  the  title  of  Edivard 
IV.  (1461). 

54.  Edward  IV. — -Queen  Margaret,  however,  was  not 
subdued.  She  succeeded  in  collecting  an  army  of  60,000 
men  in  the  northern  counties,  with  which  she  encountered 
the  forces  of  Edward  and  Warwick,  in  the  terrific  battle  of 

52.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  St.  Albans?  Its  result?  What  civil  war  was 
commenced  by  it  ?  What  is  said  of  this  war  ?  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Northamp- 
ton ?    What  were  its  consequences  ? 

53.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Wakefield?  What  was  its  result?  How  did 
Edward  IV.  obtain  the  throne  ? 

54.  What  other  efforts  were  made  by  Margaret  ?    With  what  results  ? 


182  ENGLAND   IN  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.      [A.D.  1482. 

Two' ton;  but  was  totally  defeated  (1461),  and  compelled, 
with  her  husband,  to  take  refuge  in  Scotland.  During  the 
next  three  years,  Margaret  made  but  one  effort  to  recover 
the  lost  kingdom,  but  was  defeated  and  compelled  to  flee  to 
Fiance ;  a  short  time  after  which,  Henry  fell  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  king,  and  was  confined  in  the  Tower  at  London. 

55.  Edward's  vices,  however,  and  his  marriage  with  Eliz- 
abeth Gray,  a  Lancastrian  knight's  widow,  upon  whose 
relatives  the  infatuated  monarch  showered  all  his  favors, 
so  disgusted  the  brave  and  high-spirited  Warwick  that  he 
deserted  the  cause  of  Edward,  and  formed  an  alliance  with 
Margaret.  So  popular  was  this  nobleman,  that  in  a  few 
days  he  raised  an  army  of  60,000  men,  compelled  Edward 
to  flee,  and  placed  Henry  again  on  the  throne  (1471).  Dis- 
aster soon  followed  this  great  victory ;  for  Edward  landing 
in  England  with  a  small  force,  was  soon  joined  by  an  im- 
mense army,  and  regaining  possession  of  London,  once 
more  made  prisoner  the  hapless  Henry,  and  marched 
against  Warwick,  who  had  taken  a  position  at  Bar'net, 
near  London. 

56.  The  king-maker,  deserted  by  his  son-in-law,  the 
Duke  of  Clarence,  brother  to  Edward,  who  with  a  large 
force  went  over  to  the  Yorkists,  was  defeated  in  the  battle 
of  Barnet,  and  slain  (1471) ;  and,  a  fortnight  afterward,  Ed- 
ward gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the  forces  of  Margaret 
at  Tewks'bury,  the  latter,  with  her  son  Edward,  being 
among  the  prisoners.  The  young  prince  was  cruelly  put 
to  death  by  the  Dukes  of  Clarence  and  Gloster,  brothers  of 
Edward  IV.,  and  Margaret  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  A 
few  days  after  this  battle,  Henry  expired  in  the  Tower,  ac- 
cording to  general  belief,  by  the  murderous  hand  of  the 
cruel  and  wicked  Duke  of  Gloster.  Queen  Margaret  after- 
ward found  a  refuge  in  France,  where  she  died  (1482). 

5  ii.  How  did  Edward  IV.  disgust  the  Earl  of  Warwick  ?  How  did  Henry  regain 
the  throne  ?    How  did  he  again  lose  it  ? 

56.  Where  was  Warwick  defeated  and  slain?  Where  was  Margaret  defeated ? 
What  followed  the  battle  of  Tewksbury  ? 


A.  D.1483.]      ENGLAND   IK  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  183 

57.  Edward,  being  now  secure  on  the  throne,  gave  him- 
self up  to  every  species  of  vice  and  debauchery.  He  caused 
his  brother,  Duke  of  Clarence,  to  be  put  to  death  on  a 
charge  of  treason,  being  probably  instigated  to  this  crime 
by  his  younger  brother,  Richard,  Duke  of  Gloster,  who  was 
noted  for  his  designing  character  and  unrelenting  ambition. 
Edward  was  about  to  engage  in  a  war  with  France,  when 
he  was  seized  with  a  distemper,  of  which  he  expired  (1483). 
During  this  reign,  William  Caxton  introduced  into  Eng- 
land the  art  of  printing,  the  first  printed  book  being  "  The 
Game  and  Playe  of  Chesse"  (1474). 

58.  Edward  V.,  the  eldest  son  of  Edward  IV.,  a  youth 
of  twelve  years,  was  proclaimed  king ;  and  his  uncle,  the 
Duke  of  Gloster,  was  appointed  Protector.  This  artful  and 
wicked  prince,  obtaining  possession  of  the  young  king  and 
his  brother  Richard,  placed  them  in  the  Tower ;  and  caused 
Lord  Rivers,  their  maternal  uncle,  and  Lord  Hastings,  with 
several  other  distinguished  persons,  to  be  executed  on  a 
charge  of  treason.  He  then  gave  out  that  the  young 
princes  were  illegitimate ;  and  contrived  that  some  of  his 
friends  should  solicit  him  to  take  the  crown,  which,  with 
pretended  reluctance,  he  accepted,  and  held  under  the  title 
of  Richard  III.  (1483). 

59.  Richard  III. — The  first  act  of  this  wicked  usurper 
was  to  destroy  the  two  young  princes,  who  are  supposed  to 
have  been  smothered  in  their  beds,  in  the  Tower,  by  his 
orders.  But  he  was  not  permitted  quietly  to  enjoy  the 
fruits  of  his  crimes.  A  conspiracy  was  formed  against  him 
by  his  former  friend,  the  Duke  of  Buckingham ;  but  it 
failed,  and  Buckingham  was  seized  and  executed.  The 
nation,  however,  soon  found  a  deliverer  in  Henry  Tudor, 
Earl  of  Richmond,  the  last  heir  of  the  house  of  Lancaster, 

57.  State  the  other  events  of  Edward's  reign.  When  did  his  death  occur  ?  Who 
introduced  the  art  of  printing  1    What  was  the  first  hook  printed  in  England  ? 

58.  Who  was  the  immediate  successor  of  Edward  IV.?  How  did  Richard, 
Duke  of  Gloster,  obtain  the  throne  ? 

59.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  two  young  princes  ?  Of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  ? 
How  was  this  reign  terminated  ?    Who  was  proclaimed  king  at  Bosworth  ? 


184:  ENGLAND   IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.      [A.  ».  1485. 

who,  landing  at  Mil' ford  Haven,  in  Wales,  was  soon  joined 
by  sufficient  forces  to  cope  with  those  of  the  usurper.  An 
engagement  took  place  at  Bosworth  Field,  in  which  the 
forces  of  Bichard  were  defeated,  and  he  himself,  fighting 
desperately  in  the  conflict,  was  slain.  Eichmond  was  pro- 
claimed king  on  the  battle-field,  by  the  title  of  Henry  VII 
(1485). 


a 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

A.  D. 

827.  Egbert  unites  the  Saxon  kingdoms.    Commencement  of 

the  English  monarchy. 
871.  Accession  of  Alfred  the  Great.     Reigned  30  years. 
'  1013.  Sweyn,  the  first  Danish  king.    Reigned  about  6  months. 
1017.  Canute  the  Great,  sole  monarch  of  England.    Reigned  19 

years. 
1042.  Edward  the  Confessor.     Saxon  line  restored.    Reigned 

24  years. 
10G6.  Harold  declared  king.    Reigned  about  one  year. 
1066.  Battle  of  Hastings.    Harold  defeated  by  William  (I.)  of 

Normandy. 
1087.  William  II.  (Rufus).    Reigned  13  years. 
1100.  Henry  I.  (Beauclerk).     Reigned  35  years. 
1135.  Stephen  (of  Blois).    Defeated  by  Matilda  (1139). 
1154.  Henry  II.  (Plantagenet).     Reigned  35  years. 
1170.  Death  of  Thomas  a  Becket. 
1172.  Conquest  of  Ireland. 
1189.  Richard  I.  (Coeur  de  Lion.)    Ransomed  by  his  subjects 

(1194).     Reigned  10  years. 
1199.  John  (Lackland).     Reigned  17  years. 

1215.  Magna  Charta  signed. 

1216.  Henry  III.     Reigned  56  years. 

1264.  Battle    of   Lewes.      Henry    and    Prince    Edward    >.iade 

prisoners. 

1265.  House  of  Commons  instituted  by  Leicester. 
"      Battle  of  Evesham. 

1272.  Edward  I.     Reigned  35  years. 
1283.  Conquest  of  Wales.     Prince  Lewellyn  executed. 
1296.  Battle  of  Dunbar ;  the  Scots  defeated. 
I  1298.  Battle  of  Falkirk;  Wallace  defeated. 


ENGLAND   LN"  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  185 

1305.  Wallace  taken  prisoner  and  executed. 

1307.  Edward  II.    Keigned  20  years. 

1314.  Battle  of  Bannockburn.    Edward  defeated  by  Robert  Bruce 

1327.  Edward  III.    Reigned  50  years. 

1333.  Battle  of  Halidown  Hill ;  the  Scots  defeated. 

1346.  Battle  of  Crecy ;  the  French  defeated  by  Edward  III. 

"     Battle  of  Neville's  Cross  ;  Scots  defeated. 
1356.  Battle  of  Poitiers  ;  French  defeated  by  the  Black  Prince. 

1376.  Death  of  the  Black  Prince. 

1377.  Richard  II.    Reigned  12  years. 
1381.  Insurrection  of  Wat  Tyler. 

1388.  Battle  of  Otterburn,  between  Percy  (Hotspur)  and  Douglas. 
L 1399.  Henry  IV.    Reigned  14  years. 
1401.  A  Lollard  clergyman  burnt  at  the  stake. 
1403.  Battle  of  Shrewsbury.   Percy  defeated  and  slain. 
1413.  Henry  V.    Reigned  9  years. 
1415.  Battle  of  Agincourt. 
1420.  Treaty  of  Troyes. 
1422.  Henry  VI.    Reigned  39  years. 
1450.  Jack  Cade's  rebellion. 
1455.  Battle  of  St.  Albans  ;  the  royalists  defeated. 

1460.  Battle  of  Northampton.     King  Henry  taken  prisoner. 

1461.  Battle  of  Wakefield.    Duke  of  York  captured  and  slain. 
1461.  Edward  IV.  proclaimed  king.     Reigned  22  years. 

"     Battle  of  Tow  ton.    Queen  Margaret  defeated  by  Edward 
and  Warwick. 
1471.  Battle  of  Barnet.   Warwick  slain.  King  Henry  assassinated. 
"      Battle  of  Tewksbury.    Queen  Margaret  defeated,  and  Prince 
Edward  assassinated. 
1474.  Art  of  Printing  introduced  into  England. 

1482.  Death  of  Queen  Margaret,  in  France. 

1483.  Edward  V.    Reigned  74  days. 
1483.  Richard  III.    Reigned  2  years. 

1485.  Battle  of  Bosworth.     Henry  VII.  proclaimed  king. 


186  ENGLAND   IN  THE   MIDDLE   AGES. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  State  all  you  can  of  Alfred  the  Great  and  his  successes 157-159 

2.  Of  Edward  the  Elder,  Athelstan,  and  Ethelred 157-158-159 

3.  Of  Sweyn,  Edmund  Ironside,   and  Canute 158-159 

4.  Of  Harold  Harefoot,  Hardicanute,  and  Edward  the  Confessor 159 

5.  Give  a  history  of  the  Danish  invasions  of  England 147-148-157 

6.  State  what  you  can  of  Harold  and  his  career 159-160 

7.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  most  important  events  from  the  ac- 

cession of  Egbert  to  the  battle  of  Hastings ...         184 

8.  Give  an  account  of  William  I.  and  the  events  in  his  reign 160-161-189 

9.  Of  William  II.  and  the  events  in  his  reign 161-162-189 

10.  Of  Henry  I.,  surnamed  Beauclerk,  and  the  events  in  his  reign 162 

11.  Of  the  contest  between  Stephen  and  Matilda 162 

12.  How  did  Henry  Plantaganet  get  to  be  king  of  England  ? 162-163 

13.  Name  the  principal  events  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II 163-164-165-166 

14.  Give  the  narrative  in  relation  to  Thomas  a  Becket 163-164 

15.  Give  the  early  history  of  Ireland 165 

16.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Queen  Eleanor 166 

17.  Sketch  the  character  and  career  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion 166-167 

18.  Of  King  John  (Lackland)  and  the  events  in  his  reign 167-168-169 

19.  Give  the  history  and  character  of  Magna  Charta 168-169-172 

20.  Sketch  the  character  and  reign  of  Henry  III 169-170 

21.  Name  the  principal  events  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I ,  170-171-172 

22.  Give  an  account  of  Robert  Bruce,  his  successes  and  misfortunes 172-173 

23.  Of  Edward  II.  and  his  reign  172-173 

24.  Name  the  principal  events  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III 173-174-175-176 

25.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  principal  events  from  the  battle  of 

Hastings  to  the  battle  of  Poitiers 184-185 

26.  Give  an  account  of  the  Wat  Tyler  insurrection 176-177 

27.  What  were  the  other  events  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  ? 177-178 

28.  Give  an  account  of  the  contest  between  Henry  IV.  and  Mortimer 178-179 

29.  Sketch  the  character  and  reign  of  Henry  V 179-180 

30.  What  contest  for  territory  took  place  during  the  next  reign  ? 180 

31.  Give  an  account  of  the  contest 180 

32.  State  what  you  can  of  Queen  Margaret 180-181-182 

&3.  Relate  the  facts  in  the  career  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick. 180-181-182 

34.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  principal  events  from  the  battle  of 

Poitiers  to  the  battle  of  Barnet 185 

35.  What  battles  were  fought  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  ? 181 

36.  What  was  the  result  in  each  of  the  three  battles  ? 181 

37.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  character  of  Edward  IV 182-183 

88.  Give  an  account  of  the  career  of  the  Duke  of  Gloster  (Richard  HL).. .  183-184 

89.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  principal  events  from  the  battle  of 

Barnet  to  the  battle  of  Bosworth 185 

40.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Jack  Cade's  rebellion  ? 180-181 

41.  Of  the  Black  Prince  and  his  career  ? 174-175-176 

42.  Of  William  Wallace,  his  success  and  defeat  ? 171 

43.  Of  Stephen  Langton,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  ? 168 

44.  Of  the  battle  of  Hastings,  its  causes  and  consequences  ? 160 

45.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  important  events  in  the  history  of 

England  during  the  Middle  Ages 181-185 


A.  D.087.]  PRANCE  IN  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  187 


SECTION  IV. 

France  during  the  Middle  Ages. 

Extending  from  the  Founding  of  the  Capetian  Dynasty  (987)  to  the  End 
of  th6  Beign  of  Louis  XL  (1483). 

1.  Hugh  Capet. — From  the  accession  of  Hugh  Cap'et 
(or  ha' pet),  for  about  two  centuries,  the  dominions  of  the 
French  kings  had  but  little  extent,  haying  been  usurped, 
during  the  previous  weak  reigns,  by  the  ambitious  and  tur- 
bulent nobles.  The  most  important  of  these  minor  govern- 
ments were  Brit'tany,  in  the  northwest;  Normandy,  in 
the  north;  Aquitaine,  or  Guienne  (ghe-en'),  and  Anjou 
(ahn'joo),  in  the  west;  Gas' cony  and  Na-varre' ,  in  the 
southwest;  Provence  (pro-vahns'),  in  the  southeast;  and 
Bur' gundy,  Champagne  (sham-pan' y a),  and  Flan'ders,  in 
the  east  and  northeast.  So  that,  in  fact,  only  a  small 
part  of  what  is  now  called  France,  at  the  period  of  these 
early  Capetian  (kah-pe 'she-an)  monarchs,  was  under  their 
sway;  and  the  history  of  the  period  mainly  consists  of  an 
account  of  the  wars  resulting  from  this  divided  state  of  the 
country,  and  of  the  gradual  consolidation  of  the  whole 
into  one  kingdom.  Hugh  Capet  was  an  active  and  prudent 
monarch;  and,  during  his  reign  of  nearly  ten  years,  he 
succeeded  in  overcoming  all  opposition  to  his  authority, 
and  in  enlarging  his  dominions.  At  his  death  (996),  he 
left  the  throne  to  his  son  Robert. 

2.  Robert  succeeded  in  annexing  Burgundy  to  his  do- 

Map  Questions.— (Map,  page  188.)  What  countries  east  and  northeast  of  France  ? 
What  provinces  in  the  northern  part?  In  the  eastern  part?  Southern  part? 
Western  part  ?  Central  part  ?  Where  is  Paris  ?  Orleans  ?  Brest  ?  Rochelle  ? 
Bordeaux?    Avignon?    Troyes  ?    Poitiers?    Tours?    Rlieims  ?    Nancy? 

1.  What  is  said  of  the  extent  of  France?  Name  the  principal  minor  govern- 
ments, with  their  situation.  Of  what  does  the  history  of  France  at  this  period 
consist  ?    What  is  said  of  Hugh  Capet  and  his  reign  ? 

2.  What  were  the  chief  events  in  the  reign  of  Eobert  ?  What  caused  a  destruc- 
tive pestilence  ?    What  is  said  of  this  period  ?    By  whom  was  Robert  succeeded  ? 


188 


FRANCE  IN"  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.     [A.  ».  1000. 


minions,  but  refused  the  kingdom  of  Italy  and  the  empire 
of  Germany,  which  he  was  invited  to  accept.  The  papal 
authority  Avas  exercised  at  this  time  so  severely,  that  Rob- 
ert was  compelled,  by  excommunication,  to  divorce  his  be- 
loved wife  Bertha,  because  she  was  his  fourth  cousin. 
During  this  reign  the  year  1000  arrived,  which  had  been 
almost  universally  predicted  as  the  millennium — the  end  of 


the  world.  This  belief  occasioned  general  neglect  and 
idleness ;  and  a  dreadful  famine  and  pestilence  was  the  re- 
sult, which  swept  away  vast  multitudes  of  people,  and 
caused  the  most  frightful  miseries  and  crimes.  The  super- 
stition and  ignorance  of  the  people,  and  the  oppression  and 
vices  of  the  nobles,  made  this  one  of  the  darkest  periods  in 


A.  D.  1108.]       FEAKCE  12*  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  189 

human  history.    Kobert  died  in  1031,  and  left  the  throne 
to  his  son  Henry. 

3.  Henry  I. — This  reign  is  noted  for  the  repeated  wars 
which  Henry  waged  with  the  Duke  of  Normandy —  William, 
afterward  the  Conqueror  of  England,  who  successfully  de- 
fended his  dominions  against  the  attacks  of  the  French 
king.  This  was  the  cause  of  that  aversion  between  the 
English  and  French  monarchs  that  occasioned  so  many 
wars  during  the  following  reigns.  The  power  of  the 
Church  was  exercised  during  this  reign  to  put  a  check  to 
the  unceasing  warfare  of  the  nobles,  and  to  procure  some 
respite  for  the  unfortunate  peasantry,  so  that  they  might 
cultivate  the  lands,  and  thus  prevent  famine  and  pestilence. 
This  was  effected  by  establishing  what  was  called  the  Truce 
of  God — a  religious  injunction  against  all  military  opera- 
tions, duelling,  and  other  acts  of  violence,  from  Wednes- 
day, at  sunset,  till  sunrise  on  Monday,  and  on  all  feast  and 
holy  days.  This  regulation  did  much,  eventually,  to  soften 
the  ferocity  of  these  terrible  times.  Henry  I.  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Philip  (1060). 

4.  Philip  I.  was  a  haughty  and  unprincipled  monarch. 
He  engaged  in  a  war  with  William  of  Normandy,  after  the 
conquest  of  England  by  the  latter,  and  endeavored  to  sow 
dissensions  between  him  and  his  son  Robert.  After  the 
death  of  William,  he  assisted  Robert  against  William  Ru- 
fus,  compelling  the  latter  to  surrender  Normandy  to  his 
brother.  He  was  excommunicated  by  the  Pope  four  times, 
for  seizing  by  violence,  and  illegally  marrying,  the  Countess 
of  Anjou,  whom  he  refused  to  deliver  up  to  her  lawful  hus- 
band. During  this  reign  Peter  the  Hermit  preached  the 
First  Crusade  (1095).  Philip  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Louis  (1108). 

5.  Louis  VI.,  surnamed  the  Fat,  was  an  energetic  and 

3.  For  what  is  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  noted  ?  What  was  the  "  Truce  of  God  ?" 
W  hat  led  to  its  institution  ?  Wha'  was  the  effect  of  it  ?  Who  succeeded  Henry  1.  ? 

4.  What  is  said  of  Philip  I.  ?  What  were  the  chief  events  of  his  reign  ?  Who 
was  his  successor? 


190  FBASTCE  EN"  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.       [A.D.I  180. 

prudent  king.  He  did  important  service  to  France  by 
keeping  the  great  vassals  of  the  crown  under  control,  and 
gave  to  the  towns  their  first  charters,  thus  relieving  large 
numbers  of  the  lower  orders  from  the  wretched  condition 
of  serfdom,  in  which  they  had  been  kept  by  the  iron  hand 
of  the  aristocracy.  These  early  municipalities  were  called 
Communes,  or  commons  (afterward  the  third  estate),  and 
consisted  of  citizens  leagued  together  for  mutual  interest 
and  defence.  Henry  I.,  of  England,  having  regained  Nor- 
mandy, Louis  attempted  to  dispossess  him ;  but,  although 
he  raised  a  large  army,  the  great  barons  refused  to  assist 
him,  believing  that  the  balance  of  power  would  be  destroy- 
ed if  Normandy  were  annexed  to  the  French  king's  domin- 
ions.    He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Louis  (1137). 

6.  Louis  VII.,  by  marrying  Eleanor,  became  possessed 
of  Guienne  and  Poitou  (pivah-too') ;  but,  during  the  expe- 
dition which  he  undertook  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  in  which 
he  was  accompanied  by  his  queen,  he  was  so  provoked  by 
the  freedom  and  levity  of  her  conduct  that  he  divorced 
her,  and  thus  lost  her  great  possessions.  These  he  had  the 
mortification  of  seeing  annexed  to  the  dominions  of  Henry, 
Duke  of  Normandy,  Count  of  Anjou  and  Maine,  and  after- 
ward king  of  England  (Henry  II.),  whom  Eleanor  had  mar- 
ried after  her  divorce  from  the  French  king.  In  this  way 
Henry  II.  came  into  possession  of  more  extensive  territories 
in  France  than  those  of  the  French  king  himself.  Louis 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  Philip  (1180). 

7.  Philip  II.  {Augustus). — During  this  reign,  the  au- 
thority of  the  monarch  was  more  generally  acknowledged 
than  it  had  been  since  the  accession  of  Hugh  Capet,  and 
the  country  became  more  united  and  powerful.     This  was 

5.  What  was  the  character  of  Louis  VI.  ?  How  did  he  benefit  France  ?  What 
were  the  "  Communes  ?"  What  caused  a  war  between  him  and  Henry  I.  of  Eng- 
land ?     Who  succeeded  him  ? 

6.  How  did  Louis  VII.  extend  his  dominions  ?  How  were  they  afterward  dimin- 
ished ?    Who  was  his  successor  ? 

7.  What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Philip  II.?  State  the  principal  events  of  it. 
How  did  Philip  extend  his  dominions  ?  What  other  measures  did  he  accomplish? 
Who  succeeded  him  ? 


A.  D.  1217.]       FRANCE   IN   THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  191 

partly  due  to  the  great  ability  and  prudence  of  Philip,  who 
knew  how  to  make  himself  respected  and  feared.  He  en- 
gaged in  the  third  Crusade  with  Kichard  I.,  of  England ; 
but,  becoming  jealous  of  the  English  monarch's  fame,  he 
deserted  him;  and,  returning  home,  basely  plotted  with 
Richard's  brother  John  to  seize  his  dominions.  Failing  in 
this,  he  afterward  obtained  the  English  provinces  in  France 
by  means  of  the  wickedness  and  cowardice  of  John.  He 
thus  added  to  his  dominions,  Normandy,  Maine,  Anjou, 
Poitou,  and  Louvaine ;  and  afterward  extended  his  sway  to 
the  Pyrenees.  He  greatly  improved  the  discipline  of  the 
army,  encouraged  learning,  and  walled  and  paved  Paris  and 
several  other  towns.  After  a  reign  of  43  years,  he  left  his 
kingdom  in  a  state  of  tranquillity  to  his  son  Louis  (1223). 

8.  The  Albigenses. — The  reign  of  Philip  II.  is  also 
noted  for  the  persecution  of  the  Al'bi-gen-ses, — a  numerous 
sect  of  dissenters  from  the  Church  of  Eome,  who  arose  in 
the  commencement  of  the  13th  century,  in  Languedoc 
(lari'ghe-doc),  and  were  supported  by  Raymond  VI.,  Count 
of  that  province.  They  received  their  name  from  Albigeois 
(al'be-zhivah),  the  district  in  which  they  first  appeared. 
During  the  reign  of  Philip  Augustus  (1209),  Pope  Innocent 
III.  caused  a  crusade  to  be  preached  against  them,  excom- 
municating both  them  and  Count  Raymond ;  and,  in  the 
war  which  ensued,  many  of  their  towns  were  taken,  and  the 
most  dreadful  massacres  perpetrated.  Raymond  was,  at 
last,  obliged  to  submit  to  the  authority  of  the  Pope.  Dur- 
ing the  war,  Simon  de  Montfort,  the  elder,*  took  an  active 
part  against  the  Albigenses,  and  was  conspicuous  for  his 
cruelty  and  perfidy.  He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Toulouse 
(1218). 

9.  Louis  VIII.   was  a  feeble  monarch ;   but  the  wise 

*  Father  of  the  famous  Earl  of  Leicester,  who  founded  the  English  House  of  Commons. 

8.  Who  were  the  Albigenses  ?  Why  were  they  so  called  ?  Give  an  account  of  the 
crusade  against  them.    What  is  said  of  Simon  de  Montfort  ? 

9.  What  was  the  character  of  Louis  VIII.  ?  What  was  the  state  of  France  dur- 
ing his  reign  ?    Describe  the  crusade  against  the  Albigenses. 


192  FRANCE   IN"  TITE   MIDDLE   AGES.       [A. ».  1249. 

policy  of  Philip  Augustus  had  given  such  an  impulse  to 
affairs,  that  France  continued  to  be  triumphant  over  the 
English,  who,  during  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  made 
repeated  attacks  upon  the  French  territories.  Another 
crusade  was  undertaken  against  the  Albigenses  by  Louis 
VIII.,  under  the  authority  of  the  Pope.  With  a  large 
army,  he  laid  siege  to  Avignon  (ah-ven'yong),  but  was  kept 
so  long  under  its  walls  that  20,000  men  perished  by  dis- 
ease and  famine ;  and  Louis  himself  died  a  short  time 
after  he  received  the  submission  of  the  conquered  in- 
habitants (122G). 

10.  Louis  IX.  (Saint  Louis),  son  and  successor  of  Louis 
VIII.,  was  but  a  youth  at  the  time  of  his  accession ;  and 
the  government  was  administered  by  his  mother,  Blanche 
of  Castile  (Icas-teeT),  during  whose  regency  the  war  against 
the  Albigenses  was  closed  by  the  complete  submission  of 
Count  Eaymond,  and  the  cession,  by  formal  treaty,  of 
Languedoc  to  the  crown  of  France  (1229).  The  Inquisi- 
tion was  established  at  Toulouse  (too-loos'),  and  all  who  re- 
fused to  conform  to  the  tenets  of  the  Church  of  Eome 
were  mercilessly  punished.  The  remnant  of  the  Albigenses 
emigrated  to  the  east,  and  are  lost  sight  of  in  history  a 
short  time  after  these  events. 

11.  Louis,  although  uninstructed  in  letters,  imbibed  the 
most  excellent  principles  of  conduct  from  his  mother,  and 
strictly  observed  them  after  he  attained  the  age  of  majority. 
He  engaged  in  a  crusade  (1249)  against  the  Sultan  of 
Egypt,  but  was  taken  prisoner,  and  ransomed  by  his  sub- 
jects for  an  immense  sum  ($1,500,000).  Keturning  after 
an  absence  of  five  years,  he  ruled  with  so  much  candor  and 
moderation,  and  with  such  a  conscientious  regard  for  jus- 
tice and  rectitude,  that  he  was  universally  esteemed,  and 


10.  Who  succeeded  Louis  VTIL  ?  Who  at  fin»t  administered  the  government  ? 
How  was  the  war  against  the  Albigenses  closed  ?    What  followed  the  treaty  ? 

1 1.  What  was  the  character  of  Louis  IX.  and  of  his  government?  What  cru- 
sades did  he  undertake  ?  When  and  how  did  his  death  occur  ?  By  whom  was  he 
canonized  ?    Why  J 


A.  D.  1285.]      FEAKCE   IN  THE  MIDDLE   AGES.     .  193 

was  enabled  to  promote  the  true  progress  and  happiness  of 
his  people.  In  another  crusade,  undertaken  to  check  the  Mo- 
hammedans in  Syria,  he  crossed  to  Africa,  and  died  of  the 
plague  near  Tunis  (1270).  Louis,  some  years  after  his  death, 
was  formally  canonized  by  the  Pope  (Boniface  VIII.)  for  his 
many  virtues  and  his  efforts  and  sacrifices  for  the  cause  of 
Christianity  (1297).  During  the  troubles  between  Henry 
III.  of^  England  and  his  barons,  Louis  was  chosen  umpire 
by  both  parties,  but  his  decision  was  disregarded. 

12.  Philip  III.,  called  the  Hardy  (because  his  constitu- 
tion had  proved  strong  enough  to  resist  the  pestilence  that 
carried  off  his  father),  continued  the  war  against  the  Moors ; 
and,  with  the  aid  of  his  uncle,  Charles  of  Anjou,  king  of 
Sicily,  reduced  the  king  of  Tunis  to  submission.  Charles, 
who  had  but  recently  acquired  possession  of  Sicily,  became 
very  odious  to  the  people  by  his  arbitrary  government  and 
the  excesses  of  his  followers ;  and  this  discontent  was  en- 
couraged by  Peter,  king  of  Aragon,*  who  claimed  the 
island.  The  result  was,  that,  on  Easter  day  (1282),  when 
the  church-bell  sounded  for  vespers,  the  Sicilians  rushed 
on  all  the  French  they  could  meet  with,  and  massacred 
them  without  mercy.  About  8,000  persons  perished  by  this 
dreadful  event,  which  is  known  in  history  as  the  Massacre 
of  the  Sicilian  Vespers.  Peter  of  Aragon,  by  this  means, 
succeeded  in  expelling  Charles  of  Anjou  from  Sicily;  and 
Philip  III.,  taking  up  the  cause  of  his  uncle,  made  an  un- 
successful invasion  of  Aragon,  and  died  a  short  time  after- 
ward of  a  fever,  resulting  from  disappointment  and  fatigue 
(1285). 

13.  Philip  17.  (le  Bel — the  Fair)  succeeded  at  the  age 

*  A  mijwi  was  at  this  time  an  important  kingdom  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Spain ;  and  Peter 
rested  his  claim  to  Sicily  on  his  marriage  with  Constance,  daughter  of  a  previous  king  of  that 
island. 

12.  Who  succeeded  St.  Louis  ?  Why  was  Philip  III.  called  the  Hardy?  How 
did  he  end  the  war  against  the  Moors  ?  What  led  to  the  "  Massacre  of  the  Si- 
cilian Vespers  V  Describe  it.  Why  did  Philip  III.  invade  Aragon  ?  What  caused 
his  death? 

•  1 3.  Who  succeeded  Philip  III.  ?  What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Philip  IV.  ?  De- 
scribe the  war  which  he  carried  on  with  Edward  I.  What  caused  a  war  with  the 
Flemings  ?    Describe  it.    For  what  were  the  Flemings  noted  ? 

9 


194        FRANCE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.    [A. ».  1317. 

of  17.  His  reign  is  one  of  the  most  important  in  French 
history.  He  carried  on  a  war  of  seven  years  with  Edward  L 
of  England,  in  order  to  obtain  Guienne ;  but  finally  con- 
sented to  a  treaty  relinquishing  his  claims  to  that  duchy. 
He  obtained  possession  of  Flanders ;  but  governed  it  so  op- 
pressively that  the  people  (called  Flemings)  rose  in  revolt 
ami  massacred  the  French  to  the  number  of  3,000.  Philip 
endeavored  to  reduce  the  Flemings  to  submission;  but  this 
brave  people  successfully  defended  their  liberties  against 
his  assaults.  The  Flemings  were,  at  this  period,  greatly 
distinguished  for  their  skill  in  weaving,  and  in  other  in- 
dustrial arts. 

14.  This  reign  is  particularly  noted  for  the  contest  which 
arose  between  the  king  and  the  Pope  (Boniface  VIII.),  on 
account  of  the  attempt  of  the  latter  to  prevent  the  taxation 
of  ihe  clergy.  Boniface  in  vain  issued  bull  after  bull,  all 
of  which  were  treated  with  contempt  and  defiance  by 
Philip;  who,  after  the  death  of  Boniface,  succeeded  in 
placing  the  archbishop  of  Bordeaux  (bor-do'),  under  the 
title  of  Clement  V.,  on  the  papal  throne,  and  transferred 
the  seat  of  the  papacy  from  Rome  to  Avignon,  where  it  re- 
mained for  about  70  years. 

15.  He  also  caused  the  famous  order  of  Knights  Templars* 
to  be  condemned  and  abolished,  for  alleged  corruption  and 
immorality ;  and  the  Grand  Master  and  many  other  indi- 
viduals of  the  order  were  burnt  to  death,  while  others  were 
treated  with  the  most  shocking  cruelty.  The  motive  of 
tlif  king  in  this  prosecution,  was  probably  the  desire  to 
possess  himself  of  a  part  of  the  immense  wealth  of  the 
order;  and  the  whole  procedure  was  characterized  by  the 
mogj  -hameless  perfidy,  injustice,  and  cruelty.     Philip  died 

*  This  celebrated  religious  and  military  order  was  founded  at  Jerusalem  in  the  beginning  of 
the  twelfth  century,  for  the  protection  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  and  the  pilgrims  who  journeyed 
thither.  It  afterward  spread  all  over  Europe,  and  became  noted  for  its  vast  possessions.  It 
was  suppressed  in  England  by  Edward  II.  (1309). 

1 4.  What  caused  the  contest  of  Philip  IV.  with  the  Pope  ?  Describe  it.  What 
was  .ts  result  ? 

1  5.  Give  an  account  of  the  abolition  of  the  order  of  Knights  Templars.  What 
was  the  character  of  Philip  IV.  ?    What  important  event  occurred  in  1302  ? 


A.B.  1322.]        FRANCE   IN   THE  MIDDLE   AGES.  195 

a  few  weeks  after  thfs  event  (1314).  His  character  is  that 
of  an  adroit  and  energetic  monarch,  but  is  deeply  stained 
with  treachery  and  despotism.  The  representatives  of  the 
Tliird  Estate,  or,  the  Commons,  were  called  to  meet  with 
the  nobility  and  clergy  in  the  grand  council  of  the  nation 
during  this  reign,  in  order  to  give  their  consent  to  the  levy 
of  taxes  (1302). 

16.  Louis  X.,  surnamed  Hutin  (disorder,  or  tumult), 
from  the  tumultuous  conduct,  of  the  nobles  and  clergy,  who 
attempted  to  regain  from  Louis  the  powers  and  privileges 
of  which  they  had  been  deprived  by  his  artful  and  despotic 
father.  He  yielded  to  most  of  their  demands,  and  issued 
an  ordinance  enfranchising  the  serfs  within  the  royal  do- 
mains. During  his  short  reign,  he  was  under  the  influence 
of  his  uncle,  Charles  of  Valois  (val-wah'),  who  employed  it 
to  destroy  Marigny  {mah-reen'ye),  the  former  prime-minis- 
ter of  Philip  the  Fair;  and  this  distinguished  man  was 
condemned  and  put  to  death  upon  a  malicious  and  absurd 
charge  of  sorcery.  On  the  death  of  the  king  (1316),  the 
government  was  administered  by  his  brother  Philip,  as  re- 
gent ;  and,  the  infant  son  of  Louis  X.  having  died,  Philip 
became  king  (1317). 

17.  Philip  V.  (le  Long — the  Tall)  assembled  the  States- 
General  to  pronounce  upon  his  right  to  the  throne,  which 
was  disputed  by  the  daughter  of  Louis  X. ;  and  a  decree  was 
issued  declaring  that  females  are  incapable  of  inheriting 
the  crown  of  France.  This  decree  being  based,  as  it  was 
said,  upon  the  barbarous  code  of  the  Salian  Franks,  was 
called  the  Sal'ic  Law.  During  this  reign,  France  was  the 
scene  of  dreadful  religious  persecutions,  particularly  of  the 
Jews,  who  were  put  to  death  in  Tou-raine'  with  the  most 
dreadful  barbarity.  Philip,  after  a  brief  reign  of  five  years, 
was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Charles  (1322). 

1 6.  Why  was  Louis  X.  called  Hutin  ?  What  course  did  he  pursue  ?  What  ia 
said  of  Marigny  ?    How  did  Philip  V.  become  king  ? 

1  7.  How  did  Philip  V.  secure  himself  on  the  throne  ?  What  was  the  Salic  law  ? 
What  persecution  took  place  *    By  whom  was  Philip  V.  succeeded  1 


196  FRANCE  IK  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  [A.  B.  1350 

18.  Charles  IV.  became  king  by  the  operation  of  the 
Salic  law,-  for  Philip  V.  had  left  daughters  but  no  sons. 
His  reign  is  almost  a  blank,  being  only  noted  for  his  inva- 
sion of  Guienne,  to  which  he  was  invited  by  the  troubles  of 
Edward  II.  of  England.  It  was  in  France  that  the  wicked 
Queen  Isabella,  sister  of  Charles  IV.,  plotted  with  Mortimer 
for  the  destruction  of  her-  unfortunate  husband.  Charles 
afterward  restored  Guienne  to  Edward  III.  On  the  death 
of  Charles  without  heirs  (1328),  the  direct  line  became  ex- 
tinct, and  PhMip  of  Valois,  nephew  of  Philip  the  Fair,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne. 

Branch  of  Valois. 

19.  Philip  VI.  soon  had  to  contend  with  a  competitor  in 
the  person  of  Edward  III.  of  England,  who  laid  claim  to 
the  throne  of  France,  as  being  a  direct  descendant,  through 
his  mother,  of  Philip  the  Fair.  But  this  claim  was  deemed 
by  the  French  invalid  by  the  operation  of  the  Salic  law ; 
since,  if  Isabella  had  no  right  to  the  throne,  Edward  could 
inherit  none  from  her.  Edward,  after  several  years,  deter- 
mined to  enforce  his  claim ;  and  having  invaded  France, 
defeated  Philip  in  the  famous  battle  of  Crecy  (1346),  and 
took  Calais.  These  victories,  however,  did  not  give  Edward 
the  object  of  his  ambitious  desires;  and,  a  truce  being 
agreed  on,  he  returned  to  England.  Dau'pJmiy  was  about 
this  time  annexed  to  France,  on  condition  that  the  king's 
eldest  son  should  thereafter  bear  the  title  of  Dauphin.  The 
Black  Plague  raged  throughout  France  during  this  reign 
(1348-9),  and  carried  off  vast  multitudes  of  people — 50,000 
in  Paris  alone.  Philip  died  in  1350,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  John. 

20.  John  (le  Bon — the  Good). — During  this  reign,  the 


18.  How  did  Charles  IV.  become  king  ?  What  is  said  of  his  reign  ?  Of  Isabella? 
Who  succeeded  Charles  IV.  ?    In  what  way  ? 

1 9.  What  rival  had  Philip  VI.  ?  What  is  said  of  Edward's  claim  ?  Give  at 
account  of  the  war  that  ensued.  What  was  the  result  J  What  is  said  of  the  Black 
Plague  ?    Who  succeeded  Philip  VI.  ? 


A.A.I 3 50.]       PEAifCE  IK  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  197 

English,  under  the  Black  Prince,  again  invaded  France ;  and 
the  memorable  battle  of  Poitiers  was  fought,  in  which  John 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  no  less  than  2,500  of  the  French 
nobility  and  chivalry  were  slain.  The  king  being  carried 
to  England,  his  eldest  son,  Charles,  became  regent,  and  dur- 
ing his  administration  the  people,  under  Mar-eel ',  head  of 
the  municipality  of  Paris,  made  a  desperate  struggle  to  curb 
the  despotic  power  of  the  monarch  and  obtain  a  share  in 
the  government.  The  States-General  were  assembled,  and 
granted  the  privileges  demanded ;  but  these  being  afterward 
annulled,  an  insurrection  broke  out  which  raged  for  some 
time,  but  was  terminated  by  the  death  of  Marcel,  and  the 
defeat  of  the  popular  cause. 

21.  At  the  same  time,  a  frightful  insurrection  of  the 
peasantry  burst  forth,  caused  by  the  hopeless  misery  in 
which  they  had  been  so  long  kept  by  the  nobles.  This  re- 
volt is  called  the  Jacquerie  (zhak'e-re),  from  Jacques  Bon- 
liomme  {zliak  hon-om),  the  name  derisively  applied  to  a 
French  peasant.  The  feudal  castles  were  sacked  and  de- 
stroyed by  the  insurgents,  and  their  inmates,  of  every  age 
and  sex,  put  to  death  with  shocking  barbarity.  Being  at 
last  defeated  in  an  attack  upon  one  of  the  towns,  the  peas- 
ants were  hunted  down  on  all  sides  like  wild  beasts,  and 
massacred  by  thousands ;  so  that  some  of  the  rural  dis- 
tricts were  almost  depopulated,  and  presented  a  ghastly 
scene  of  ruin  and  desolation. 

22.  In  the  mean  time,  John,  being  a  prisoner  in  England, 
in  order  to  obtain  his  release,  consented  to  surrender  a  large 
part  of  his  territories ;  but  to  this  the  States-General  would 
not  submit ;  and  Edward  III.  again  invaded  France,  but 
finally  made  peace,  consenting  to  release  John  upon  more 
reasonable  terms.    The  latter,  after  four  years'  captivity, 

20.  What  invasion  look  place  during  John's  reign  ?  What  was  its  result  ? 
What  events  occurred  during  the  regency  of  Charles  ? 

2 1 .  What  was  the  Jacquerie  f    Describe  it.    How  were  the  peasants  treated  * 

22.  How  did  John  obtain  his  release  ?  Why  did  he  return  to  England  ?  Hot* 
was  the  ducal  line  of  Burgundy  founded  ? 


198  FRANCE  IK  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.       [A.D.I 380. 

finally  returned  to  his  kingdom,  and  was  greeted  with  uni- 
versal transports  of  joy  and  gratitude  by  his  people ;  but 
his  son  Louis,  who  had  been  delivered  to  the  king  o* 
England  as  a  hostage,  having  escaped,  John  was  so  con- 
scientious that  he  surrendered  himself  again  to  his  English 
captors,  and  died  a  short  time  after  his  arrival  in  England 
(1364).  He  had  previously  (1363)  given  to  his  favorite  son 
Philip  the  Duchy  of  Burgundy,  in  reward  for  his  bravery 
at  Poitiers ;  and  thus  was  founded  that  famous  ducal  line 
of  Burgundy  which  continued  more  than  a  century,  and 
played  so  important  a  part  in  French  history. 

23.  Charles  V.,  surnamed  the  Wise,  succeeded  his 
father ;  and,  by  means  of  his  prudent  measures,  did  much 
to  restore  peace  and  prosperity  to  his  kingdom.  He  was 
himself  of  an  un warlike  disposition,  being  fond  of  study,  and 
having  a  talent  for  statesmanship  rather  than  for  the  con- 
duct of  military  affairs.  He  raised  to  the  office  of  Consta- 
ble of  France  the  famous  Du  Guesclin  (ga-klang')  one  of 
the  greatest  generals  of  his  age.  Although  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner  in  the  battle  of  Nav-ar-re'te  by  the  Black 
Prince,  Du  Guesclin,  after  the  death  of  that  great  leader, 
pursued  an  almost  uninterrupted  career  of  victory  against 
the  English,  depriving  them  of  nearly  all  their  possessions 
in  France.  Charles  founded  the  Royal  Library  at  Paris,  and 
was  a  generous  patron  of  literature  and  art.  He  died  in 
1380,  two  months  after  the  death  of  the  Constable  Du 
Guesclin. 

24.  Charles  VI.,  the  son  and  successor  of  Charles  V., 
was  only  twelve  years  of  age  at  his  father's  death  ;  and  ac- 
cordingly his  uncle,  the  Duke  of  Anjou,  was  made  regent. 
Disturbances  were  occasioned  by  the  efforts  of  the  people 
to  release  themselves  from  the  unjust  a*nd  oppressive  taxes 
which  had  been  imposed  by  Philip  the  Fair  and  his  suc- 

23.  What  was  accomplished  by  Charles  the  Wise?    What  was  his  character? 
What  is  said  of  Du  Guesclin  ?    What  did  Charles  found  ?    When  did  he  die  ? 

24.  What  insurrection  broke  out  under  the  regency  of  the  Duke  of  Anjou? 
What  revolt  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Rosebecque. 


A.D.I  422.]      FRANCE  IN"  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  199 

cessors ;  and  at  Paris  an  insurrection  occurred,  which  was 
with  much  difficulty  subdued.  An  expedition  was  under- 
taken to  reduce  the  Flemings,  who  had  revolted  against 
their  ruler,  Count  Louis  of  Flanders  ;  and  the  terrible  bat- 
tle of  Rosebecque  (rose'bek)  was  fought,  in  which  the  cele- 
brated Flemish  leader  Philip  Van  Artevelde  (ar'te-veld) 
was  defeated  and  slain,  and  no  less  than  25,000  of  the 
brave  Flemings  perished  (1382).  The  French  king  him- 
self was  present  in  this  battle,  but  his  army  was  com- 
manded by  Oliver  Glisson  (Mees'song),  Constable  of  France, 
a  man  of  great  talents  and  distinction. 

25.  This  great  victory  strengthened  the  power  of  the 
king ;  and  the  French  towns,  which  had  made  resistance  to 
the  royal  exactions,  being  obliged  to  submit,  all  their  citi- 
zens who  had  been  prominent  in  the  popular  movement 
were  put  to  death  without  mercy.  In  Paris  alone,  300 
were  led  to  the  scaffold,  martyrs  to  the  cause  of  popular 
freedom  (1382).  Some  years  after  this,  Cliu.  les  VI.  be- 
came afflicted  with  insanity,  from  which  he  never  entirely 
recovered ;  and  while  France,  in  consequence  of  this  ca- 
lamity, was  a  prey  to  every  species  of  disorder,  Henry  V. 
invaded  it,  took  Har'fleur,  and  penetrated  into  the  country. 
On  his  retreat,  he  was  surprised  at  Agincourt ;  but,  though 
obliged  to  give  battle  at  great  disadvantage,  he  gained  a 
decided  victory  (1415).  This  was  followed  by  the  taking 
of  Rouen  and  the  conquest  of  Normandy ;  when,  finally, 
the  treaty  of  Troyes  was  made,  according  to  which  Henry 
married  Catharine,  daughter  of  Charles  VI.,  and  was,  on 
the  death  of  the  latter,  to  become  king  of  France.  This 
shameful  treaty  was  ratified  by  the  States- General,  but  was 
never  carried  into  effect,  for  Henry  died  some  months  be- 
fore the  death  of  Charles  VI.  (1422). 

26.  Charles  VII.,  the  Victorious,  was  crowned  at  Poi- 


25.  What  was  the  effect  of  this  victory  ?  How  was  the  king  afflicted  ?  What 
invasion  took  place  ?  With  wha!  result  ?  What  followed  the  battle  of  Airincourt  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  treaty  of  Troyes  ?    Why  was  it  not  carried  into  effect ? 


200  FRANCE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.   [A.  D.  1429. 

tiers;  but  Henry  VI.  of  England  had  already  been  pro- 
claimed king  of  France,  in  accordance  with  the  treaty  of 
Troyes.  The  Duke  of  Bedford,  the  English  regent,  gained 
a  great  victory  over  the  army  of  Charles,  consisting  partly 
of  Scotch  and  other  auxiliaries  (1424).  This  dreadful  dis- 
aster  to  Charles  was  followed  (1428)  by  .the  siege  of 
Orleans,  the  last  stronghold  of  his  party,  while  no  hope 
was  entertained  by  the  French  of  being  able  to  repel  its 
assailants.  The  deliverance  of  Charles  was,  however,  ef- 
fected by  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  occurrences  re- 
corded in  history. 

27.  Joan  of  Arc,  a  simple  peasant  girl,  had  been  told  of 
a  prophecy,  to  the  effect  that  France  could  only  be  de- 
livered from  its  enemies  by  a  virgin ;  and  the  idea  became 
impressed  upon  her  mind,  that  to  herself  had  been  divinely 
committed  the  task  of  effecting  this  great  object.  She 
soun  induced  others  to  believe  in  the  truth  of  her  mission, 
among  them  the  king  himself  and  his  chief  officers,  and 
was  admitted  into  Orleans,  arrayed  in  armor,  and  provided 
with  a  train  of  attendants  (1429).  Under  her  leadership, 
the  French  seemed  to  be  inspired  with  almost  superhuman 
courage,  and  soon  compelled  the  English  to  raise  the 
siege. 

28.  She  next  urged  the  King  to  march  to  Rheims 
(reemz),  in  order  to  assume  the  crown  of  his  ancestors  ac- 
cording to  the  accustomed  rites ;  and,  partly  under  her 
leadership,  the  French,  after  several  victorious  battles, 
reached  the  city,  which  the  English  were  compelled  to  sur- 
render; and  the  King  was  crowned  in  the  great  cathedral 
(1429).  Joan  then  declared  her  mission  ended,  and  wished 
to  be  dismissed ;  but  her  services  being  still  demanded,  she 
remained  in  the  army;  and  a  short  time  afterward  fell  into 


26.  What  caused  a  war  on  the  accession  of  Charles  VII.  ?    What  disasters  oc 
curred  ?     How  was  Charles  delivered  from  his  difficult  situation  ? 

27.  Who  was  Joan  of  Arc  ?    What  was  accomplished  by  her? 

28.  Narrate  the  subsequent  events  in  the  career  of  Joan  of  Arc. 


A.  D.  1465.]      FKAKCE   IN  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  201 

the  power  of  the  English,  by  whom  she  was  burnt  to  death 
at  Kouen,  on  a  charge  of  sorcery  (1431). 

29.  Nothing  was  gained  by  the  cruel  execution  of  the 
"Maid  of  Orleans;"  for  the  English  continued  to  suffer 
defeat  till  they  finally  lost  all  their  French  possessions  ex- 
cept Calais ;  and  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  who  had  previously 
supported  them,  became  reconciled  to  Charles  VII.  Charles 
thus  rightly  received  the  surname  of  "  Victorious ;  "  for  he 
had  become  one  of  the  most  powerful  sovereigns  of  Europe. 
The  last  years  of  his  life  were  embittered  by  the  wicked 
and  undutiful  conduct  of  Louis,  his  eldest  son,  who  re- 
peatedly plotted  against  him.  With  such  terror  was  he  in- 
spired from  the  wicked  intrigues  of  the  prince,  that  he  was 
afraid  to  take  food  lest  he  might  be  poisoned ;  and  died,  it 
is  said,  from  want  of  sustenance  (1461). 

30.  Louis  XI.  The  character  of  this  king  presents  a 
strange  and  odious  combination  of  dissimulation,  cruelty, 
and  superstition,  and  on  this  account  he  has  been  styled 
the  Tiberius  of  France.  Determined  to  enlarge  the  royal 
authority  by  weakening  the  great  feudal  vassals,  he  soon 
excited  their  opposition  ;  and  a  coalition  was  formed  against 
him,  called  the  League  of  the  PuUic  Good  (1465),  the  ruling 
spirit  of  which  was  Charles  the  Bold,  afterward  Duke  of 
Burgundy.  A  war  ensued,  in  which  Louis  was  defeated, 
and  compelled  to  grant  all  the  concessions  demanded ;  but 
these  he  afterward  revoked,  and,  one  by  one,  reduced  the 
rebellious  vassals  to  submission. 

31.  The  greater  part  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XL  is  occu- 
pied with  dark  intrigues  against  his  enemies,  particularly 
against  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy.  The  latter  was 
afterward  defeated,  in  two  great  battles,  by  the  Swiss,  whose 
country  he  had  invaded ;  and  the  next  year  he  suffered 


29.  What  is  further  related  of  the  reign  of  Charles  VII.  ?    What  embittered  hia 
last  years  ?    What  caused  his  death  ? 

30.  What  is  said  of  the  character  of  Louis  XI.  ?    What  caused  the  League  of 
the  Public  Good  ?    What  was  the  result  of  the  war  ? 

3 1 .  What  occupied  most  of  this  reign  ?    What  is  said  of  Charles  of  Burgundy  ? 

9* 


202  FRANCE   IK  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.         LA.  D.  1483. 

another  defeat  from  the  Duke  of  Lor-raine',  at  Nan'cy,  where 
he  was  slain  (1477).  Louis,  taking  advantage  of  these  cir- 
cumstances, was  enabled  to  re-annex  Burgundy  to  the 
French  dominions.  The  death  of  Charles  the  Bold  ended 
the  long  resistance  of  the  great  French  vassals  to  the  cen- 
tral power  of  the  monarchy. 

32.  Mary  of  Burgundy,  the  daughter  and  heiress  of 
Charles  the  Bold,  was  thus  deprived  of  the  Duchy ;  but  she 
still  remained  mistress  of  Flanders,  and  Louis  desired  to 
marry  her  to  the  Dauphin  (the  eldest  son  of  the  king).  Dis- 
gusted with  his  treachery,  she  refused  her  consent,  and 
accepted  the  hand  of  Maximilian,  son  of  the  Emperor  of 
Germany,  and  Archduke  of  Austria  (1477).  This  marriage 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  greatness  of  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria, and  led  to  a  rivalry  between  France  and  the  Empire 
which  lasted  nearly  two  centuries.  As  Louis  grew  old,  he 
became  very  superstitious  and  cruel ;  and,  at  last,  conscious 
of  being  universally  abhorred,  he  shut  himself  up  in  a  castle 
which  he  kept  constantly  defended  by  armed  troops.  His 
death,  which  occurred  in  1483,  is  a  turning  point  in  French 
history,  and  marks  the  close  of  the  Middle  Ages. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

A.  D. 

987.  Hugh  Capet,  first  of  the  Capetian  dynasty.    Reigned  9  years. 

996.  Robert.    Reigned  35  years. 
1000.  Year  of  the  predicted  millennium. 
1031.  Henry  I.     Reigned  29  years. 
10G0.  Philip  I.     Reigned  48  years. 
109o.  First  Crusade  preached. 
1108.  Louis  VI.,  the  Fat.    Reigned  29  years. 

"      Enfranchisement  of  the  Communes. 
1137.  Louis  VII.,  the  Young.    Reigned  43  years.     Second  Crusade. 
1180.  Philip  II.,  Augustus     Reigned  43  years.     Third  Crusade. 

32.  What  is  said  of  Mary  of  Burgundy?  What  was  the  effect  of  her  marriage 
with  Maximilian  ':  What  is  said  of  the  close  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XI.  ?  When  did 
his  death  occur  ?    Why  is  this  an  important  date  ? 


FRANCE   IN  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  203 

1209.  Crusade  against  the  Albigenses. 

1218.  Death  of  Simon  cle  Montfort. 

1223.  liouis  VIII.  Reigned  3  years.  Continued  persecution  of  the 
Albigenses. 

1226.  Louis  IX.  (St.  Louis).  Reigned  44  years.  Two  Crusades  un- 
dertaken. 

1229.  The  Albigenses  subdued. 

"«270.  Philip  III.,  the  Hardy.    Reigned  15  years. 

1282.  The  Massacre  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers. 

1285.  Philip  IV.,  the  Fair.  Reigned  29  years.  Contest  with  Pope 
Boniface.  # 

1314.  Louis  X.,  Rutin.    Reigned  2  years. 

1317.  Philip  V.,  the  Tall.  Regent  7  months ;  reigned  5  years.  Salic 
law  confirmed. 

1322.  Charles  IV.     Reigned  6  years. 

1328.  Philip  VI.,  of  Valois.    Reigned  22  years. 

1346.  Battle  of  Crecy. 

1350.  John,  the  Good.    Reigned  14  years. 

1356.  Battle  of  Poitiers. 

1364.  Charles  V.,  the  Wise.    Reigned  16  years.     Constable  du  Ouesclin. 

1380.  Charles  VI.,  the  Well-beloved.     Reigned  42  years. 

1415.  Battle  of  Agincourt. 

1422.  Charles  VII.,  the  Victorious.    Reigned  39  years. 

1431.  Joan  of  Arc  burnt  at  Rouen. 

1461.  Louis  XI.  Reigned  22  years.  Called  by  some  the  Tiberius  of 
France. 

1477.  Charles  the  Bold,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  killed  at  Nancy.  The 
duchy  seized  by  Louis  XI. 

1483.  Death  of  Louis  XL 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  State  all  you  can  of  Hugh  Capet  and  his  reign  147-187 

2.  Over  what  territory  did  Capet  have  dominion  ? 187 

3.  By  whom  was  he  succeeded  on  the  throne  ? 187 

4.  State  the  important  events  of  King  Robert's  reign 187-188 

5.  What  is  said  in  relation  to  the  predicted  millennium  ? 188-189 

G.  By  whom  was  King  Robert  succeeded  on  the  throne  ? .  189 

7.  Name  the  important  events  of  the  reign  of  Henry  1 189 

8.  How  was  the  power  of  the  Church  exercised  during  his  reign  ? 189 

9.  By  whom  was  Henry  I.  succeeded  on  the  throne  ? 189 

10.  What  were  the  character  and  acts  of  King  Philip  I.  ? 161-189 

11.  How  many  kings  of  the  Capetian  race  were  there  ? 187—193,  195 — 196 


204  FRANCE   IN   THE   MIDDLE   AGES. 

12.  Name  them  in  the  order  of  their  succession  187-188-189-190-191-192-193-195- 196 
18.  What  was  the  character  of  Louis  VI.,  and  what  were  his  important  acts  ?  189-190 

14.  How  did  Louis  VII.  sain  and  lose  vast  territory  in  France? 19C 

15.  State  the  important  events  in  the  life  of  Queen  Eleanor? 190-163-1  (56 

16.  What  was  the  character  of  Philip  Augustus  ? 190-191 

17.  Give  an  account  of  the  important  events  of  his  reign 190-191-167-168 

18.  Give  the  history  of  the  Albigenses 191-192-207 

19.  State  what  you  can  of  Simon  de  Montfort 169-191 

20.  State  what  you  can  of  Count  Eaymond  191-192 

21.  Give  an  account  of  the  reign  of  Louis  IX.,  or  St.  Louis 192-193 

22.  What  did  Philip  the  Hardy  accomplish  in  Africa  and  Aragon  ? 193 

23.  Give  the  facts  in  relation  to  the  Massacre  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers 193 

2 1.  Name  the  principal  events  of  the  reign  of  Philip  the  Fair 193-194 

25.  What  can  you  state  of  Flanders  and  the  Flemings  ? 187-194-199 

26.  Of  Louis  X.,  the  son  and  successor  of  Philip  the  Fair  ? 195 

27.  Who  was  Philip  the  Long,  and  by  what  right  did  he  become  king  ? 195 

28.  Who  was  Charles  IV.,  and  how  did  he  succeed  to  the  throne  ? 195-196 

29.  Who  was  Philip  of  Valois,  and  what  were  the  events  of  his  reign  ?  . . .  196 

30.  Give  the  particulars  of  the  contest  between  him  and  Edward  III. . .  174-175-196 

31.  What  account  can  you  give  of  the  Black  Plague  of  1348-9  ? 175-196 

32.  Beginning  with  the  first,  name  six  kings  of  the  House  of  Valois 196—201 

33.  Who  was  John  the  Good  ?    Name  the  events  of  his  reign 196-197-198 

34  Give  an  account  of  the  contest  between  him  and  Edward  III 175-197-198 

86.  What  was  the  character,  and  what  the  acts  of  Charles  the  Wise  ? 198 

36.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  against  the  Flemings 199 

37.  State  what  the  consequences  were  of  Clisson's  victory 199 

38.  What  efforts  did  Henry  V.  make  to  subdue  France  ?   179-199 

39.  With  what  success  were  his  efforts  attended  ? ,  179-180-199 

40.  What  were  the  early  events  in  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Victorious  ?  —  199-200 

41.  Give  the  facts  in  the  career  of  Joan  of  Arc 180-200-201 

42.  Give  the  closing  events  in  the  life  of  King  Charles 201 

43.  Who  was  Louis  XI. ,  and  what  was  his  character  ? 201 

44.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  in  his  reign 201-202 

45.  Give  the  history  of  Mary  of  Burgundy 202 

46.  What  is  said  of  the  closing  years  of  Louis  XL  ? 202 

47.  In  what  year  did  his  death  occur  ? 202 

48.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  important  events  from  the  accession 

of  Hugh  Capet  to  the  Massacre  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers 202-203 

49.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  important  events  from  the  Massacre 

of  the  Sicilian  Vespers  to  the  death  of  Louis  XI 203 

50.  Name  the  early  kings  of  France,  with  their  surnames  202-203 

51.  Name  them  with  the  length  of  their  reigns 202-203 

53.  Name  each  with  the  most  important  act  of  his  reign 187—202 

53.  Which  of  them  had  the  longest  reign  ? 202-203 

51.  Which  of  them  engaged  in  the  Crusades  ? 202-203 

55.  During  whose  reign  was  the  battle  of  Crecy  fought  ? 203 

66,  During  whose  reign  was  the  battle  of  Poitiers  fought  ?. 203 

57.  During  whose  reign  was  the  battle  of  Agincourt  fought  ? 203 

58.  WTho  was  Maximilian  ? 202 


A.  D.  1076.]  THE   CKUSADES.  205 


SECTION  V. 

The  Crusades.. 

From  the  Council  of  Clermont  (1095)  to  the  Capture  of  Acre  by  the 
Mohammedans  (1291). 

1.  The  Crusades  were  religious  wars  carried  on  during 
the  Middle  Ages  between  the  Christian  nations  of  the 
West  and  the  Mohammedans  of  the  East.  From  an  early- 
period,  it  had  been  deemed  by  the  Church  an  act  of  piety 
to  make  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land,  to  visit  the  various 
places  which  the  Saviour  had  hallowed  by  his  presence, 
and  to  pay  devotion  to  the  sepulchre  in  which  he  had  been 
entombed.  The  Saracens,  who  conquered  Palestine  in  the 
7th  century,  had  respected  these  Christian  pilgrimages, 
and  rather  assisted  than  opposed  those  who  made  them, 
allowing  them  to  build  a  church  and  a  hospital  at  Jerusa- 
lem. The  Fatimite  sultans  of  Egypt,  on  their  conquest  of 
Syria,  in  the  10th  century,  had  been  less  generous ;  and 
Christendom,  at  that  time,  became  somewhat  alarmed  and 
excited. 

2.  But  when  the  Seljuk  Turks  took  possession  of  Syria 
and  captured  Jerusalem  (1076),  the  pilgrims  were  treated 
with  the  most  shocking  cruelty  and  insult ;  and  the  news 
of  these  atrocities  excited  the  deepest  indignation  through- 
out Christendom.  The  Byzantine  emperors  first  taking 
alarm,  appealed  to  the  Christian  monarchs  of  the  West ; 
and  Pope  Gregory  VII.  had  entertained  the  idea  of  sending 
aid  to  the  Emperor  Manuel,  in  accordance  with  his  earnest 
supplication,  as  early  as  1073.    It  was  not,  however,  until 

1 .  What  were  the  crusades  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Christian  pilgrimages  ?  How 
were  the  Christian  pilgrims  treated  by  the  Saracens  ?  What  alarmed  Christendom 
in  the  tenth  century  ? 

2.  How  did  the  Seljuk  Turks  treat  the  Christians  ?  What  was  the  consequence  f 
When  were  effectual  measures  for  relief  taken  ? 


206  THE   CRUSADES.  [A.D.I 096. 


Peter  the  Hermit,  returning  from  the  Holy  Land,  depicted 
the  dreadful  sufferings  of  the  Christians  of  Palestine,  that 
any  effectual  measures  for  relief  were  taken. 

3.  This  religious  enthusiast  was  a  native  of  Am'i-ens,  in 
France,  and  animated  all  who  listened  to  his  preaching 
with  the  same  burning  zeal  against  the  infidels  as  had 
filled  his  own  soul  on  witnessing  their  atrocities.  Pope 
Urban  II.  soon  took  up  the  cause;  and  two  councils  were 
held,  at  the  second  of  which,  at  Cler-mont ',  in  France 
(1095),  the  Pope  himself  delivered  an  impassioned  address 
to  a  vast  multitude  of  both  clergy  and  laymen.  His  ex- 
hortation was  greeted  with  the  cry  of  "  God  wills  it !"  which 
burst  simultaneously  from  every  one  present.  The  war 
was,  accordingly,  agreed  upon ;  and  all  who  entered  into  it 
were  directed  to  wear,  as  a  badge,  a  cross  of  red  stuff  at- 
tached to  the  shoulder.  Hence  these  wars  were  called 
Crusades. 

4.  First  Crusade. — From  all  parts  of  Europe  thou- 
sands hurried,  at  the  summons  of  the  Pope,  to  take  part  in 
the  holy  war;  and,  in  the  spring  of  1096,  no  less  than 
275,000  men,  in  large  part  the  dregs  of  the  population, 
were  on  their  way  to  Palestine.  Peter  himself  commanded 
a  great  multitude ;  but  the  first  detachment,  under  Walter 
the  Penniless,  was  cut  to  pieces  by  the  Bulgarians,  only  a 
small  band  reaching  Constantinople,  where  it  was  joined 
by  the  forces  of  Peter.  This  undisciplined  multitude  en- 
gaged the  army  of  the  Turkish  Sultan  on  the  plains  of 
Nice,  but  were  defeated  with  great  slaughter.  A  third 
and  fourth  expedition  of  the  same  kind  shared  a  similar 
fate. 

5.  But  the  real  crusaders  soon  arrived  at  Constantino- 
ple. These  consisted  of  six  armies  of  veteran  soldiers,  com- 
manded by  the  most  skilful  and  experienced  generals  of 

3.  Who  was  Peter  the  Hermit  ?  What  was  done  by  Pope  Urban  II.  ?  What  took 
place  at  the  Council  of  Clermont  ?    Why  were  these  wars  called  Crusades  ? 

4.  In  what  way  was  the  first  crusade  commenced  ? 

5.  Who  were  the  real  Crusaders  ?    What  force  had  they  ? 


A.D.1099.J  THE   CRUSADES.  207 

the  age :  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  (boo-eel-yong'),  Duke  of  Lor- 
raine ;  Hugh  the  Great,  brother  of  Philip  I,  king  of 
France;  Robert,  son  of  William  the  Conqueror  of  Eng- 
land; Count  Robert,  of  Flanders;  Bo'he-mond,  Count  of 
Tarentum,  with  his  cousin,  the  noble  and  illustrious 
Tancred;  and  Count  Raymond,  of  Toulouse.  The  whole 
force  amounted  to  about  600,000  men. 

6.  Having  defeated  Sultan  Sol'i-man,  and  captured 
Nice,  his  capital  (1097),  they  proceeded  to  Syria,  and  took 
Antioch  (1098),  after  a  siege  of  seven  months.  During 
this  siege,  Peter  the  Hermit,  and  multitudes  of  others,  de- 
serted the  ranks  of  the  crusaders.  After  routing  an  im- 
mense army  of  Mohammedans,  sent  by  the  Persian  sultan, 
the  crusaders  marched  to  Jerusalem,  where  they  found  their 
army  reduced  to  40,000  men.  After  a  short  siege,  this  city 
surrendered  (1099),  and  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  was  unani- 
mously elected  king.  A  short  time  after  this,  he  defeated 
the  Sultan  of  Egypt,  with  an  immense  army,  at  Ascalon. 

7.  The  Kingdom  of  Jerusalem,  thus  founded,  was  gradu- 
ally extended  till  it  embraced  the  whole  of  Palestine ;  the 
best  part  of  Asia  Minor  was  restored  to  the  Eastern  Em- 
pire, and  Bohemond  was  made  Prince  of  Antioch.  At 
Jerusalem  were  founded  the  two  famous  orders  of  the 
Knights  Hospitallers  of  St.  John  and  the  Itnights  Templars. 
For  nearly  fifty  years  the  three  Latin  principalities  or 
kingdoms  of  the  East — Edessa,  Antioch,  and  Jerusalem — 
maintained  themselves  against  the  Mohammedans,  and  in- 
creased in  power  and  wealth. 

8.  Second  Crusade. — This  was  excited  by  the  dangers 
to  which  the  Christians  of  Syria  were  exposed  from  the 
conquering  arms  of  a  Turkish  Emir,  who,  having  been  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Aleppo,  had  defeated  the  Franks  at 

6.  What  was  accomplished  by  the  crusaders  ?    Who  was  made  King  of  Jeru- 
salem ? 

7.  How  was  the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem  extended  ?  What  else  was  done  ?  What 
orders  were  founded  ?    What  is  said  of  Edessa,  Antioch,  and  Jerusalem  ? 

8.  What  excited  the  second  crusade?  By  whom  was  it  preached?  Who  took 
part  in  it  ?    What  caused  its  failure  ? 


208  THE  CBUSADES.  [A.D.I  192. 

Antioch,  had  taken  Edessa,  and  threatened  the  destruction  of 
all  the  Christian  kingdoms  in  Syria.  It  was  preached  by 
the  celebrated  St.  Ber'nard,  Abbot  of  Clairvanx  {clare-vo'), 
in  Champagne,  who  was  distinguished  for  his  learning  and 
devotion.  Two  immense  armies,  under  Louis  VII.,  king  of 
France,  and  Conrad  III.,  emperor  of  Germany,  marched 
for  the  Holy  Land  (1147).  But,  owing  to  the  base  treach- 
ery of  Manuel  Com-ne'nus,  the  Greek  emperor,  the  armies 
met  with  a  long  series  of  disasters ;  and  after  a  fruitless  at- 
tempt to  take  Damascus,  the  expedition  was  abandoned, 
only  a  small  remnant  of  the  numerous  host  returning  to 
Europe. 

9.  Third  Crusade. — The  taking  of  Jerusalem  by  Sal'a- 
din,  sultan  of  Egypt  (1187),  led  to  a  third  crusade,  the 
chiefs  of  which  were  Frederick  Bar-ba-ros' sa,  emperor  of 
Germany;  Philip  Augustus,  king  of  France;  and  Richard 
I,  of  England.  The  emperor  set  out  first  (1189),  but 
died  of  a  fever  brought  on  by  imprudently  bathing  in  the 
O-ron'tes  Kiver.  His  army  joined  the  forces  of  the  other  two 
monarchs  at  Acre;  which  city,  after  a  long  siege  of  nearly 
two  years,  was  compelled  to  surrender,  notwithstanding 
every  effort  made  by  Saladin  to  relieve  the  defenders. 
No  less  than  nine  battles  were  fought,  and  more  than 
100,000  Christians  perished,  in  battle  or  by  disease,  during 
the  progress  of  this  siege. 

10.  Eichard  and  Philip  having  quarrelled,  the  latter  re- 
turned to  Europe ;  but  the  former  led  his  forces  to  Asca- 
lon,  and  defeated  Saladin,  but  was  compelled  to  retire  from 
Jerusalem.  After  accomplishing  prodigies  of  valor,  which 
excited  the  admiration  of  the  Saracens,  he  made  a  treaty 
with  Saladin,  to  protect  the  pilgrims  from  injury  and  op- 
pression, and  set  out  for  Europe  (1192).  Saladin  dying  the 
next  year,  the  unity  of  his  empire  was  destroyed.      The 

9.  What  led  to  the  third  crusade  ?    Who  were  its  chiefs  ?    What  hefell  the  Em- 
peror Frederick  ?    What  city  was  taken  ?    What  losses  did  the  Christians  sustain  » 

10.  Why  did  Philip  return  home?    What  did  Richard  achieve?    What  ended 
the  third  crusade? 


A.  B.  1269.]  THE  CRUSADES.  209 

sultans  of  Egypt,  Aleppo,  and  Damascus  became  hostile  to 
each  other ;  and  the  Franks,  or  Christians  of  Syria,  were 
left  secure  in  their  possessions. 

11.  The  Fourth  Crusade  was  enjoined  by  Pope  Inno- 
cent III.  (1203).  A  vast  armament  was  fitted  out  at 
Venice;  but  the  expedition  was  diverted  from  its  proper 
mission  against  the  Mohammedans,  and,  under  Baldivin, 
Count  of  Flanders,  proceeded  against  Constantinople.  This 
city  the  crusaders  took  (1204),  and  founded  there  the  Latin 
dynasty  of  emperors,  who  occupied  the  throne  for  fifty-six 
years. 

12.  The  Fifth  Crusade  was  led  by  Frederick  II,  em- 
peror of  Germany.  It  began  in  1228,  and  was  terminated 
by  a  treaty  which  the  emperor  made  with  the  sultan  of 
Egypt.  In  accordance  with  this  treaty,  Palestine  was 
ceded  to  Frederick,  and  free  toleration  granted  of  both  the 
Christian  and  Mohammedan  faiths.  Under  this  arrange- 
ment, the  Christians  lived  in  Jerusalem  in  peace  and  pros- 
perity, undisturbed  until  the  irruption  of  the  Mongols,  in 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century.  # 

13.  The  Sixth  Crusade  was  undertaken  by  Louis  IX. 
(St.  Louis),  of  France  (1249),  in  consequence  of  the  cap- 
ture and  pillage  of  Jerusalem  by  the  barbarous  Mongols. 
The  French  monarch,  after  having  taken  Damietta,  was 
utterly  defeated  by  the  Sultan  of  Egypt,  and  taken  prisoner. 
Jle  was  afterward  ransomed  by  his  subjects  (1250). 

14.  The  Seventh  Crusade  was  undertaken  by  St. 
Louis  in  alliance  with  Prince  Edward  (afterward  Edward 
I.)  of  England  (1269),  in  consequence  of  the  taking  of 
Antioch  by  the  Mam'e-luke*   Sultan    of  Egypt.      Louis 

*  The  Mameluke*  (a  word  meaning  in  Arabic,  slave,*)  were  of  Turkish  origin,  and  were  bought 
by  the  Sultan  of  Egypt  and  placed  in  the  army.  In  1251,  they  had  advanced  to  such  a  degree  of 
power,  that  they  made  one  of  their  number  Sultan,  and  founded  a  dynasty  which  occupied  the 
throne  of  Egypt  for  centuries. 


1 1 .  Who  enjoined  the  fourth  crusade  ?    What  did  it  accomplish  ? 

1 2.  Who  was  at  the  head  of  the  fifth  crusade  ?     What  was  effected  by  it  ? 

1 3.  By  whom  was  the  sixth  crusade  undertaken  ?  Why  ?    What  was  the  result  ? 
1  I.  By  whom  was  the  seventh  crusade  undertaken  ?     Why  ?    What  caused  the 

death  of  St.  Louis  ?    What  followed  ?    What  was  done  by  Edward  ? 


210  THE  CRUSADES.  [A.  ».  1291. 

crossed  to  Africa,  expecting  to  receive  the  King  of  Tunis  aa 
a  convert  to  Christianity ;  but,  instead  of  a  convert,  he 
found  a  determined  enemy ;  and  a  pestilence  having  broken 
out,  the  French  perished  by  thousands  on  the  burning 
sands.  St.  Louis  died  in  his  tent;  and  his  son  Philip, 
after  making  a  treaty  with  the  king  of  Tunis,  returned  to 
France  (1270).  Prince  Edward,  however,  proceeded  to  the 
Holy  Land,  and  gained  some  advantages  by  his  skill  and 
valor;  but  after  making  a  ten  years'  truce,  he  returned 
home  to  assume  the  English  throne. 

15.  This  was  the  last  of  the  crusades.  Antioch  had  been 
taken  by  the  sultan  of  Egypt,  and  all  its  inhabitants 
slaughtered  or  made  slaves  in  1268 ;  the  other  towns  of 
Syria,  soon  after  fell  successively  into  the  hands  of  the  Mo- 
hammedans, excepting  Acre,  which  for  a  time  was  the  me- 
tropolis of  the  Christians.  This  also  was  captured  by  the 
sultan  in  1291,  and  its  inhabitants,  to  the  number  of 
60,000,  put  to  death  or  sent  into  bondage.  Soon  afterward 
all  the  churches  and  fortifications  of  the  Latin  Christians 
throughout  Syria  were  demolished. 

16.  Influence  of  the  Crusades.  These  enterprises 
indirectly  contributed  very  greatly  to  the  political  and 
social  improvement  of  the  nations  of  Europe  during  the 
Middle  Ages.  They  tended  to  break  up  the  feudal  system, 
by  compelling  the  great  barons  to  sell  their  lands,  in  order 
to  raise  the  money  necessary  to  equip  their  troops  and 
transport  them  to  distant  countries.  They  also  aided  pop- 
ular freedom,  by  inducing  kings  to  grant  to  the  towns  po- 
litical privileges,  in  return  for  contributions  of  money  for 
the  same  purpose. 

17.  They  encouraged  commerce,  by  employing  so  many 
ships  and  such  vast  supplies  as  were  required  to  transport 
and  sustain  the  vast  armies  which  were  raised  and  sent  out 

1 5.  What  events  destroyed  the  power  of  the  Latin  Christians  in  Syria  ? 

1 6.  What  was  the  inlluence  of  the  crusades  on  the  Feudal  System  ?    On  popular 
freedom? 

1 7.  On  commerce  and  navigation  ?    What  cities  rose  to  eminence  ? 


THE   CRUSADES.  211 


to  so  great  a  distance.  Foreign  countries  were  brought  into 
communication  with  each  other,  and  the  advantage  of  a 
mutual  exchange  of  products  soon  became  apparent. 
Thus  the  arts  of  navigation  and  ship-building  rapidly  ad- 
vanced ;  and  many  cities  situated  in  the  route  of  these  ex- 
peditions soon  acquired  extraordinary  influence  and  wealth. 
Of  these  Oen'oa  and  Venice  are  examples. 

18.  Tliey  promoted  the  diffusion  of  knoivledge,  and  the 
progress  of  science  and  literature.  Those  who  engaged  in 
them  were  at  first  grossly  ignorant  and  illiterate ;  but 
coming  in  contact  with  the  Greek  and  Saracenic  civiliza- 
tion, they  soon  imbibed  a  taste  for  the  science  and  litera- 
ture which  constituted  one  of  its  most  prominent  features, 
and,  on  returning  home,  communicated  the  same  spirit  to 
their  fellow  countrymen. 

19.  They  were  enterprises  undertaken  for  a  noble  and 
unselfish  purpose  ;  and,  although  blended  with  it,  was  the 
desire  of  military  distinction  and  renown,  this  was  to  be 
gratified  by  great  self-sacrifice,  and  personal  devotion  to  a 
cause  which  conscience  and  religion  approved.  Hence 
were  necessarily  infused  that  heroic  and  disinterested  spirit, 
that  eagerness  to  succor  the  weak  and  distressed,  that  love 
of  romantic  adventure,  and  those  elevated  sentiments  of 
honor,  all  of  which  went  to  form  that  remarkable  feature 
of  the  manners  of  the  Middle  Ages,  known  as  chivalry. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

A.  D. 

1076.  Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Seljuk  Turks. 

1095.  Council  of  Clermont. 

"  First  crusade  advocated  by  Pope  Urban  II. 

1097.  Soliman  defeated  and  Nice  taken  by  the  Crusaders. 

1098.  Antioch  taken  by  the  Crusaders. 

1099.  Jerusalem  taken,  and  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  elected  king. 

18.  How  did  they  promote  the  diffusion  of  knowledge,  and  the  progress  of 
science  and  literature  ? 

1 9.  What  is  further  said  of  their  influence  ?   How  did  they  give  rise  to  chivalry  I 


212  THE  CKUSADES. 


1147.  Second  crusade  undertaken  by  Louis  VII.  and  the  Emperor 

Conrad. 
1187.  Jerusalem  taken  by  Saladin. 
1189.  Third  crusade  under  Philip  II.,  Richard  I.,  and  Frederick  Bar- 

barossa. 

1203.  Fourth  crusade,  under  Baldwin,  count  of  Flanders. 

1204.  Constantinople  taken  by  the  Crusaders. 

Fifth  crusade,  under  Frederick  II.,  emperor  of  Germany. 
1249.  Sixth  crusade,  under  St.  Louis. 

1968.  Seventh  crusade,  under  St.  Louis  and  Prince  Edward. 
1270.  Death  of  St.  Louis  near  Tunis. 
1291.  Capture  of  Acre  by  the  Mohammedans.    Total  conquest  of 

Syria  and  subjugation  of  the  Latin  Christians 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  What  was  the  early  custom  in  reference  to  making  pilgrimages  to  the 

Holy  Land? 205 

2.  What  events  afterward  occurred  to  interfere  with  the  custom  ? 205 

3.  Who  was  Peter  the  Hermit,  and  what  did  he  do  ? 189-200-20? 

4.  What  preparations  were  made  for  the  first  crusade  ? 206 

5.  Give  the  full  account  of  the  first  crusade 206-161-207 

6.  State  why  the  second  crusade  was  undertaken 207-208 

7.  Give  the  full  account  of  the  second  crusade  207-208-190 

8.  What  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  third  crusade  ? 208 

9.  Give  the  full  account  of  the  third  crusade 208-209-166-191 

10.  Why,  and  with  what  result,  was  the  fourth  crusade  made  ? 209 

11.  Give  an  account  of  the  fifth  crusade 209 

12.  When  and  by  whom  was  the  sixth  crusade  undertaken  ? 209 

13.  Give  the  facts  in  the  career  of  Saint  Louis 192-193-209-210 

14.  Give  the  full  account  of  the  seventh  crusade 209-210 

15.  Give  the  history  of  Antioch 58-115-118-137-207-210 

Id.  What  were  the  four  important  influences  of  the  crusades 210-211 

17.  In  what  way  did  they  tend  to  destroy  the  feudal  system 210 

18.  Explain  how  they  encouraged  commerce 210-211 

19.  In  what  way  did  they  promote  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  ? 211 

20.  How  did  they  promote  the  spirit  of  heroism  and  disinterestedness?.   .  211 

21.  Name  the  most  prominent  persons  in  each  of  the  seven  crusades  206—210 

22.  Name  those  who  were  most  successful 206—210 

2:!.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  important  events  of  the  11th  century.  184-202-211 

21.  Name  those  of  the  12th  century 184-202-212 

26.  Name  those  of  the  13th  century 184-203-212 

26.  Name  those  of  the  14th  century 185-203 

27.  Name  those  of  the  15th  century 185-203 


936.]  CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN   EUROPE.  213 


section  vi. 

Central  and  Southern  Europe  during  the  Middle 

Ages. 

Germany— {From  843  to  1493). 

1.  After  the  battle  of  Fontenaille,  in  which  the  degen- 
erate grandsons  of  Charlemagne  fought  with  each  other  over 
the  territories  subdued  by  his  wisdom  and  valor,  the  em- 
pire was  divided  into  three  portions, — France,  Germany, 
and  Italy;  and  the  second  of  these  divisions  was  assigned 
to  Louis  (843).  The  Carlovingian  race  became  extinct  in 
911 ;  and  thereafter  the  Di'et,  or  Great  Council  consisting 
of  the  provincial  rulers  and  the  chief  dignitaries  of  the 
Church,  assumed  the  right  of  electing  the  emperor,  subject 
to  confirmation  by  the  Pope,  by  whom  alone  he  could  be 
crowned. 

2.  Several  races  at  this  time  occupied  Germany,  the  chief 
of  which  were  the  Franks,  Saxons,  Ba-va'ri-ans,  and  Sua'- 
bi-ans  ;  and  the  first  choice  of  the  Diet  was  Conrad  of 
Franconia.  He  was  succeeded  (919)  by  five  Saxon  emper- 
ors, the  first  of  whom  was  Henry  I.  {the  Foiuler),  who  brave- 
ly and  successfully  withstood  an  irruption  of  the  Magyars 
(mod'yars),  or  Hungarians,  whom  he  defeated  in  a  great 
battle  (934),  and  thus  saved  his  country  from  being  overrun 
by  those  barbarous  hordes.  Before  his  death  (936)  he  was 
regarded  as  the  greatest  monarch  in  Europe. 

3.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Otho  I.  (the  Great), 
who  again  saved  Germany  by  defeating  the  Hungarians 

1 .  When  and  how  was  the  empire  of  Charlemagne  divided  ?  To  whom  was 
Germany  assigned  ?  When  did  the  Carlovingian  race  hecome  extinct  ?  What  fol- 
lowed ? 

%  What  races  occupied  Germany?  Who  was  the  first  choice  of  the  electors? 
By  whom  was  he  succeeded  ?    What  is  said  of  Henry  the  Fowler  ? 

3.  Who  succeeded  Henry  I.  ?    What  was  accomplished  by  Otho  the  Great  ? 


214  CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE.  [1056. 

* 

(955),  in  a  battle  near  Augsburg  (ougs'boorg),  and  extended 
the  limits  of  the  Empire  on  every  side.  At  the  head  of  a 
victorious  army  he  passed  the  Alps,  subdued  Italy,  and 
after  receiving  at  Mil'an  the  iron  crown  of  the  Lombards, 
was  crowned  by  the  Pope  Emperor  of  the  West  (962). 

4.  This  great  monarch  died  in  973,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Otho  II.,  whose  reign  was  a  constant  series  of 
wars.  He  defeated  the  Saracens  in  Lower  Italy,  and  made 
himself  master  of  Naples  and  Tarentum;  but  the  Greek 
emperor  having  invited  the  Saracens  again  into  Italy, 
Otho  was  entirely  overwhelmed  by  them,  and  narrowly 
escaped  with  life.  At  a  diet  held  in  Ve-ro'na,  he  formally 
confirmed  the  privileges  of  the  Republic  of  Venice  ;  and  was 
preparing  a  great  expedition  against  the  Greeks  and  Sara- 
cens, when  he  died  at  Eome  (983). 

5.  Otho  III.  was  also  a  great  monarch.  He  defeated  the 
Slaves,*  or  Slavonians,  who  had  long  carried  on  war  against 
the  Empire,  and  compelled  their  chief,  Mi-cis'las,  Duke  of 
Poland,  to  do  him  homage.  Afterward,  by  formally  ac- 
knowledging the  successor  of  the  duke  a  king,  he  raised 
the  Polish  territories  to  the  rank  of  a  kingdom  (995).  He 
died  at  Ravenna  (1002),  and  was  succeeded  by  Henry  II. 
who  was  the  last  of  the  Saxon  emperors  (1024). 

6.  Four  Franconian  Emperors  followed.  The  first  was 
Conrad  II.,  who  annexed  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  to 
the  Empire.  Henry  III.,  his  son,  promulgated  the  Truce 
of  God,  extended  his  sway  over  Hungary,  and  repressed  the 
insolence  of  the  spiritual  and  temporal  princes  of  Germany. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Henry  IV.  (1056),  who  had  a  severe 
contest  with  the  famous  Pope  Gregory  VII  (Hil'de-brand). 

*  The  Slm-cx.  in-  Slimma/is,  anciently  called  Sarmatians  and  Scythians,  originally  inhabited 
tbe  northern  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  previous  to  the  seventh  century  had  spread  them- 
selves over  a  larg^e  district  m  Central  Europe,  bordering  on  the  Baltic  Sea. 

4 .  State  the  principal  event?  in  the  reign  of  Otho  II.  When  did  his  death  occur  ? 

r>.  What  was  accomplished  hy  Otho  III.  ?  How  did  Poland  become  a  kingdom  ? 
Who  was  the  last  of  the  Saxon  emperors  ? 

6.  What  emperors  followed  ?  What  was  done  by  Conrad  II.  ?  By  Henry  HI.  ? 
Who  succeeded  him  ?  What  caused  the  contest  between  Henry  IV.  and  Gregory 
VII.  ?    How  was  Henry  IV.  humiliated  ? 


1152.]  CENTRAL   AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE.  215 

This  talented  and  energetic  pontiff  aimed  to  free  the  Church 
from  its  abuses  and  make  it  supreme  over  the  civil  power, 
and  therefore  determined  to  put  a  stop  to  the  corrupt  sale 
of  ecclesiastical  offices  by  the  emperor.  Henry,  resisting 
this,  was  excommunicated ;  and,  in  1077,  the  greatest  tem- 
poral monarch  in  the  world  was  forced  to  stand  barefoot  on 
the  frosty  earth  at  Canossa  (a  town  in  Italy)  for  three 
days,  waiting  for  admission  to  Gregory,  to  whom  he  finally 
made  the  most  abject  submission. 

7.  But  he  failed  to  keep  his  promises,  and  raised  a  large 
army,  with  which  he  defeated  Rudolf  of  Siiabia,  whom  the 
Pope  had  caused  to  be  elected  in  his  stead.  Then  passing 
into  Italy,  he  took  Kome  (1084),  and  ordered  the  election  of 
a  pope  in  place  of  Gregory,  whom  he  deposed  and  drove  into 
exile  at  Salerno.*  Here,  this  zealous  and  able  pontiff  died 
(1085);  but,  notwithstanding  his  misfortunes,  he  left  the 
papal  power  greatly  strengthened  and  improved  by  his  efforts. 
Henry  IV.  was  succeeded  by  Henry  V.  (1106),  who  was 
the  last  of  the  Franconian  emperors ;  and  after  the  crown 
had  been  worn  by  Lothaire  of  Saxony  (1125-1137),  it  passed 
into  the  possession  of  Conrad  of  Suabia  (Conrad  III.). 

8.  Conrad  III.,  the  first  of  the  Suabian  Emperors,  took 
part  in  the  second  Crusade.  His  reign  is  noted  for  the 
commencement  of  the  civil  wars  between  the  papal  and 
imperial  parties,  called,  respectively,  the  Guelphs  and  Ghib'- 
ellines,  the  contests  between  whom  continued  to  harass 
Germany  and  Italy  for  nearly  three  centuries.  Frederick  I. 
(Bar-ba-ros'sa — Fed-Beard),  the  nephew  of  Conrad,  suc- 
ceeded him  (1152) ;  and  displayed,  during  a  long  reign,  the 
character  of  an  active  and  talented  monarch.  He  engaged 
in  a  contest  with  the  Lombard  cities  of  Northern  Italy, 


*  A  town  in  Southern  Italy,  about  thirty  miles  southeast  of  Naples,  on  a  gul&  of  the  sumo 
name.     It  is  very  famous  in  history. 


7.  What  did  he  afterward  do  ?  Where  did  Gregory  die  ?  What  was  the  effect 
of  his  efforts  ?  Who  succeeded  Henry  IV.  ?  When  did  Conrad  of  Suabia  assume 
the  crown  ? 

8.  What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Conrad  III.  ?  Of  Frederick  Barbarossa  ?  How 
did  the  Lombard  cities  acquire  their  independence  ? 


216  CENTRAL  AND  SOUTHERN  EUROPE.  [1250. 

which  at  this  time  emerging  into  power,  claimed  the  rights 
of  republics.  Although  at  first  defeated,  they  subsequently 
triumphed  (1176)  in  the  battle  of  Legnano  (len-yah'no)  ;* 
and,  by  the  peace  of  Constance,\  acquired  their  independ- 
ence (1183).  Frederick  perished  in  the  third  Crusade 
(1190).    He  is  regarded  as  the  best  and  wisest  of  his  race. 

9.  The  interval  between  the  death  of  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  and  the  accession  of  the  Hapsburg  line  (1190-1273), 
was  a  period  of  constant  internal  commotion  and  foreign 
war.  The  most  eminent  of  the  emperors  of  this  period  was 
Frederick'  II.,  grandson  of  Barbarossa,  and  one  of  the 
ablest  and  most  accomplished  sovereigns  of  the  Middle 
Ages.  He  was  compelled,  by  his  obligations  to  the  pope, 
to  undertake  two  expeditions  to  the  Holy  Land,  in  the 
second  of  which  he  was  successful.  Contests  with  the 
Italian  cities  and  with  the  papacy  occupied  the  remainder 
of  his  reign.     He  died  in  1250. 

10.  The  Hanseatic  League. — During  the  reign  of 
Frederick  II.,  Hamburgh  and  Lubec  formed  a  union,  to 
protect  their  shipping  against  pirates,  and  extend  their 
commerce.  This  confederacy  was  soon  joined  by  Brem'en, 
Cologne,  Dant'zic,  and  many  other  towns,  and  became  very 
influential  and  celebrated,  under  the  title  of  the  Hansa,  or 
TIan-se-at'ic  League.  Its  principal  foreign  depots  were 
London,  Bru'ges,\  Nov'gorod,%  and  Ber'gen.\  Its  deputies 
met  every  three  years  at  Lubec.  This  league  attained  its 
highest  prosperity  and  importance  in  the  14th  century. 
Its  last  general  assembly  met  in  1630. 

*  A  town  of  Northern  Italy,  sixteen  miles  N.  W.  of  Milan. 

t  A  town  in  the  southern  part  of  Germany,  on  the  northwestern  shore  of  Lake  Constance. 

$  In  the  Middle  Ages  the  great  emporium  of  Central  Europe,  distinguished  not  only  for  its 
extensive  commerce,  hut  its  manufacture  of"  cloths  and  tapestries. 

S  A  great  emporium  of  Western  Russia  during  the  12th,  13th,  and  14th  centuries;  having  at 
one  time,  it  is  said,  a  population  of  400,000. 

I  A  commercial  town  in  the  western  part  of  Norway. 


9.  What  is  said  of  the  period  following  the  reign  of  Frederick  I.  ?  What  was 
the  character  of  Frederick  II.  ?    What  were  the  chief  events  of  his  reign  ? 

10.  What  led  to  the  Hanseatic  League ?  What  towns  joined  it?  What  wera 
its  principal  foreign  depots ?  Where  and  how  often  did  its  deputies  meet?  When 
did  it  reach  its  highest  influence  ?    When  did  it  end  ? 


1308.]  CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN   EUROPE.  21? 

11.  Rudolf  I.,  the  first  of  the  Haps'burg*  line,  was 
acknowledged  emperor  by  the  Pope  (Gregory  X.)  (1273), 
on  condition  of  resigning  all  jurisdiction  over  Eome,  while 
he  retained  the  right  of  investing  new  bishops.  He  sub- 
dued Ot'to-car  of  Bohemia,  and  seized  his  dominions,  in- 
cluding Austria,  thus  founding  the  present  Austrian  Em- 
pire. He  ruled  with  much  skill  and  energy ;  and,  reducing 
the  robber-nobles  to  submission,  greatly  increased  the  im- 
perial power.  On  his  death  (1291)  a  contest  arose  as  to 
the  succession;  but  his  son  Albert  finally  prevailed  (1298). 

12.  Albert  I. — During  this  reign  the  Swiss  Cantons 
made  their  memorable  rising  for  independence,  being  pro- 
voked, according  to  the  popular  tradition,  by  the  tyranny 
of  the  governor,  Gesler  {glies'ler),  who  commanded,  as  the 
story  goes,  the  citizens  of  Al'torf  to  bow  before  the  ducal 
cap  of  Austria,  set  upon  a  pole  in  the  market-place.  This, 
William  Tell  refused  to  do ;  and  was  condemned  to  lose  his 
life,  or  shoot  an  apple  from  his  son's  head.  Although  he 
succeeded  in  this  trying  ordeal,  the  governor  still  refused 
to  set  him  at  liberty ;  but  a  storm  arising  as  he  was  carried 
in  chains  across  the  lake,  he  was  unfettered,  in  order  that 
he  might  render  aid  as  a  steersman ;  when,  leaping  from 
the  vessel  as  it  neared  the  shore,  he  escaped,  and  a  short 
time  after  avenged  himself  and  his  country  by  slaying  the 
tyrannical  governor  (1308). f  The  emperor  himself  was 
murdered  the  same  year  in  Switzerland  by  his  nephew, 
John  of  Suabia. 

13.  After  the  murder  of  Albert,  the  imperial  throne  was 
filled  in  succession  by  Henry  VII.  (1308-1313),  who  an- 

*  Hiipuburff,  meaning  Hawk's  Castle,  was  the  name  given  to  the  stronghold  built  by  the  feudal 
ancestors  of  this  race,  on  the  Rhine. 

+  The  story  of  William  Tell  is  a  traditionary  legend,  the  details  of  which  are  now  generally 
believed  to  be  fictitious. 


1 1 .  What  were  the  principal  events  of  the  reign  of  Rudolf  I.  ?  Who  succeeded 
him? 

1 2.  What  interesting  event  occurred  during  the  reign  of  Albert  I.  ?  Relate  the 
story  of  William  Tell.    When  and  how  did  Albert's  death  occur  ? 

13.  Who  were  the  next  four  emperors  ?  Which  annexed  Bohemia  to  the  em- 
pire ?  What  was  the  Golden  Bull  ?  By  whom  was  it  issued  ?  What  followed  the 
death  of  Charles  IV.  ?    When  did  Sigismund  of  Hungary  ascend  the  throne  ? 

10 


218  CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE.  [1437. 

nexed  Bohemia  to  the  empire;  Louis  of  Bavaria,  and 
Frederick  of  Austria  (1313-1349) ;  and  Charles  IV.  of  Bo- 
hemia (1349-1378) ;  the  last  of  whom  published  the  Golden 
Bull,  a  decree  by  which  the  electors  of  the  German  Empire 
and  the  mode  of  election  were  determined  (1356).  The 
death  of  Charles  IV.  was  followed  by  several  brief  reigns, 
after  which  the  crown  was  conferred  on  Sig'is-mund  of 
Hungary,  a  son  of  Charles  IV.  (1410). 

14.  This  emperor  had  been  king  of  Hungary,  and  at- 
tempted, with  an  immense  army  of  Hungarians,  French, 
Germans,  and  Poles,  to  relieve  the  Byzantine  Empire,  then 
attacked  by  the  Ottomans;  but  was  terribly  defeated  at 
Nicop'olis*  (1396).  During  his  reign  John  Huss  preached 
in  Prague  against  the  abuses  of  the  Church,  and  attacked 
the  papal  supremacy.  At  first  he  was  excommunicated; 
and  then,  being  induced  under  a  safe-conduct  given  by  the 
Emperor  Sigismund,  to  attend  the  council  at  Constance, 
he  was  apprehended,  convicted  of  heresy,  and,  notwith- 
standing the  plighted  word  of  Sigismund,  burnt  at  the 
stake  (1415).  His  friend  and  disciple,  Jer'ome  of  Prague, 
shared  the  same  fate  the  next  year. 

15.  This  led  to  a  furious  war  of  sixteen  years,  in  the  first 
part  of  which  the  Bohemians,  or  Hussites,  were  led  by  the 
famous  John  Zis'ca,  and  defeated  the  armies  of  Sigismund 
in  many  battles.  In  1437,  a  treaty  was  made,  by  which  the 
religious  liberty  of  the  Hussites  in  Bohemia  was  acknowl- 
edged. While  this  war  was  going  on,  Sigismund  marched 
against  the  Turks,  whom  he  defeated  in  a  great  battle  near 
Nis'sa\  (1419).  This  checked  the  Ottoman  conquests  on 
the  eastern  frontier.     Sigismund  died  in  1437. 

16.  The  short  reign  of  Albert  II.  (1437-1440),  was  fol- 

*  A  town  in  European  Turkey,  on  the  Danube.    (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  7.) 

+  A  town  in  European  Turkey,  south  of  the  Danube.     (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  7.) 


1 4.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Nicopolis  ?  What  account  is  given  of  John  Huss  ? 
Of  Jerome  of  Prague  ? 

15.  What  is  said  of  the  war  with  the  Hussites  ?  Who  was  their  leader  ?  How 
was  it  ended  ?  Where  did  Sigismund  defeat  the  Turks  ?  What  was  the  effect  of 
this  defeat 't 


1436.]  CENTRAL  AtfD   SOUTHERN   EUROPE.  219 

lowed  by  that  of  Frederick  III.,  who,  in  order  to  aggran- 
dize the  house  of  Austria,  neglected  the  general  interests  of 
the  empire,  and  suffered  the  infidel  Turks  to  make  great 
encroachments  upon  its  territories.  He  succeeded  (1477) 
in  effecting  a  marriage  between  his  son  Maximilian  and 
Mary  of  Burgundy,  thus  obtaining  for  the  former  the 
sovereignty  of  the  Netherlands,  which  Mary  had  inherited 
from  her  father,  Charles  the  Bold.  Printing  was  invented 
in  Germany  during  the  reign  of  Frederick  III.  Maxi- 
milian succeeded  his  father  on  the  imperial  throne  in  1493. 

Switzerland—  (From  1307  to  1476). 

17.  The  oppression  of  the  Swiss  by  Albert  I.  led  to  au 
insurrection ;  and  Leopold,  his  son,  advancing  into  Switzer- 
land with  a  considerable  army,  was  defeated  by  a  small  band 
of  Swiss  at  the  narrow  pass  of  Mor' gar-ten  (1315).  This 
was  followed  by  a  league  of  the  Cantons  of  Uri  (oo'ree), 
Schweitz  (shwites),  and  Unterwalden  (oo?i'ter-ival'den),  to 
which  others  were  afterward  added;  and,  in  1352,  the  con- 
federacy included  eight  Cantons.  The  Austrians  afterward 
renewed  the  war,  and  were  again  defeated  at  Sem'pach 
(1386),  in  a  battle  memorable  for  the  devotion  of  Arnold 
of  Winhelried  (ivin'kel-reed),  who,  when  his  countrymen 
recoiled  from  the  serried  spears  of  the  enemy,  rushed  upon 
them,  burying  them  in  his  bosom,  but  making  way  for  the 
Swiss  host  behind  him. 

18.  In  the  following  century,  Switzerland  had  gained  in 
strength ;  but  it  was  severely  tried  by  a  civil  war  which 
broke  out  among  the  Cantons  in  1436.  This  was  followed 
by  a  struggle  with  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy,  in 
which  the  Swiss  gained  two  decisive  victories.     Their  inde- 


1 6.  What  reigns  followed  ?  Relate  what  is  said  of  Frederick  III.  What  was 
obtained  by  the  marriage  of  Maximilian  and  Mary  of  Burgundy?  What  invention 
took  place  ?    When  did  Maximilian  succeed  to  the  throne  ? 

1 7.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Morgarten  ?  By  what  was  it  followed  ?  What  took 
place  at  Sempach  ?    What  is  related  of  Arnold  of  Winkelried  ? 

18.  Relate  the  subsequent  history  of  Switzerland  to  1499. 


220  CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE.  [1499. 

pendence  was  fully  established  by  a  peace  concluded  with 
the  Emperor  Maximilian  in  1499. 

Italy. 

10.  Northern  Italy,  by  the  defeat  of  the  Lombards 
(?74),  passed  under  the  rule  of  Charlemagne,  who  was,  in 
800,  crowned  at  St.  Peter's  "Emperor  of  the  Komans." 
After  the  battle  of  Fontenaille,  it  was  assigned  to  his 
grandson  Lothaire  (843),  whose  descendants  held  the  throne 
nearly  fifty  years  (843-888).  This  period  is  noted  for  the 
invasion  of  Southern  Italy  by  the  Saracens,  who  carried 
their  victorious  arms  even  to  the  gates  of  Eome.  They 
held  possession  of  a  large  part  of  the  country  until  they 
w^re  expelled  by  the  Normans  in  101G. 

20.  Confusion  and  civil  war  followed  the  close  of  the 
Carlovingian  dynasty  in  Northern  Italy,  occasioned  by  the 
disputes  of  ambitious  nobles  for  the  throne,  until  Otho  I., 
of  Germany,  assumed  the  sovereignty  of  the  country  (961). 
From  this  period,  the  chief  towns  rapidly  emerged  into 
power  and  importance.  The  Lombard  League  was  formed 
in  1167 ;  and,  in  1183,  the  cities  secured  their  independence 
by  the  Peace  of  Constance.  The  bitter  strife  between  the 
Guelphs  and  Ghibellines  devastated  the  country  for  centu- 
ries ;  but,  nevertheless,  the  republics  of  Northern  Italy  at- 
tained a  high  degree  of  spendor  and  prosperity. 

21.  Venice. — Among  these,  Venice  occupied  a  promi- 
nent place.  Its  foundation  dates  from  the  invasion  of  Italy 
by  Attila  (452),  who  pillaged  and  destroyed  the  flourishing 
cities  of  the  Veneti  in  Northern  Italy ;  and  many  of  the 
inhabitants,  taking  refuge  among  the  islands  at  the  head 
of  the  Adriatic,  founded  there  a  settlement  which  for  a 


19.  What  events  are  mentioned  in  the  history  of  Northern  Italy  from  843  to 
888  ?    Of  Southern  Italy  ? 

20.  How  was  Northern  Italy  affected  by  the  extinction  of  the  Carlovingians  ? 
What  league  was  formed  ?  How  did  the  cities  secure  their  independence  ?  What 
contest  laid  waste  the  country  ?    What  is  said  of  the  northern  republics  ? 

21.  What  account  is  given  of  the  foundation  of  Venice  ? 


1177.]  CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE.  221 

time  depended  for  its  subsistence  upon  fishing  and  the 
manufacture  of  salt.  It  was  called  Ve-ne'zi-a,  or,  as  we 
have  it,  Venice. 

22.  It  was  between  two  and  three  centuries  a  simple  re- 
public ;  but,  in  697,  the  first  Doge  {duke)  was  elected, — an 
officer  in  whom  was  vested  almost  undivided  authority. 
The  republic  was  nominally  subject  to  the  Eastern  Em- 
pire, and  assisted  it  in  defending  the  Exarchate  of  Eavenna 
from  the  attacks  of  the  Lombards.  During  the  reign  of 
Charlemagne  (809),  it  was  attacked  by  the  Franks,  but 
defeated  them  with  great  loss.  A  short  time  after  this,  the 
central  island,  Rialto  (re-awl' to),  was  connected  with  the 
other  islands  by  wooden  bridges ;  and  this  city  of  bridges 
and  canals,  instead  of  streets,  came  to  be  generally  known 
by  its  name  Venice. 

23.  A  short  time  after  this,  the  Venetians  took  St.  Marie 
as  their  patron  saint,  having  brought,  as  it  is  said,  his  body 
from  Alexandria  (829).  During  the  next  250  years,  the 
republic  greatly  increased  in  wealth,  commerce,  and  naval 
power;  and  its  territorial  dominions  were  augmented  by 
the  acquisition  of  Dalmatia,  and  some  of  the  neighboring 
provinces.  In  the  first  Crusade,  the  Venetians  sent  a  fleet 
of  more  than  200  vessels  to  aid  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  (1099) ; 
and  during  the  whole  period  of  these  expeditions,  Venice 
was  the  great  centre  of  commerce,  and  the  emporium  by 
which  the  silks,  spices,  and  gems  of  the  East  were  distributed 
to  Europe. 

24.  Venice  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  "  League  of 
Lombardy,"  against  Frederick  Barbarossa ;  and,  during  the 
contest  (in  1177),  gained  a  splendid  naval  victory  over  the 
Ghibellines,  under  Otho,  Frederick's  son,  in  defence  of  the 
Pope,  who  had  appealed  to  the  republic  for  protection.     It 

22.  When  was  the  first  Doge  elected  ?    How  was  Venice  connected  with  the 
Eastern  Empire  ?    Whom  did  it  defeat  in  809  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Rialto  ? 

23.  What  events  occurred  during  the  next  250  years  ?   How  was  Venice  affected 
by  the  Crusades  ? 

24.  Of  what  league  was  Venice  a  member?    WThat  great  victory  was  gained? 
What  ceremony  was  instituted  ? 


222  CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE.  [1396 

was  after  this  victory  that  the  ceremony  of  "  wedding  the 
Adriatic"  was  instituted,  the  Pope  presenting  the  Doge 
with  a  ring  for  the  purpose.* 

25.  After  the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  the  Crusaders 
(1204),  Venice  having  supplied  a  fleet,  under  the  venera- 
ble doge  Dan'do-lo,  received,  as  her  share  of  the  spoils,  the 
Mo-re 'a,\  and  several  other  territories  in  Europe.  The 
doge,  although  blind  and  ninety  years  of  age,  so  distin- 
guished himself  that  the  Crusaders,  in  admiration  of  his 
prowess  and  skill,  offered  him  the  imperial  crown,  which 
he  refused.  During  the  latter  half  of  the  13th  century  and 
most  of  the  14th,  Venice  was  engaged  in  almost  constant 
war  with  her  great  rival,  Gen'o-a. 

26.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  13th  century  (1275),  Mar'co 
Po'lu,  the  great  Venetian  traveller,  crossed  Asia,  and  after 
visiting  Tartary  and  China,  returned  home  by  way  of  the 
East  Indies  and  the  Persian  Gulf.  The  account  given  by 
this  traveller  of  the  East,  did  much  to  stimulate  further 
adventure  and  exploration.  After  Genoa  had  passed  away 
as  an  independent  power  (1396),  Venice  experienced  her 
highest  prosperity,  and  was  the  greatest  maritime  power 
in  the  world. 

27.  She  acquired  by  conquest,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  a  large  domain  in  Northern  Italy,  and 
did  important  service  to  Europe  by  repelling  the  attacks  of 
the  Turkish  fleets  in  the  Mediterranean.  Her  wars,  how- 
ever, soon  wasted  her  treasures,  and  impaired  her  com- 
merce ;  while  her  government  became  tyrannical  and  cor- 
rupt.   "When  the  new  route  to  the  East,  by  way  of  the  Cape 

*  This  ceremony,  performed  with  great  pomp  and  festivity,  consisted  in  casting  a  ring  in  the 
sea,  to  indicate  that  it  was  "  subject  to  Venice  as  a  bride  is  to  her  husband." 
t  The  southern  peninsula  of  Greece,  anciently  called  the  Peloponnesus. 


25.  How  was  Venice  rewarded  after  the  taking  of  Constantinople  in  1204? 
What  is  said  of  Dandolo  ?  With  what  other  republic  was  Venice  at  war  in  the 
13th  and  14th  centuries  ? 

26.  What  is  said  of  Marco  Polo?  What  did  Venice  become  after  the  fall  of 
Genoa  ? 

27  What  is  said  of  the  history  of  Venice  during  the  15th  century?  In  what 
way  did  she  lose  her  power  ? 


1060.]  CENTRAL   AND   SOUTHERN   EUROPE.  223 

of  Good  Hope,  was  discovered  (1497),  her  fate  was  sealed, 
and  her  glory  soon  departed. 

28.  Southern  Italy.  This  part  of  the  Peninsula,  in 
the  ninth  century,  was  invaded  by  the  Saracens,  against 
whom  it  was  for  a  time  defended  by  the  armies  of  the  By- 
zantine Empire.  In  the  next  century,  Otho  II.,  of  Ger- 
many, having  defeated  the  Saracens,  made  himself  master 
of  Naples  and  Salerno,  and  finally  of  Tarentum.  This  so 
alarmed  the  Greek  emperor,  that  he  formed  an  alliance 
with  the  Saracens ;  and,  in  the  severe  battle  of  Crotona, 
utterly  defeated  Otho,  who  with  difficulty  escaped  from  the 
hands  of  the  victors.  The  Saracens  held  many  of  the 
most  important  places  in  Southern  Italy  until  they  were 
expelled  by  the  Normans,  in  the  11th  and  12th  centuries. 

29.  These  were  a  band  of  adventurers  from  Normandy, 
who  at  first  rendered  aid  in  expelling  the  Saracens  from 
Salerno  (1016).  Being  joined  by  others,  they  soon  made  a 
lodgment  in  the  delightful  regions  of  Southern  Italy,  re- 
peatedly defeating  the  vastly  more  numerous  forces  of  the 
Eastern  Empire.  Their  numbers  were  increased  by  con- 
stant accessions  from  Normandy;  and,  in  1060,  the  re- 
nowned Robert  Guis'card  (or  ghees-har'),  was  acknowledged 
by  the  pope  Duke  of  Apulia  and  Cala'bria,  and  of  such 
other  lands,  in  Italy  and  Sicily,  as  he  might  rescue  from 
the  Greeks  and  Saracens.  This  Norman  duke  was,  per- 
haps, the  most  accomplished  soldier  of  his  age ;  and  ex- 
tended his  conquests  throughout  Southern  Italy,  thus  put- 
ting an  end  to  the  long  dominion  of  the  Eastern  emperors. 

30.  He  subsequently  raised  an  immense  army,  officered 
by  Norman  knights,  and  attacked  the  other  territories  of 
the  Eastern   Empire.    Durazzo   (doo-rat'so)*  fell,  after  a 

*  A  town  of  European  Turkey,  on  the  Adriatic;  called  by  the  Greeks  Epvkimnm;  by  the  Ro- 
mans, Dyrrachium. 

28.  Who  invaded  Southern  Italy  in  the  ninth  century?  By  whom  was  it  de- 
fended ?  What  was  done  hy  Otho  II.  ?  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Crotona  ?  How 
long  did  the  Saracens  continue  in  Southern  Italy  ?    By  whom  were  they  expelled  ? 

29.  Who  were  the  Normans  ?  How  did  they  obtain  a  lodgment  in  Southern 
Italy  ?    What  is  said  of  Robert  Guiscard  ? 


224  CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN   EUROPE.  [1435. 

siege  of  seven  months,  before  his  invincible  skill  and  valor ; 
and  thence  he  marched  his  army  into  the  heart  of  the  em- 
pire, making  Constantinople  itself  tremble.  He  was,  how- 
ever, hastily  recalled  to  Italy  to  protect  Pope  Gregory  VII. 
(Hildebrand)  against  his  inveterate  foe,  Henry  IV.  of 
Germany ;  and,  raising  a  large  army,  he  marched  rapidly 
from  Salerno  to  Rome,  and  compelled  the  German  emperor 
to  seek  safety  in  retreat.  It  was  with  the  faithful  Robert 
Guiscard,  that  the  illustrious  pontiff  at  last  found  an 
asylum  at  Salerno. 

31.  Roger  I,  the  brother  of  Robert  Guiscard,  conquered 
Sicily  from  the  Saracens  after  several  years  of  war ;  and  his 
son,  Roger  II,  ruled  over  the  Norman  possessions  in  both 
Sicily  and  Italy,  and  subjugated  the  free  cities  of  Naples 
and  Amal'fi*  (1127) ;  but,  in  the  person  of  William  II,  his 
grandson,  the  Norman  dynasty  became  extinct,  and  the 
kingdom  passed  under  the  sway  of  the  German  emperors 
(1189). 

32.  Thus  it  remained  till  the  reign  of  Manfred,  whom 
Charles  of  Anjou  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Beneverito\ 
(1266),  and  thus  obtained  the  throne  of  Naples  and  Sicily, 
which  he  retained  till  the  dreadful  massacre  of  the  Sicilian 
Vespers  (1282).  By  this  event  he  lost  Sicily;  but  trans- 
mitted Naples  to  his  descendants,  who  retained  the  throne 
of  that  country  till  1435,  when  it  passed  to  the  kings  of 
Aragon,  who  had  ruled  Sicily  from  the  time  of  the  Sicilian 
Vespers. 

33.  Rome,  or  Papal  Italy,  has  been  governed  since  the 
8  th  century  by  the  Popes,  who,  in  uninterrupted  succession, 
have  been  elected  to  fill  the  chair  of  St.  Peter.     During  a 

*  A  town  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno,  southeast  of  Naples,  noted  for  its  extensive  trade  in  the 
Middle  Ages, 
t  A  town  of  Southern  Italy,  a  few  miles  northeast  of  Naples. 


30.  Narrate  the  other  principal  events  in  the  history  of  Robert  Guiscard. 

3 1 .  What  is  related  of  Roger  I.  and  Roger  II.  1    What  ended  the  Norman 
dynasty  ? 

32.  How  and  when  did  Charles  of  Anjon  obtain  Naples  and  Sicily?    How  long 
did  he  retain  Sicily  ?  Naples  ? 

33.  What  is  related  of  Rome,  or  Papal  Italy  ?  What  account  is  given  of  Rienzii 


1252.]  CE^TKAL  AHD   SOUTHEKtf  EUROPE.  225 

period  of  72  years  (from  1305  to  1377)  the  Pope's  resi 
dence  was  at  Avignon.  Rome,  in  the  mean  while,  was  the 
scene  of  constant  disorder  from  the  lawless  acts  of  the 
great  nobles,  who  prosecuted  their  family  feuds  with  the 
utmost  fury  and  license.  Out  of  these  struggles  arose 
Rienzi  (re-en'ze),  the  "  Last  of  the  Tribunes,"  who,  in  1347, 
seized  the  chief  power,  and  having  expelled  the  nobles,  en- 
deavored to  restore  the  ancient  liberties  of  the  city.  A 
counter-revolution  overturned  his  government  after  an  ex- 
istence of  but  seven  months,  and  he  was  driven  into  exile. 
Rienzi  was  a  friend  of  the  famous  poet  Pe'trarch,  and  was 
distinguished  for  his  learning  and  oratory. 

SPAIls". 

34.  On  the  conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Saracens,  the  Chris- 
tians, who  were  the  remnant  of  the  Visigothic  kingdom, 
took  refuge  in  the  mountainous  districts  of  As-tu'ri-as, 
and  founded  a  new  kingdom  under  their  leader,  Pe-la'yo. 
For  centuries  they  and  their  descendants  waged  an  almost 
incessant  warfare  upon  the  Mos'lems,  or  Mohammedans ; 
and  new  kingdoms  came  into  existence  as  the  country 
was  gradually  recovered.  Of  these,  Ar'agon  and  Castile 
(cas-teel')  were  the  chief.  In  1212,  these  different  king- 
doms combined  their  forces,  and  gained  at  To-lo'sa*  one 
of  the  greatest  victories  ever  achieved  by  the  Christians 
over  their  Moslem  foes. 

35.  After  this  battle,  the  Saracen  power  rapidly  declined, 
and  that  of  Castile  and  Aragon  steadily  increased.  The 
most  celebrated  of  the  Castilian  monarchs  were  Al-fon'so 
X.,  noted  for  his  learning,  and  particularly  for  his  love  of 
astronomy  (1252-1282) ;  Peter  the  Gruel,  a  contemporary 
of  Du  Guesclin  and  the  Black  Prince ;  and  Henry,  his  suc- 

*  A  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Spain,  a  few  miles  from  the  port  of  St.  Sebastian,  on  the  Bay 
of  Biscay.    (See  Map,  page  226.) 


34.  What  followed  the  conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Saracens  ?  What  Christian 
kingdoms  were  afterward  formed  ?    What  is  said  of  the  battle  of  To-lo'sa  ? 

3  5 .  What  was  the  effect  of  this  battle  ?  Who  was  the  most  eminent  of  tho  kings 
of  Castile  ?    For  what  was  he  noted  ?    What  other  kings  are  mentioned  ? 

10* 


22C 


CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE. 


[1469. 


cessor,  who  was  defeated  at  Navarrete  (nah-var-ra'ta)*  by 
the  Black  Prince,  and  deposed. 

36.  The  smaller  kingdom  of  Aragon  acquired  extensive 
foreign  possessions,  the  chief  of  which  were  Sicily,  Naples, 
and   Sardinia.    Under  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  the  Cath- 


8  T/Oti£.  "West    from.     4   Tiondon. 


.^PORTUGAL 


olic,  who  married  Isabella,  Queen  of  Castile,  both  these 
kingdoms  were  united  (1469) ;  and  from  this  date  com- 
menced the  real  greatness  of  Spain.  Ferdinand  made  war 
upon  Granada  (grah-nah'-dah),  the  last  Moslem  kingdom 


*  A  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Spain,  near  the  Ebro  River.    (See  Map.) 

Map  Questions.— What  provinces  of  Spain  border  on  the  Atlantic  ?  On  the 
Pyrenees  ?  On  the  Mediterranean  ?  In  what  part  of  Spain  is  Castile  *  Leon  * 
Aragon  f  Murcia?  Where  is  Saragossa  ?  Toledo?  Valencia?  Cordova9  Tal- 
avera  ?    Granada  ?    What  cities  of  Portugal  are  on  or  near  the  Atlantic  ? 

36.  What  possessions  were  acquired  by  Aragon  ?  How  were  Aragon  and  Cas- 
tile united  ?  What  was  achieved  by  Ferdinand  ?  For  what  is  the  year  14!)2  mem- 
orable ? 


1497.]  CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE.  227 

in  the  Peninsula  (1481) ;  and,  in  1492,  after  a  long  siege, 
the  famous  Moorish  fortress,  the  Al-ham'bra,  was  surren- 
dered; and  the  Saracen  power  in  Spain  came  to  an  end, 
after  an  existence  of  779  years.  This  year  (1492)  is  also 
memorable  for  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus,  under 
the  auspices  of  Queen  Isabella. 

Portugal. 

37.  This  kingdom  was  originally  a  part  of  Castile ;  but  in 
1095,  King  Alfonso  VI.  granted  it  to  his  son-in-law,  Henry 
of  Burgundy,  who  was  to  rule  as  a  vassal.  Henry's  son  and 
successor,  Alfonso,  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  Saracens, 
and,  throwing  off  his  allegiance  to  Castile,  made  Portugal 
an  independent  kingdom  (1139).  This  led  to  a  fierce  con- 
test with  Castile,  which  lasted  for  a  long  time ;  but  ended 
in  favor  of  the  Portuguese,  who  were  governed  for  more 
than  two  centuries  by  the  descendants  of  Alfonso,  whom 
they  had  chosen  for  his  virtues  and  his  valor. 

38.  Alfonso  III.  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of  Portuguese 
commerce  and  mercantile  enterprise.  He  encouraged  the 
arts,  protected  learning,  and  founded  (1284)  the  University 
of  Lisbon.  During  the  reign  of  John,  Prince  Henry,  the 
Navigator,  one  of  the  wisest  and  best  men  of  his  age, 
planned  and  directed  several  voyages  in  order  to  explore 
the  coast  of  Africa,  and  discover  a  passage  around  it  to  the 
Indies.  Under  John  II.,  Bartholomew  Diaz  (de'az)  reached 
the  stormy  cape  at  the  extremity  of  the  continent  (I486), 
to  which  the  king  of  Portugal  gave  the  name  of  Good 
Hope;*  and,  in  1497,  Vas'co  da  Ga'ma  doubled  this  cape, 
and  succeeded  in  sailing  to  India.  This  voyage  and  tbxt 
of  Columbus  revolutionized  the  commerce  of  the  world. 

Diaz  had  called  it  the  "Cape  of  all  the  Storms,"  in  consequence  of  the  tempests  which  he 
had  experienced  before  reaching  it. 


37.  What  was  Portugal  originally?  How  did  it  become  independent  ?  What 
did  this  lead  to  ?    How  was  Portugal  governed  ? 

38.  What  is  said  of  Alphonso  III.  ?  Of  Prince  Henry,  the  navigator?  By  whom 
and  when  was  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  discovered  ?  By  whom  and  when  was  it 
rotinded  ?    What  was  the  effect  of  the  discoveries  made  by  Columbus  and  Da  Gama  i 


228 


CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 


A.  D. 

843. 

934. 

936-973. 

973-983. 

983-1002. 
1016. 

1056-1105. 
1060. 

1077. 
1084. 
1139. 
1176. 
1183. 
1190. 
1212. 

1247. 
1266. 
1273. 
1275. 
1284. 
1315. 
1347. 
1356. 
1386. 
1396. 

H 

1414-1418. 

1419. 

1437. 
1477. 
1186. 

1492. 
u 

1493. 
1497. 


Empire  of  Germany  established  under  Louis,  grandson  of 
Charlemagne. 

The  Hungarians  defeated  by  Hemy  the  Fowler. 

Otho  the  Great.    Hungarians  defeated. 

Otho  n.    Republic  of  Venice  becomes  prominent. 

Otho  III.     Kingdom  of  Poland  begins. 

Invasion  of  Italy  by  the  Normans.    Saracens  defeated. 

Henry  IV.     The  Papacy  of  Hildebrand  (Gregory  VII.). 

Robert  Guiscard,  acknowledged  Duke  of  Apulia,  &c,  by 
the  Pope. 

Submission  of  Henry  IV.  to  Gregory  VII. 

Rome  taken  by  Hemy  IV.    Gregory  VII.  deposed. 

Portugal  made  an  independent  kingdom. 

Battle  of  Legnano. 

Peace  of  Constance.    Lombard  cities  become  independent. 

Death  of  Frederick  Barbarossa,  after  a  reign  of  38  years. 

Defeat  of  the  Saracens  at  Tolosa  by  the  Spanish  Chris- 
tians. 

Hanseatic  League  formed. 

Charles  of  Anjou  becomes  king  of  Naples  and  Sicily. 

Rudolf  I.,  the  first  of  the  Hapsburg  line. 

Marco  Polo,  the  Venetian,  travels  to  the  East. 

Alfonso  the  Wise,  king  of  Portugal. 

Battle  of  Morgarten.    Victoiy  gained  by  the  Swiss. 

Rienzi,  the  "Last  of  the  Tribunes"  at  Rome. 

The  Golden  Bull  published  by  Charles  of  Bohemia. 

Battle  of  Sempach.    Death  of  Arnold  of  Winkelried. 

Sigismund  of  Hungaiy  defeated  by  the  Turks  at  Nicopolis. 

Genoa  ceases  to  exist  as  an  independent  republic. 

Council  of  Constance.  John  Huss  and  Jerome  of  Prague 
condemned  and  burnt  for  heresy. 

Defeat  of  the  Turks  at  Nissa  by  the  Emperor  Sigismund. 

Religious  freedom  granted  to  the  Bohemians. 

Marriage  of  Maximilian  with  Mary  of  Burgundy. 

Discovery  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  by  Bartholomew 
Diaz. 

Granada  conquered  by  Ferdinand  of  Spain. 

Discovery  of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus. 

Accession  of  Maximilian,  emperor  of  Germany. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope  doubled  by  Vasco  da  Gama. 


CENTRAL  AND   SOUTHERN  EUROPE.  229 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGH 

1.  Give  an  account  of  the  cattle  of  Fontenaille,  with  its  cause  and  conse- 

quences   145-146-213 

2.  How  was  the  Carlovingian  dynasty  begun  ? 144 

3.  Name,  in  the  order  of  their  succession,  six  sovereigns  of  the  Carlovin- 

gian dynasty 144-145-146 

4.  To  what  position  was  Conrad  of  Franconia  raised  ? 213 

5.  By  whom  was  Germany  occupied  at  that  time  ? 213 

6.  Name  the  five  Saxon  emperors  that  succeeded  Conrad 213-214 

7.  What  did  Henry  the  Fowler  achieve  for  his  country  ? 213 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  achievements  of  Otho  the  Great 213-214 

9.  What  events  occurred  during  the  reign  of  Otho  II.  ? 214 

10.  What  were  the  achievements  of  Otho  III.  ? 214 

11.  Name  the  four  Franconian  emperors  of  Germany 214-215 

12.  What  did  Conrad  II.  and  Henry  III.  accomplish  ? 214 

13.  Give  an  account  of  the  contest  between  Henry  TV.  and  Gregory  Vn —  214-215 

14.  State  what  you  can  of  Conrad  of  Suabia  (or  Swabia) 215 

15.  Of  Frederick  Barbarossa 215-216-208-221 

16.  Of  Frederick  II 216-209 

17.  Give  the  history  of  the  Hanseatic  League 216 

18.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  most  important  events  of  the  10th 

century 202-228 

19.  Name  those  of  the  11th  century 184-202-21 1-22S 

20.  Name  those  of  the  12th  century 184-202-  212-228 

21.  Name  those  of  the  13th  century 184-203-212-228 

22.  Name  those  of  the  14th  century 185-203-228 

23.  Give  the  facts  in  the  reign  of  Rudolf  1 217 

24.  Give  an  account  of  the  reign  of  Albert  1 217 

25.  Name  seven  successors  of  Albert  1 217-218-219 

26.  What  was  done  by  Charles  IV.  of  Bohemia 218 

27.  Give  an  account  of  the  life  and  reign  of  Sigismund 218 

28.  Give  the  early  history  of  Switzerland 217-218-220 

29.  Give  the  history  of  Northern  Italy  from  774  to  1183 ...  220 

30.  Give  the  origin  and  early  history  of  Venice 220-221-222-223 

31.  Give  an  account  of  Marco  Polo  222 

32.  Of  the  operations  of  Otho  H  in  Southern  Italy 223-214 

33.  Of  the  Saracens  in  connection  with  Southern  Italy 223-204 

34.  Of  Robert  Guiscard,  his  elevation  and  successes 223-224 

35.  Of  events  in  Italy  and  Sicily  which  afterward  occurred 224 

36.  State  what  you  can  of  Rome,  or  Papal  Italy 224-225 

37.  Of  the  battle  of  Tolosa,  its  causes  and  consequences 225 

38.  Give  the  early  history  of  Aragon  and  Castile 225-226-227 

39.  What  can  you  state  of  Queen  Isabella  ? 226-227 

40.  Of  King  Ferdinand  and  his  success  in  Granada  ? 226-227 

41 .  Give  the  early  history  of  Portugal 227 

42.  What  can  you  state  of  Alfonzo  III  ? 227 

43.  Of  voyages  made  by  Portuguese  navigators  ? 227 

44.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  most  important  events  of  the  15th 

century 185-203-22? 


230 


TABLE  OF  CONTEMPORANEOUS  EVENTS. 


A.D. 

England. 

France. 

Other  Nations. 

732 

Victory  of  Charles  Mart  el. 
End  of  Merov.  Dynasty. 
Accession  of  Charlemagne. 

Empire  of  the  West  resto'd 
Death  of  Charlemagne. 

Div.  of  Charlemagne's  emp 

Charles  the  Fat. 

Period 

752 

of  the 

768 
786 
800 

The  Saxon 
Heptarchy. 

Saracen  Conquests. 
Haroun  al  Raschid. 

814 

827 
843 

Egbert,  King  of  England 

Louis  Emp.  of  Germany. 

871 

884 

Alfred  the  Great. 

910 

Fatimite  dynasty  begins. 

912 

Normans  settle  in  France. 

919 

Henry  the  Fowler. 
Otho  the  Great. 

936 

987 
9% 

Hugh  Capet. 
Robert. 

1013 
1017 

Canute  the  Great 

The  Normans  in  Italy. 

1031 

Henry  I. 

1041 
1055 

Edward  the  Confessor. 

Seljuks  take  Bagdad. 
Henry  IV.  of  Germany. 

1050 

1060 

Philip  I  . . 

1066 
1076 

William  the  Conqueror. 

1084 

Hildebrand  deposed. 

1087 
1095 

William  Rufus. 

First  Crusade. 

Louis  VI. 
Louis  VH. 

1100 
1108 

1137 

1152 

1154 
1176 

Henry  n. 

Battle  of  Legnano. 

1180 
1187 

1189 
1199 

1216 
1223 

John. 

Louis  Vm. 

1226 

1?5K 

End  of  Saracen  Empire. 

1270 

Philip  m. 

1<?~-l 

Edward  L 

Mongols  take  Iconium. 

1285 

Philip  IV. 
Louis  X. 

1^307 
1314 
1315 

Edward  II. 

Battle  of  Bannockburn. 

Battle  of  Morgarten. 

1317 

Philip  V. 
Charles  IV. 

Philip  VI. 

1322 
1327 
1328 

1:347 

1350 

Charles  V. 
Charles  VL 

1364 
1377 
1:380 

Richard  IL 

1386 

Battle  of  Sempach. 
Battle  of  Nicopolis. 

Council  of  Constance. 
Battle  of  Nissa. 

1396 

1399 
1413 
1414 

Henry  IV. 
Henry  V. 

1419 

1422 
145-jl 

146l| 
1483| 

Henry  VI 

Constantinople  taken. 

Edward  IV 

Edward  V.   Richard  IH. 

Charles  VHI. 

MODEKS  HISTORY.  231 


PART  III. 
MODERN   HISTORY, 

Extending  from  tlie  latter  part  of  the  Fifteenth  Century  to  the  present 

time. 

1.  The  epoch  at  which  Modern  History  commences  is  the 
dawn  of  intelligence  that  broke  upon  Europe  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  15th  century.  The  civilization  of  the  Greek 
Empire  disappeared  before  the  conquering  arms  of  the  rude 
and  ferocious  Ottomans,  just  as  the  West,  emerging  from 
the  night  of  mediaeval  ignorance,  began  to  glow  with  the 
first  beams  of  an  intellectual  and  social  illumination.  Liter- 
ature, science,  and  art,  at  this  auspicious  era,  sprang  into 
active  life;  as  the  human  mind,  shaking  off  the  chains  in 
which  feudal  barbarism  had  bound  it,  resumed  its  activity, 
exulting  in  its  new-found  freedom. 

2.  The  causes  of  this  wonderful  change  have  been  in  part 
shown,  in  connection  with  the  history  of  the  middle  ages ; 
but  they  are  here  more  distinctly  stated.  The  partial  de- 
struction of  the  feudal  system  had  released,  to  some  extent, 
the  masses  from  the  degrading  condition  of  serfdom,  and 
given  to  them  some  share  of  civil  and  political  freedom.  The 
great  barons  had  been  obliged  to  surrender  their  dangerous 
privileges  to  the  monarchs;  while  the  people,  summoned 
to  aid  one  or  the  other  party  in  the  struggle,  had  been  able 
to  wrest  from  both  the  rights  of  which  they  had  been  un- 
justly deprived. 

3.  Science  had  begun  its  wonderful  reformation.     The 

1 .  When  does  Modern  History  commence  ?    What  is  said  of  this  epoch  ? 

2.  What  causes  are  assigned  for  the  changes  which  had  taken  place  ? 

3.  What  inventions  are  specified  among  these  causes  ? 


232  MODERN  HISTORY.  [1485. 

conveniences  and  comforts  of  life  were  increased ;  the  modes 
of  warfare  were  revolutionized  by  the  use  of  firearms  ;*  the 
mariner's  compass  made  ocean  navigation  possible,  and  thus 
extended  commerce,  and  gave  an  impulse  to  exploration 
and  adventure.  The  East  was  enabled  to  pour  her  treas- 
ures into  the  lap  of  the  West ;  and  the  ends  of  the  earth 
were  brought  into  communication  with  each  other.  The 
invention  of  printing^  gave  to  the  modern  world  the  intel- 
lectual riches  of  the  ancients ;  and  literature  commenced 
its  magnificent  career.  The  particular  events  connected 
with  each  stage  and  phase  of  this  mighty  revolution  of 
the  world,  will  be  narrated  and  explained  as  the  history 
proceeds. 


SECTION  I. 
ENGLAND. 


From  the  Accession  of  Henry  VIL,  the  first  of  the  Tudors  (1485),  to 
the  present  time. 

1.  Henry  VII.  was  the  son  of  Edmund  Tu'dor  and 
Margaret,  a  descendant  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lan- 
caster. In  order  to  strengthen  his  title  to  the  throne,  and 
put  an  end  to  all  dissensions  between  the  rival  families,  he 
married  Elizabeth,  the  daughter  of  Edward  IV.     Being 

*  The  process  of  making  gra<>vlated  gunpowder  was  invented  by  Schicartz  in  1320,  and  im- 
mediately thereafter  almost  every  state  commenced  the  use  of  cannon  of  small  size.  In  1346 
Edward  III.  used  them  at  Crecy.  Plated  armor  could  then  no  longer  protect  the  feudal  tyrant 
against  the  weapon  of  the  oppressed  peasant. 

t  The  credit  of  this  invention  is  contested  by  the  Dutch  in  favor  of  Coster  (1426),  and  by  the 
Germans  on  behalf  of  Gutetibeiy  (1441).  Between  1450  and  1455,  the  latter  succeeded  in  printing 
a  Bible,  In  quarto  size,  the  initial  letter  of  each  chapter  being  executed  by  the  pen,  in  colors. 


Map  Questions. — (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  7.)— What  countries  in  Europe  bor- 
der on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  On  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ?  On  the  North  Sea  ?  On 
the  Baltic  Sea  ?  On  the  Black  Sea  ?  What  river  flows  through  Austria  and  Tur- 
key ?  What  cities  are  on  it  ?  What  cities  and  towns  are  laid  clown  on  the  Map  in 
Russia  ?  In  Prussia  ?  In  Germany  ?  In  Italy  ?  In  France  ?  In  Spain  ?  In  Tur- 
key ?    Where  is  Brussels  ?    Amsterdam  ?    Waterloo  ?    Warsaw  ?    Copenhagen  ? 

1.  Who  was  Henry  VII.  1  How  did  he  strengthen  his  title?  Whom  did  he 
imprison  ? 


PROGRESSIVE  MAP  N?  7. 


1492.]  ENGLAND.  233 


afraid  of  competitors  for  the  crown,  he  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower  the  young  Earl  of  Warwick,  son  of  the  Duke  of 
Clarence,  and  grandson  of  the  renowned  king-maker. 

2.  The  general  favor  felt  toward  the  house  of  York  oc- 
casioned Henry  much  trouble,  and  many  plots  and  insur- 
rections were  formed  against  him.  A  rumor  having  been 
circulated  among  the  people  that  Warwick  had  escaped 
from  the  Tower,  an  attempt  was  made  to  personate  him ;  and 
for  this  purpose  a  handsome  youth,  named  Lambert  Simnel, 
a  baker's  son,  was  chosen.  The  impostor  was  carried  to 
Ireland,  and  was  there  proclaimed  king  under  the  title  of 
Edward  VI.  (1487).  The  king  prevented  the  insurrection 
from  spreading  in  England  by  exhibiting  in  public  the  real 
Earl  of  Warwick ;  and  the  adherents  of  the  impostor,  hav- 
ing landed  in  England,  were  defeated  in  a  decisive  battle 
by  the  king's  troops  (1487).  Simnel,  being  taken  prisoner, 
was  pardoned,  and  was  afterward  employed  as  a  domestic 
in  the  king's  household. 

3.  Five  years  afterward,  a  more  formidable  attempt  was 
made  by  the  enemies  of  the  king  to  raise  a  pretender  to  the 
throne,  by  counterfeiting  Richard,  the  younger  of  the  two 
sons  of  Edward  IV.,  who  were  said  to  have  been  smothered 
in  the  Tower.  The  person  selected  for  this  purpose  was  a 
young  man  named  Perkin  Warbeck ;  and  so  well  did  he 
play  his  part,  that  the  Duchess  of  Burgundy,  sister  of  Ed- 
ward IV.,  acknowledged  him  as  her  nephew,  and  greeted 
him  with  the  title  of  the  White  Rose  of  England.  James 
IV.,  king  of  Scotland,  also  acknowledged  him,  and  gave 
him  the  noble  lady  Gordon  in  marriage,  and  invaded 
England  in  order  to  raise  an  insurrection  in  his  favor. 

4.  The  people,  however,  refused  to  receive  the  pretender ; 
and,  after  making  another  attempt  in  Cornwall,  Perkin  gave 


2.  What  caused  the  kins:  trouhle  ?    What  account  is  »iven  of  Lamhert  Simnel  ? 

3.  What  led  to  the  imposture  of  Perkin  Warbeck?    By  whom  was  he  acknowl- 
edged ? 

4.  What  ended  this  affair  ?    What  became  of  Perkin  Warbeck  ?    Of  the  Earl  ol 
Warwick  ? 


234  ENGLAND.  LI  509. 

himself  up,  and  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  (1497). 
There,  becoming  acquainted  with  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  he 
planned  with  him  an  escape,  but  the  plot  was  discovered, 
and  both  were  executed — Perkin  being  hanged  at  Tyburn, 
and  the  unfortunate  prince  beheaded  on  a  charge  of  trea- 
son (1499).  By  this  act  of  cruelty  Henry  destroyed  the 
last  male  descendant  of  the  Plantagenets. 

5.  During  this  reign,  the  celebrated  navigators,  John  and 
Sebastian  Cab'ot,  set  sail  from  Bristol  under  a  commission 
from  the  king,  and  discovered  the  mainland  of  North 
America  (1497).  This  was  the  year  before  Columbus  made 
his  third  voyage,  in  which  he  reached  the  mainland  of 
South  America.  Henry  was  a  prudent  monarch,  and  very 
much  averse  to  war,  because  it  prevented  the  gratification 
of  his  ruling  passion,  avarice.  In  order  to  increase  his 
hoards,  he  resorted  to  the  most  unjust  and  tyrannical  exac- 
tions ;  and  two  lawyers,  named  Emson  and  Dudley,  gained 
an  infamous  notoriety  by  acting  as  instruments  of  his 
rapacity.  His  treasures  amounted  at  his  death  to  nearly 
two  millions  sterling — an  enormous  sum  for  that  period. 
He  died  after  a  reign  of  24  years,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
son  Henry  (1509). 

6.  Henry  VIII.,  when  he  ascended  the  throne,  was 
only  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  was  handsome,  affable,  and 
popular.  During  the  first  year  of  his  reign  he  married 
Catharine  of  Aragon,  to  whom  he  had  been  betrothed 
since  his  eleventh  year.  This  princess  had  been  previously 
married  to  his  elder  brother  Arthur,  a  youth  of  sixteen 
years,  who  died  a  few  months  after  the  marriage.  Henry 
made  a  special  favorite  of  Tlwmas  Wolsey  (wool'ze),  and 
advanced  him  successively  to  the  highest  honors,  though 
he  was  of  very  humble  origin,  being,  as  it  is  said,  the  son 
of  a  butcher.     Wolsey  had,  however,  received  an  excellent 

5.  What  maritime  adventures  occurred?  For  what  was  Henry  characterized  ? 
Who  were  Emson  and  Dudley  ?  When  did  the  king's  death  occur  ?  By  whom  was 
he  succeeded  ? 

6.  What  is  said  of  Henry  VIII.  ?  Whom  did  he  marry  ?  What  is  said  of  Wolsey  ? 


1527.]  ENGLAND.  235 


education,  and  was  a  man  of  very  great  talents.    He  was 
afterward  made  a  cardinal  by  the  Pope. 

7.  Henry  joined  the  league  which  was  formed  against 
France  by  Spain,  Venice,  and  the  Pope;  and,  having  in- 
vaded France  at  the  head  of  50,000  men,  he  routed  the 
French  in  the  celebrated  Battle  of  the  Spurs,  so  called  from 
the  rapid  flight  of  the  enemy  (1513).  In  this  campaign, 
the  Emperor  Maximilian  enlisted  in  Henry's  army,  and 
received  pay  as  one  of  his  subjects  and  captains.  In  the 
same  year,  James  IV.,  king  of  Scotland,  having  invaded 
England  with  a  large  army,  was  defeated  by  the  Earl  of 
Surrey  in  the  battle  of  Flodden  Field  ;  and  the  king  him- 
self, with  the  flower  of  the  Scottish  nobility,  was  left  dead 
on  the  field. 

8.  Martin  Luther  having  caused  great  excitement  in 
Europe  by  the  promulgation  of  his  doctrines,  Henry  VIII., 
who  had  been  carefully  educated  in  the  Eomish  faith,  wrote 
a  treatise  against  them,  and  dedicated  it  to  the  Pope  (Leo 
X.),  who,  as  a  recompense,  conferred  on  the  royal  author 
the  title  of  Defender  of  the  Faith  (1521).  A  few  years  after 
this,  Henry  applied  to  the  Pope  (Clement  VII.)  for  a  di- 
vorce from  Queen  Catharine,  professing  to  have  some  doubts 
of  the  lawfulness  of  a  marriage  with  his  brother's  widow ; 
while  the  real  reason  was  that  he  desired  to  marry  Anne 
Boleyn  (an  bul'en),  an  attendant  of  the  queen,  with  whom 
he  had  become  enamored  (1527). 

9.  But  the  Pope,  who  had  recently  suffered  much  in  a 
war  with  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  nephew  of  Catharine  of 
Aragon,  was  unwilling  to  sanction  the  divorce ;  and  the 
king,  thinking  that  the  delay  in  the  gratification  of  his 
wishes  was  due  to  the  neglect  or  insincerity  of  Cardinal 
Wolsey,  dismissed  him  from  his  high  office,  banished  him 

7.  What  led  to  the  Battle  of  the  Spurs  ?  Of  Flodden  Field  ?  What  was  the  result 
of  this  battle  ?    Where  is  Flodden  Field  ?    (See  Map,  p.  158.) 

8.  Why  was  the  king  styled  M  Defender  of  the  Faith  V  To  whom  and  why  did 
he  apply  for  a  divorce  ? 

9.  What  caused  the  fall  of  Wolsey  ?  How  was  he  treated  ?  What  g  lying  of  hia 
is  quoted  ? 


236  ENGLAND.  [1535. 

from  court,  and  deprived  him  of  many  of  his  great  posses- 
sions. Being  resolved  upon  his  entire  ruin,  the  king  after- 
ward caused  him  to  be  arrested  on  a  charge  of  treason ;  but 
death  saved  the  proud  cardinal  from  any  further  disgrace. 
Among  his  last  words  was  the  well-known  exclamation, 
"  Had  I  but  served  God  as  diligently  as  I  have  served  the 
king,  he  would  not  have  given  me  over  in  my  gray  hairs !" 

10.  By  the  advice  of  Cranmer,  the  great  universities  of 
Europe  were  consulted  with  regard  to  the  lawfulness  of 
Henry's  marriage;  and  these  having  generally  decided 
against  it,  Cranmer,  who  had  recently  been  made  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  opened  a  court  to  examine  the  ques- 
tion ;  but  the  queen  refusing  to  appear  before  it,  he  for- 
mally annulled  the  marriage,  and  ratified  that  with  Anne 
Boleyn  (1533).  The  Pope  having  pronounced  the  judg- 
ment of  Cranmer  illegal,  and  threatened  Henry  with  ex- 
communication, the  Parliament,  under  the  king's  influ- 
ence, confirmed  his  marriage  with  Queen  Anne,  and  for- 
mally declared  him  "  the  only  supreme  head  on  earth  of 
the  Church  of  England."  By  this  declaration  and  other 
acts  of  Parliament,  the  English  Church  was  separated  en- 
tirely from  the  Church  of  Rome  (1534).  The  monasteries 
were  afterward  suppressed,  and  some  modifications  intro- 
duced in  the  doctrines  and  forms  of  religion.  This  event 
is  known  in  history  as  the  English  Reformation. 

11.  Sir  Thomas  More,  one  of  the  most  virtuous  and 
learned  men  of  the  kingdom,  who  had  succeeded  Wolsey  as 
chancellor,  was  beheaded  for  refusing  to  acknowledge  the 
kings  supremacy;  and  the  upright  Bishop  Fisher  was  con- 
demned and  executed  for  the  same  offence  (1535).  The 
king  indeed  evinced,  during  the  whole  of  his  subsequent 
reign,  a  spirit  of  the  most  cruel  bigotry  and  persecution. 
In  abandoning  his  allegiance  to  the  Pope,  he  by  no  means 

1 0.  How  was  Henry's  first  marriage  annulled  ?    What  did  the  opposition  of  the 
Pope  lead  to  ?    What  is  this  change  called  ? 

11.  Who  were  executed  for  denying  the  king's  supremacy?    What  is  said  of 
(he  sentiments  and  conduct  of  the  kin"  ? 


1547.]  ENGLAND.  23? 

became  a  convert  to  the  new  doctrines  of  Luther  and  others 
against  the  Romish  faith;  and  while  he  plundered  the 
churches  and  monasteries  of  their  possessions,  he  caused 
those  who  dissented  from  their  doctrines  to  be  burnt  with- 
out the  least  mercy. 

12.  Less  than  three  years  had  elapsed  from  his  marriage 
with  Anne  Boleyn,  when  he  caused  her  to  be  beheaded  on 
a  charge  of  adultery;  but  he  himself  proved  her  innocence 
and  the  wickedness  of  his  own  conduct,  by  immediately 
marrying  Jane  Seymour,  to  whom  he  had  previously  be- 
come attached.  This  queen  having  died  a  short  time  after- 
ward, he,  for  political  reasons,  contracted  a  marriage  with 
Anne  of  Cleves  ;  but,  on  seeing  her,  he  refused  to  fulfil  his 
contract,  and  caused  his  minister  Cromwell  to  be  executed 
on  a  charge  of  treason,  because  he  had  been  instrumental 
in  arranging  this  unfortunate  affair.  His  next  choice  was 
Catharine  Howard,  who,  like  Queen  Anne,  was  condemned 
and  beheaded  on  a  charge  of  adultery,  but  was  generally 
believed  guilty.  Catharine  Parr,  his  sixth  wife,  had  the 
sagacity  and  good  fortune  to  escape  his  jealous  cruelty,  and 
survived  him. 

13.  The  last  victim  of  Henry's  tyranny  was  the  accom- 
plished Henry  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey,  who  was  beheaded 
on  Tower  Hill,  being  unjustly  condemned  for  treason  (1547). 
The  king  survived  this  event  only  a  few  days.  Henry  VIII. 
without  doubt,  one  of  the  most  remorseless  despots  that 
ever  reigned ;  but  notwithstanding  his  arbitrary  violation 
of  every  principle  of  political  and  religious  liberty,  he  never 
ntirely  the  affection  and  esteem  of  his  subjects.  During 
this  reign,  the  first  complete  copy  of  the  English  Bible  was 
printed,  and  ordered  by  the  king  to  be  placed  in  every 
parish  church.     It  was  based  upon  the  translation  of  117/- 


12.  What  account  is  eiven  of  the  suhseqnent  marriages  of  the  king,  and  the 
circumstances  that  led  to  them  ? 

1 3.  Who  was  the  kind's  last  victim  ?  When  did  Henrv  VTn.  die  ?  What  was 
his  character?  What  translation  of  the  Bible  was  made  ?  Who  were  the  most 
notod  poets  of  this  period  ?    What  children  did  Henry  VUL  leave  * 


238  ENGLAND.  [1553. 

Ham  Tyndale,  and  executed  by  Miles  Coverdale.  The  most 
noted  poets  of  this  period  were  the  unfortunate  Howard, 
Earl  of  Surrey,  and  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt.  Henry  left  three 
children — Mary,  daughter  of  Catharine,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Anne  Boleyn,  and  Edward,  son  of  Jane  Seymour.  The 
last  succeeded  him. 

14.  Edward  VI.  was  in  his  10th  year  on  his  accession; 
and  the  government  was  administered  with  great  firmness 
by  his  maternal  uncle,  Duke  of  Somerset,  under  the  title 
of  Protector.  During  the  first  years  of  this  reign,  further 
changes  were  made  in  the  established  religion,  and  severe 
laws  enacted  against  those  who  refused  to  comply  with  the 
liturgy,  as  contained  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  com- 
piled chiefly  by  Cranmer  and  Ridley.  Some  who  refused 
obedience  were  committed  to  the  flames.  The  Duke  of 
Somerset  was  deprived  of  his  office  of  Protector  (1550),  and 
finally  executed,  through  the  contrivance  of  the  designing 
and  ambitious  Duke  of  Northumberland,  who  thus  became 
Protector  (1552).  This  nobleman  induced  Edward  to  set 
aside  his  sisters  Mary  and  Elizabeth,  and  bequeath  the 
crown  to  Jane  Grey,  great-granddaughter  of  Henry  VII., 
who  was  married  to  Lord  Guilford  Dudley,  a  son  of  the 
Protector.  A  short  time  after  this,  Edward  died,  much  la- 
mented for  his  many  virtues  (1553). 

15.  Mary,  in  spite  of  all  the  efforts  of  Northumberland, 
was  acknowledged  queen  ;  and  the  unfortunate  pair,  Dudley 
and  Lady  Jane  Grey,  suffered  death  upon  the  scaffold 
(1554),  the  queen  showing  no  mercy  notwithstanding  their 
youth  and  innocence.  The  Lady  Jane  was  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  princesses  of  her  time,  having  been  instructed 
in  Latin  and  Greek  by  the  celebrated  Roger  As'cham.  She 
was  also  possessed  of  singular  amiability,  virtue,  and  piety. 

1 4.  What  is  said  of  Edward  VI.  ?  What  changes  in  religion  were  made  ?  Who 
compiled  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  ?  What  persecution  occurred  ?  What  he- 
oame  of  the  Duke  of  Somerset  ?  Who  succeeded  him  ?  What  did  Northumber- 
land do  ?    When  did  Edward  VI.  die  ! 

1 5.  What  followed  the  accession  of  Mary  ?    What  is  said  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  ? 


1558.] 


ENGLAND.  239 


Her  last  message  to  her  youthful  husband  (for  neither  of 
them  was  oyer  17  years  of  age)  was :  "  Our  separation  will 
be  only  for  a  moment ;  we  shall  soon  meet  each  other  in  a 
place  where  our  affections  will  be  forever  united,  and  where 
misfortunes  will  never  more  disturb  our  eternal  felicity." 

16.  The  cherished  object  of  Mary  was  to  restore  the 
Eoman  Catholic  religion;  and,  in  pursuance  of  it,  she 
consented  to  marry  Philip  of  Spain,  son  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  Through  an  obsequious  parliament,  she  then 
caused  all  the  statutes  of  Edward  VI.  with  regard  to  religion 
to  be  repealed,  and  the  severe  laws  against  heresy  to  be 
revived.  Cardinal  Pole  was  sent  at  her  request  to  England 
as  papal  legate,  and  the  kingdom  formally  restored  to  the 
Eomish  Church.  One  of  the  most  dreadful  persecutions  on 
record  then  ensued;  and  no  less  than  277  persons  were 
burnt  at  Smithfield,  the  most  eminent  among  these  martyrs 
being  Granmer,  Ridley,  and  Lat'imer. 

17.  To  please  her  husband,  Philip,  now  become  king  of 
Spain,  the  queen  engaged  in  a  war  with  France ;  but  ill 
success  attended  her  efforts ;  and  Calais,  which  the  English 
had  held  for  more  than  two  centuries,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  French.  The  queen  was  greatly  mortified  at  this 
event;  and  her  death  occurred  a  short  time  after  it  (1558), 
much  to  the  relief  of  the  nation,  who  had  been  disgusted 
with  her  cruelty  and  bigotry.  During  this  reign,  commer- 
cial intercourse  was  established  with  Eussia,  a  passage  to 
Archangel  having  been  discovered  during  the  previous 
reign. 

18.  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Anne  Boleyn,  who  suc- 
ceeded Mary,  had  been  educated  in  the  Protestant  faith, 
and  her  accession  to  the  throne  was  hailed  by  the  people 
with  great  rejoicings.     The  first  important  event   of  her 

1 6.  What  measures  did  Mary  adopt  in  reference  to  religion  ?  What  persecution 
took  place  ? 

1 7.  What  war  did  Mary  engage  in  ?    What  was  its  result  ?  What  is  said  of  her 
death?    What  was  established  during  this  reign  ?    By  what  means  ? 

18.  Who  succeeded  Mary?    What  measures  with  respect  to  relig'on  were 
adopted? 


2-iO  ENGLAND.  LI  5  69. 

reign  was  the  re-enactment  of  the  laws  of  King  Edward, 
concerning  religion,  and  the  re-establishment  of  the  new 
liturgy,  to  which  all  were  required  to  conform  under  severe 
penalties.  By  the  Act  of  Supremacy  all  clergymen  and 
government  officers  were  compelled  to  take  an  oath  ac- 
knowledging the  English  sovereign  head  of  the  Church ; 
and  by  the  Act  of  Conformity,  no  persons  were  allowed  to 
attend  any  other  places  of  worship  than  those  of  the  es- 
tablished Church.  Hundreds  suffered  death,  imprisonment, 
or  other  persecution  for  refusing  compliance  with  these  ar- 
bitrary statutes. 

19.  The  reign  of  Elizabeth  for  the  first  eleven  years  was 
distinguished  for  the  internal  quiet  and  prosperity  of  the 
country.  She  displayed  that  prudence,  vigilance,  and  ac- 
tivity so  necessary  in  a  sovereign,  and  gained  the  almost 
universal  esteem  and  admiration  of  her  people.  Though 
she  was  urged  by  Parliament  to  enter  into  the  married 
state,  and  many  distinguished  princes,  both  Catholic  and 
Protestant,  sought  her  hand,  she  positively  declined  all 
such  offers,  and  expressed  her  determination  to  remain 
single  for  life.  She  owed  much  of  her  success  in  adminis- 
tering the  government  to  the  great  statesmen  whom  she 
selected  as  her  ministers,  among  whom  the  most  prominent 
were  Cecil  (ses'il),  afterward  Lord  Burleigh^  and  Sir 
Francis  Walsingham. 

20.  There  were  at  this  time  in  the  kingdom  three  religious 
parties — namely :  the  Churchmen,  or  those  who  were  at- 
tached to  the  established  Church ;  the  Roman  Catholics, 
who,  supported  by  the  great  continental  powers,  expected 
to  re-establish  their  religion ;  and  the  Puritans,  who  con- 
tended for  more  radical  changes  in  religious  forms  and  doc- 
trines (1569).  These  last  had  imbibed  their  principles  from 
those  who,  during  the  persecutions  of  the  previous  reign, 

19.  What  is  said  of  Elizabeth's  administration  ?    Who  were  her  prime  minis- 
ters  ? 

20.  Describe  the  religious  parties  existing  at  this  time.    What  is  said  of  the 
Puritans  ? 


1572.]  ENGLAND.  241 


had  taken  refuge  in  Geneva  and  Frankfort ;  and  they  op- 
posed Elizabeth's  government,  not  only  on  the  ground  of 
religious  differences,  but  on  account  of  her  assuming  a 
prerogative  and  authority  opposed  to  the  civil  and  political 
rights  of  the  people.  It  was  not,  however,  until  a  subse- 
quent reign  that  these  fearless  agitators  were  enabled  to 
bring  their  principles  into  thorough  operation. 

21.  England  now  began  to  distinguish  herself  in  that 
splendid  career  of  maritime  enterprise  which  has  shed  such 
lustre  upon  her  name.  Under  the  auspices  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  (raiv'le),  a  favorite  courtier  of  Elizabeth,  voyages 
were  made  to  North  America,  and  the  queen  gave  to  the 
regions  discovered  the  name  of  Virginia  (1584).  Frobisher 
also  made  explorations  for  a  northwest  passage  to  India ; 
and  Sir  Francis  Drake  completed  a  voyage  around  the 
world,  by  way  of  Cape  Horn  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
(1579). 

22.  The  people  of  the  Netherlands  having  revolted 
against  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  in  consequence  of  his  dreadful 
oppressions  and  persecutions  (1572),  Elizabeth  warmly  es- 
poused their  cause ;  and  Philip,  therefore,  made  extensive 
preparations  to  invade  England  and  conquer  it,  so  that  he ' 
might  restore  it  to  the  authority  of  the  Pope.  For  this 
purpose  he  equipped  an  immense  fleet,  called  the  Invincible 
Ar-ma'da,  consisting  of  150  ships,  bearing  3,000  guns  and 
27,000  men.  But  this  vast  armament,  as  it  sailed  up  the 
Channel,  was  attacked  and  partly  destroyed  by  a  much 
smaller  fleet,  under  the  command  of  Lord  Howard,  as  ad- 
miral, assisted  by  those  renowned  captains,  Drake,  Fro- 
bisher, and  Hawkins.  The  Spanish  admiral,  therefore, 
rinding  it  impossible  to  effect  a  landing  on  the  coast,  or 
gain  any  advantages  over  the  English  fleet,  attempted  to 
return  to  Spain  by  sailing  around  Scotland ;  but  a  storm 


2 1 .  What  maritime  expeditions  were  carried  on  with  success  ? 

22.  What  led  to  a  war  with  Philip  II.  of  Spain  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  Invin- 
cihle  Armada. 

Jt 


242  ENGLAND.  [1566. 

arising,  nearly  all  his  vessels  were  wrecked  off  the  Orkney 
Islands  (1588). 

23.  The  year  preceding  this  glorious  event  is  memorable 
for  the  execution  of  the  unfortunate  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots 
at  Foth'er-in-gay  Castle,*  after  an  imprisonment  of  more 
than  18  years.  Mary  was  the  great-granddaughter  of 
Henry  VII.,  and  had  first  married  Francis  II.,  king  of 
France,  in  which  country  she  had  been  educated  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  faith.  The  early  death  of  her  husband 
compelled  her  return  to  Scotland,  where  she  assumed  the 
throne,  although  she  was  much  disliked  by  the  Scots  on 
account  of  her  religion  and  her  gay  manners  (1561). 

24.  A  few  years  afterward  (1565),  she  married  her  cousin, 
Lord  Dam'ley,  with  whom  she  lived  very  unhappily,  on 
account  of  his  misconduct,  extravagance,  and  vicious  ex- 
cesses. Becoming  jealous  of  her  secretary — one  Rizzio 
(ret'se-o),  an  Italian — Darnley,  accompanied  by  several 
noblemen,  rushed  one  evening  into  her  apartment,  where 
she  was  engaged  with  her  secretary  and  others,  and  the 
unfortunate  man  was  seized  and  hurried  into  the  ante- 
chamber, where  he  was  dispatched  with  fifty-six  wounds 
(1566).  Mary  subsequently  professed  to  have  pardoned 
this  atrocious  outrage ;  but  a  few  months  afterward,  Darn- 
ley's  house  was  blown  up  by  gunpowder,  and  he '  himself 
thus  killed. 

25.  The  suspicion  that  Mary  was  accessory  to  this  crime, 
seemed  afterward  to  be  confirmed  by  her  marriage  with  the 
Earl  of  Both  well,  a  dissolute  nobleman,  who  "was  generally 
believed  to  have  been  concerned  in  its  perpetration.  This 
caused  an  insurrection  of  the  nobles,  who,  having  taken 

*  Fothcrmrfiy,  a  parish  in  Northumberland 'county,  in  the  central  part  of  England.    The 
castle  svas  razed  to  the  ground  after  the  accession  of  James  I. 


23.  Who  was  executed  in  1587?    Who  was  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots  ?    To  whom 
was  she  first  married  ?     Why  was  she  disliked  by  the  Scots  ? 

24.  What  account  is  given  of  Lord  Darnley?    What  is  stated  of  Rizzio  ? 

25.  What  led  to  Mary's  imprisonment  at  Loch  Leven  ?    Where  is  Loch  Leven  f 
(See  note,  page  243.)    What  caused  her  flight  to  England  ? 


1587.]  EN-GLAND.  243 

her  prisoner,  compelled  her  to  abdicate  the  throne,  and 
confined  her  in  Loch  Lev' en  Castle.*  She,  however,  es- 
caped thence,  and  raised  a  small  army,  which  was  defeated 
by  the  Regent;  whereupon  she  fled  into  England  and 
threw  herself  on  the  protection  of  Elizabeth ;  but  instead 
of  the  generous  hospitality  which  she  anticipated,  she  found 
herself  a  captive  for  life. 

26.  Mary  had  given  great  offence  to  Elizabeth,  when  in 
France,  by  assuming  the  title  of  Queen  of  England,  on  the 
ground  that  the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII.  with  Anne  Bo- 
leyn  was  unlawful ;  and  hence  that  her  daughter,  being  ille- 
gitimate, had  no  right  to  the  throne ;  and  during  Mary's 
whole  life,  the  Catholic  party  in  England  favored  her  pre- 
tensions, many  conspiracies  being  formed  by  them  to  place 
her  upon  the  throne.  In  the  last  of  these,  the  object  of 
which  was  to  take  the  life  of  Elizabeth,  Mary  was  found 
guilty  of  being  an  accomplice,  and  sentenced  to  death ; 
and  the  warrant  for  her  execution  having  been  signed  by 
Elizabeth,  she  was  beheaded  (1587). 

27.  Queen  Mary  was  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  accom- 
plished princesses  of  her  age.  Her  manners  were  graceful 
and  winning,  and  her  conversation  full  of  wit  and  spright- 
ly intelligence.  She  was  a  charming  singer,  and  could  ac- 
company herself  on  several  instruments;  and  the  poems 
which  she  has  left  attest  a  genius  for  that  kind  of  compo- 
sition. Her  imprudence  and  want  of  self-control,  and,  it 
is  to  be  feared,  the  absence  of  strong  moral  principles, 
brought  upon  her  those  great  calamities  which  have  shed  a 
mournful  interest  upon  her  name.  The  signing  of  her 
death-warrant  is,  however,  considered  by  some  the  greatest 
blot  upon  the  fame  of  the  virgin  queen. 

*  Loch  Leren,  a  small  lake  in  the  eastern  part  of  Scotland,  about  twenty  miles  north  of  Edin- 
burgh. It  contains  several  islands,  on  one  of  which  the  remains  of  the  castle  still  exist.  This 
lake  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  Loch  Leven  in  the  western  part  of  Scotland,  near  which  is  the 
famous  valley  of  Glfnroe. 


26.  How  had  Mary  displeased  Elizabeth  ?    What  led  to  her  execution  ?    Where 
is  Fotheringay  ?    (See  note,  page  242.) 

27.  What  was  the  character  of  Mary  ? 


244  ENGLAND.  [1603. 

28.  During  the  religious  wars  in  France,  Elizabeth  gave 
all  the  aid  in  her  power  to  the  cause  of  the  Protestants ; 
and  when  Henry  IV.  had  ascended  the  throne  she  sent  him 
money,  and  a  force  under  the  Earl  of  Essex,  to  assist  him 
in  subduing  his  enemies  (1589).  Essex  was  a  young  noble- 
man who  by  his  merit  and  accomplishments  had  gained 
very  high  favor  with  the  queen  ;  but  he  afterward  fell  into 
disgrace,  in  consequence  of  misconduct  during  an  expedi 
tion  against  the  revolted  Irish  (1599).  Disappointed  in 
obtaining  a  pardon  from  the  queen,  he  entered  into  a  plot 
to  raise  an  insurrection  against  her,  and  with  his  accom- 
plices was  arrested,  and  tried  for  treason,  convicted,  and 
finally  beheaded  (1601). 

29.  The  fate  of  this  young  nobleman,  for  whom  she  ap- 
pears to  have  had  a  very  deep  affection,  oppressed  the 
queen's  mind  with  a  settled  melancholy,  which  was  greatly 
increased  when  she  learned  that  a  ring*  which  he  had  sent 
to  her  to  recall  her  tenderness  and  incite  her  to  clemency, 
had  been  treacherously  withheld  by  one  of  his  enemies. 
She  died  in  the  45  th  year  of  her  reign,  at  the  age  of  70 
(1603),  leaving  a  reputation  for  prudence,  vigor,  and  ability 
unsurpassed  by  any  sovereign  that  ever  reigned. 

30.  During  this  illustrious  reign,  flourished  the  poet 
Spenser,  who  wrote  the  Faerie  Queene  ;  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
the  author  of  Arcadia  ;  and  the  immortal  poet  and  drama- 
tist Shakespeare,  whose  works  are  the  especial  glory  of  Eng- 
lish literature.  Bacon  also  commenced  his  splendid  career 
as  a  philosopher,  but  disgraced  himself  by  his  virulence 
against  Essex,  from  whom  he  had  received  many  favors  and 
benefits. 

*  This  ring  had  been  previously  given  to  him  by  the  queen,  with  the  promise  that  whenever 
he  should  send  it  to  her,  it  should  not  fail  to  remind  her  of  their  friendship,  and  awaken  hei 
tender  regard  for  him. 


28.  What  was  Elizabeth's  course  toward  the  French  Protestants?    Give  an 
account  of  the  Earl  of  Essex. 

29.  How  was  Elizabeth  affected  by  his  sad  fate  ?    When  did  her  death  occur? 
What  is  said  of  her  reputation  ? 

30.  What  eminent  writers  flourished  during  her  reign  ?    What  is  said  of  Lord 
Bacon  ? 


1603.]  ENGLAND.  245 

The  Stuart  Family. 

31.  James  I.,  the  son  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  succeeded 
Elizabeth,  not  only  by  right  of  birth,  but  by  the  nomination 
of  the  late  queen.  He  had  been  proclaimed  King  of  Scot- 
land under  the  title  of  James  VI.,  after  the  abdication  of 
Mary  (1567),  being  then  an  infant ;  and  thus,  on  his  acces- 
sion to  the  English  throne,  the  two  countries  became  united 
under  one  monarch,  although  they  continued  for  about  a 
century  to  have  their  own  separate  legislatures. 

32.  In  the  first  part  of  this  reign,  a  conspiracy  was  formed 
to  subvert  the  government  and  place  Arabella  Stuart,  the 
king's  cousin,  on  the  throne ;  and  in  this  scheme  the  cele- 
brated Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was  accused  of  being  concerned, 
and  was  kept  in  imprisonment  for  several  years,  during 
which  he  wrote  his  "  History  of  the  World."  Being  released 
in  order  that  he  might  point  out  a  gold  mine  which  he 
said  existed  in  Guiana  ( glie-ah'nah),  and,  having  failed  in 
the  expedition,  he  was,  on  his  return,  beheaded,  in  pur- 
suance of  the  sentence  previously  pronounced  against  him 
(1618).  This  act  reflects  a  lasting  disgrace  upon  James, 
who  sacrificed  this  illustrious  man  to  appease  the  anger  of 
Spain,  incensed  by  the  attack  which  Raleigh  had  made 
upon  some  of  the  Spanish  settlements  in  South  America. 

33.  The  Roman  Catholic  party,  disappointed  in  not  re- 
ceiving the  religious  liberty  which  they  had  expected  from 
James,  arranged,  in  1605,  a  plot  to  overturn  the  government 
by  the  destruction  of  the  king  and  Parliament.  For  this 
purpose  a  vault  below  the  House  of  Lords  was  hired,  and 
thirty-six  barrels  of  gunpowder  stored  therein,  which,  on 
the  opening  of  Parliament,  were  to  be  fired  by  one  Guy 
Faivkes,  an  officer  in  the  Spanish  service,  brought  to  Eng- 
land for  the  purpose.     This  conspiracy,  styled  the  "  Gun- 

3 1 .  Who  succeeded  Elizabeth  ?    What  countries  became  united  ? 

32.  What  conspiracy  was  discovered  ?  What  account  is  given  of  Sir  Waltei 
Raleigh  ? 

33.  What  account  is  given  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot  ? 


246  ENGLAND.  [1607. 

powder  Plot,"  was  discovered  just  on  the  eve  of  its  execu- 
tion, and  Guy  Fawkes  arid  some  of  his  fellow-conspirators 
were  executed. 

34.  James,  although  of  a  pusillanimous  disposition,  was 
very  persistent  in  upholding  the  royal  prerogative,  being 
prone  on  all  occasions  to  insist  on  the  divine  right  of  kings 
to  rule  without  control.  His  arbitrary  acts  and  principles, 
however,  met  with  decided  opposition  from  the  Parliament 
of  1621,  who  declared  their  privileges  to  be  the  ancient 
and  undoubted  birthright  of  the  English  people ;  which 
declaration  so  incensed  the  king,  that  he  sent  for  the 
Journals  of  the  Commons,  and  tore  the  record  out  with 
his  own  hands.  The  same  Parliament  impeached  the 
celebrated  Lord  Bacon  for  bribery ;  of  which  being  found 
guilty,  he  was  punished  by  a  heavy  fine,  and  dismissal 
from  all  his  offices. 

35.  The  king's  high-handed  measures,  especially  against 
those  who  refused  to  conform  to  the  established  Church,  so 
disgusted  the  Puritans  that  they  emigrated  in  large  num- 
bers, at  first  to  Holland,  and  afterward  to  Neio  England, 
where  they  established  a  settlement  at  Plymouth  (1620).  A 
settlement  was  effected  in  Virginia,  during  the  previous 
part  of  this  reign  (1607),  at  a  place  named,  in  honor  of  the 
King,  Jamestown. 

36.  One  of  the  worst  characteristics  of  this  monarch  was 
his  proneness  to  attach  himself  to  unworthy  favorites,  the 
first  of  whom  was  Bolert  Carr,  a  young  Scotchman,  on 
whom  James  for  several  years  lavished  the  most  profuse 
favors,  bestowing  on  him  the  title  of  the  Earl  of  Somerset. 
Carr  was  succeeded  in  the  king's  favor  by  George  Villiers 
{vil'yerz),  who  was  created  Duke  of  Buckingham,  and 
gained  an  infamous  notoriety  by  his  profligacy  and  arro- 
gant conduct. 

34.  What  were  the  political  principles  of  James  I.  ?  What  opposition  was  made 
by  the  Parliament  of  1621  ?    What  is  said  of  Lord  Bacon  ? 

35.  What  led  to  the  settlement  of  Jamestown  and  Plymouth  ? 

36.  Who  were  the  favorites  of  James  II.  ?    What  is  said  of  them  1 


1625.] 


ENGLAND.  247 


37.  James  had  been  educated  by  the  celebrated  George 
Bu-clian'an  of  Scotland,  and  possessed  considerable  learn- 
ing, of  which  he  was  passionately  fond  of  making  a  display ; 
so  that,  although  he  was  excessively  nattered  by  his  cour- 
tiers, his  pedantry  gained  him  very  general  ridicule.  The 
distinguished  French  minister,  Sully,  very  aptly  styled  him 
"  the  wisest  fool  in  Christendom."  He  was  as  much  devoid 
of  dignity  of  manners  and  conversation  as  of  good  sense, 
his  unseemly  familiarity  being  equal  to  his  childish  vanity 
and  offensive  arrogance.  On  his  death,  in  1625,  he  was 
succeeded  by  his  eldest  son  Charles. 

38.  One  of  the  most  important  events  of  the  reign  of 
James  I.  was  a  new  translation  of  the  Bible,  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  king,  and  by  a  number  of  learned  men  desig- 
nated by  himself.  It  was  completed  in  1611 ;  and  having 
superseded  other  versions,  continues  to  be  the  English  Bible 
in  general  use  among  Protestants.  The  charter  granted  to 
the  East  India  Company  by  Queen  Elizabeth  was  renewed 
by  James  in  1609;  and  in  1612,  the  first  English  factory 
was  established  at  Su-rat'. 

39.  Charles  I.,  on  his  accession,  was  in  his  25th  year ; 
and  soon  afterward  he  married  Henrietta  Maria,  daughter 
of  the  French  king  Henry  IV.  In  order  to  prosecute  a 
war  with  Spain,  which  had  been  brought  on  by  the  arro- 
gance and  misconduct  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  he 
summoned  a  Parliament,  and  asked  for  a  vote  of  supplies. 
This  the  Commons,  under  the  leadership  of  Sir  Thomas 
Wentivorth,  Sir  John  Eliot,  and  others,  refused  to.  grant, 
unless  Charles  would  relinquish  some  of  the  prerogatives 
which  had  been  exercised  by  his  father,  and  which  he  still 
claimed  as  his  hereditary  right.  Charles,  therefore,  dis- 
solved the  Parliament,  and  levied  money  by  his  own  au- 
thority. 

37.  Describe  the  character  of  James  n.    When  did  his  death  occur? 

38.  What  other  events  occurred  during  the  reign  of  James  n.  ? 

39.  Who  succeeded  James  I.  ?   Whom  did  Charles  marry  ?   What  caused  a  diffl 
culty  with  Parliament  ?    Who  were  the  popular  leaders  ? 


248  ENGLAND.  [1629. 

40.  These  forced  loans,  called  tonnage  and  poundage,* 
and  ship-money^  gave  great  offence  to  the  people,  whose 
discontent  was  still  further  increased  by  the  conduct  of 
Buckingham, — particularly  by  the  failure,  through  his  mis- 
management, of  an  expedition  designed  to  assist  the  Hu- 
guenots, or  French  Protestants,  in  their  contest  with  Eiche- 
lieu  (reesh'e-lu).  In  a  succeeding  Parliament,  accordingly, 
the  king  met  with  more  determined  opposition ;  and  the 
famous  Petition  of  Riglit\  was  adopted,  to  which  the  king 
was  obliged  to  give  his  assent  (1628).  Soon  after  this  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham  was  assassinated  at  Portsmouth,  by 
an  officer  of  the  army  whom  he  had  offended. 

41.  A  fourth  Parliament  having  been  assembled  (1629), 
and  proving  refractory,  the  king  determined  to  rule  with- 
out a  parliament,  and  continued  his  illegal  exactions.  He 
also,  by  means  principally  of  the  court  of  Star  Chamber, % 
attempted  to  punish  such  of  the  popular  leaders  as  had 
made  themselves  particularly  obnoxious.  Some  of  them 
were  fined  for  what  was  called  their  seditious  language  in 
Parliament ;  but  they  refused  to  pay  the  fines;  and  Sir  John 
Eliot  died  in  prison.  Charles,  however,  chose  some  of  his 
ministers  from  among  the  popular  leaders ;  one  of  whom, 
Sir  Thomas  Wentworth,  was  created  Earl  of  Strafford,  and 
became  the  chief-minister  of  the  king. 

42.  Another  cause  of  complaint  was  afforded  by  the  policy 

*  Tonnage  and  poundage  were  duties  on  imported  merchandise  which  it  had  been  customary  to 
allow  the  King  to  levy  since  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  The  Parliament  of  1625  refused,  however, 
to  grant  this  privilege  to  the  king  for  a  longer  period  than  one  year. 

+  Ship-money  was  an  arbitrary  tax  levied  on  the  seaports  for  the  equipment  of  a  fleet.  Charles 
extended  it  over  the  whole  kingdom. 

$  The  Petition  of  Right  was  an  emphatic  statement  of  the  privileges  of  the  people  as  conferred 
by  previous  enactments.     It  is  regarded  as  the  Second  Great  Charter  of  English  liberties. 

§  The  Court  of  Star  Chamber  was  of  very  ancient  origin,  and  derived  its  name  from  the  cham- 
ber of  the  king's  palace  at  Westminster  in  which  it  used  to  hold  its  sessions,  the  ceiling  of  this 
apartment  being  decorated  with  stars.     It  had  very  extensive  powers,  both  civil  and  criminal 
and  could  adjudge  cases  without  the  intervention  of  a  jury.     Hence  it  became  a  formidable  in- 
strument of  tyranny.     It  was  abolished  by  act  of  Parliament  in  1641. 


40.  What  further  displeased  the  people  ?  What  were  tonnage  and  poundage  and 
ship-money?  (See  note.)  What  did  the  Parliament  of  1628  do  ?  What  is  meant  by 
the  Petition  of  Right  ?    (S^e  note.) 

41.  What  arbitrary  measures  did  Charles  afterward  adopt?  What  was  the 
&tar  Chamber?  (See  note.)  Who  opposed  the  king?  Who  became  Earl  of  Straf- 
ford? 

42.  What  other  cause  of  complaint  was  given  the  people  ?  What  course  did  the 
Puritans  pursue  ?    What  led  to  the  Scottish  Covenant  ?    What  was  it  ? 


1641.]  ENGLAND.  249 

of  the  king  with  regard  to  religion.  Under  the  influence 
of  Arclibislio])  Laud,  the  liturgy  was  altered  and  the  ritual 
increased  by  many  of  the  ceremonial  observances  of  the 
Eomish  Church,  very  much  to  the  disgust  of  the  great  body 
of  the  English  people,  but  particularly  of  the  Puritans. 
Many  of  the  latter,  to  avoid  conforming  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  established  Church,  emigrated  to  New  England, 
and  founded  Massachusetts  and  other  colonies  in  that  coun- 
try. Charles  also  attempted  to  force  this  liturgy  upon  the 
Scottish  people ;  but  they  rose  in  insurrection  against  it ; 
and  the  famous  Covenant  was  formed  and  signed,  according 
to  which  they  solemnly  bound  themselves  to  unite  for  their 
mutual  defence,  and  to  resist  all  religious  innovations  (1638). 

43.  The  king  requiring  them  to  relinquish  the  covenant, 
a  war  ensued ;  and  a  Scottish  army  invaded  England,  which 
after  defeating  a  detachment  of  the  royal  forces  at  the  Tyne 
River,  took  possession  of  Newcastle.  This  compelled  the 
king  finally  to  call  another  Parliament,  in  order  to  obtain 
supplies.  This  body,  memorable  as  the  Long  Parliament, 
assembled  in  1640,  and  immediately  commenced  the  re- 
dress of  public  grievances.  One  of  its  first  acts  was  the 
impeachment  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford,  who  was  particularly 
odious  to  the  popular  leaders  for  his  desertion  of  their  cause, 
and  for  the  aid  he  had  given  the  king  in  carrying  out  his 
most  arbitrary  measures.  Being  tried  and  found  guilty  of 
treason,  he  was  beheaded,  the  king  having  ungratefully 
given  his  assent  to  the  execution  (1641).  Archbishop  Laud 
was  also  impeached  and  imprisoned  in  the  Tower ;  but  his 
execution  did  not  take  place  until  four  years  afterward.  In 
the  same  year,  a  dreadful  insurrection  broke  out  in  Ireland 
against  the  government,  and  the  English  were  massacred 
with  every  species  of  cruelty  (1641). 

44.  Meanwhile,  the  Parliament  continued  its  measures 

43.  What  war  ensued?  When  did  the  Long  Parliament  meet  ?   What  measures 
did  it  adopt?    What  was  Strafford's  fate?  Laud's?  What  insurrection  broke  out  ? 

44.  What  extraordinary  step  did  the  king  take  ?     What  was  the  effect  ?    What 
is  said  of  Hampden  ? 


250  EtfGLAKD.  [1642. 

of  redress ;  and  the  king  took  a  step  which  still  further  in- 
flamed the  popular  indignation  against  him.  Going  with 
an  armed  retinue  to  the  House,  he  demanded  that  five  of 
its  members  should  be  pointed  out  to  him  in  order  that  they 
might  be  seized.  But  the  Speaker,  Lenthall,  refused  to  com- 
ply, boldly  declaring  that  he  was  the  servant  of  the  House, 
and  could  only  act  in  accordance  with  its  directions.  The 
king  therefore  retired  without  effecting  his  object,  amid  the 
low  murmurs  of  "Privilege!  privilege!"  from  the  indig- 
nant members  (1642).  Among  the  five  members  thus  as- 
sailed was  the  noted  patriot  John  Hampden,  who,  a  few 
years  before,  had  gained  the  applause  of  the  people  by  mak- 
ing a  bold  stand  against  the  illegal  levy  of  ship-money. 

45.  The  king,  whose  conduct  was  characterized  by  great 
irresolution  as  well  as  rashness  and  imprudence,  afterward 
apologized  for  this  breach  of  the  privileges  of  Parliament ; 
but  the  latter  was  now  determined  on  extreme  measures, 
and  demanded  the  royal  assent  to  propositions  which  would 
have  stripped  him  of  all  authority.  Finding  a  large  party 
in  his  favor,  he  collected  what  forces  he  could,  and  erected 
the  royal  standard,  resolved  to  stake  the  issue  upon  the 
sword.  The  Parliament  had  also  made  preparations  for 
the  struggle;  and  thus  was  commenced  that  great  civil 
war  which  raged  for  years  between  those  who  supported 
the  authority  of  the  king  and  those  who  wished  to  limit,  or 
destroy  it'  (1642). 

46.  The  royalists,  or  cavaliers  (as  they  were  called),  in- 
cluded the  greater  part  of  the  nobility,  clergy,  and  landed 
gentry,  with  all  who  were  attached  to  the  established 
Church,  and  also  the  Catholics.  The  supporters  of  Parlia- 
ment were  chiefly  composed  of  the  yeomanry  of  the  coun- 
try, the   townspeople,   and    the   dissenters,   or    Puritans. 

45.  What  was  tne  subsequent  conduct  of  the  king?  Tell  how  and  when  the 
great  civil  war  began. 

46.  Who  supported  the  king,  and  what  were  they  called  ?  Who  were  the  Bnp- 
porters  of  Parliament ?  Whar  name  was  given  to  them ?  Why?  By  whom  were 
the  armies  respectively  commanded  ?    Who  was  Prince  Kupert  ?    (See  note,  p.  251.) 


1643.] 


ENGLAND.  251 


These  were  called  Roundheads,  in  derision  of  their  custom 
of  wearing  their  hair  cropped  short.  The  parliamentary 
forces  were  at  first  led  by  the  Earl  of  Essex,  those  of  the 
king,  by  the  Earl  of  Lindsay.  The  cavalry  of  the  latter 
was  commanded  by  the  famous  Prince  Rupert.* 

47.  The  first  general  engagement  took  place  at  Edgehill, 
and  Lindsay  was  mortally  wounded  and  taken  prisoner; 
but  there  was  no  decisive  victory  on  either  side  (1642).  J n 
a  skirmish  the  next  year  the  illustrious  John  Hampden 
was  mortally  wounded ;  and  his  loss  was  felt  as  a  severe 
blow  to  the  popular  party.  Several  battles  were  fought 
during  the  same  year  (1643),  the  most  important  of  which 
was  that  of  Newbury.  The  result  was  still  indecisive ;  but 
the  royalists  lost  one  of  their  chief  supporters  in  the  brave 
and  eloquent  Lord  Falkland  (fatvh'land),  who  while  he 
had  at  first  firmly  and  patriotically  opposed  the  unjust 
pretensions  of  the  king,  stood  by  him  when  the  attempt 
was  made  by  Parliament  to  deprive  him  of  his  legal  au- 
thority. 

48.  The  Parliament  entered  into  negotiations  with  Scot- 
land to  combine  their  forces  against  the  king ;  and,  princi- 
pally through  the  address  of  Sir  Henry  Vane,  who  had 
been  sent  as  a  commissioner  to  Edinburgh,  a  "solemn 
league  and  covenant"  was  entered  into  by  which  the  Scot- 
tish people  renewed  the  pledges  of  the  previous  covenant, 
and  bound  themselves  to  assist  the  cause  of  the  English 
Parliament.  A  large  army  was,  accordingly,  sent  into 
England ;  but  this  was  counterbalanced  by  a  considerable 
force  which  the  king  succeeded  in  obtaining  from  Ireland 
(1643).     Lord  Fairfax,  who  commanded  the  parliamentary 

*  Prince  Rupert  was  the  son  of  Frederick,  Elector-Palatine,  and  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
.1  lines  I.  ;  so  ihatthe  reigning:  king,  Charles  I.,  was  his  uncle.  He  was  not  onlv  prominent  in 
this  war,  but  afterward  acquired  great  distinction  in  the  naval  operations  of  Enghmd.  Subse- 
quently he  became  noted  tor  li is  researches  in  science  and  the  useful  arts. 


47.  What  account  is  given  of  the  battle  of  Edgehill?  Of  Newbury?  Where 
are  Edgehill  and  Newbury?  (See  Map,  p.  158.)  Where  and  when  was  Hampden 
killed?    Lord  Falkland  ?    What  is  said  of  the  latter  ? 

48.  What  led  to  the  "  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  ?"  What  followed  ?  Whc 
laid  siege  to  York? 


252  ENGLAND.  [1648. 

forces  in  the  north,  formed  a  junction  with  the  Scotch,  and 
laid  siege  to  York. 

49.  The  arrival  of  Prince  Eupert  with  a  considerable 
army  raised  the  siege  and  led  to  the  battle  of  Marston 
Moor,  in  which  the  Royalists  sustained  a  severe  defeat, 
principally  through  the  activity  and  skill  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, by  whom  Prince  Rupert's  cavalry  was  routed  and  his 
artillery  captured  (1644).  A  short  time  after  this,  the  com- 
mand of  the  parliamentary  army  was  transferred  to  Sir 
Thomas  Fairfax,  a  man  entirely  under  the  influence  of 
Cromwell ;  and  the  next  year  (1645)  a  very  decisive  victory 
was  achieved  by  Fairfax  over  the  king's  forces  at  Naseby 
(naze'be),  in  which  Cromwell  especially  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  skill  and  valor. 

50.  After  other  reverses,  the  king,  despairing  of  success, 
gave  himself  up  to  the  Scottish  army  (1646),  expecting  to 
be  treated  with  respect  and  liberality ;  but  the  Scots  de- 
livered him  up  to  the  English  Parliament,  by  whom  he  was 
kept  a  prisoner  (1647).  Soon  afterward,  the  sect  of  dis- 
senters known  as  Independents,  triumphed  over  their  rivals, 
the  Presbyterians;  and  Cromwell,  who  belonged  to  the 
former,  obtained,  through  his  influence  with  the  army, 
control  of  the  Parliament.  Finding  the  Presbyterian 
members  hostile  to  his  views,  he  caused  the  house  to  be 
surrounded  by  two  regiments  under  Colonel  Pride,  one  of 
his  trusty  officers,  and  excluded  all  but  the  most  deter- 
mined of  the  Independents.  This  invasion  of  the  Parlia- 
ment was  called,  in  derision,  "Colonel  Pride's  Purge" 
(1648). 

51.  Meanwhile,  the  king  had  offered  important  conces- 
sions, which  the  Presbyterians  were  disposed  to  accept ;  but 
which  the  Independents,  who  now  constituted  Parliament, 

49.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor.  Where  is  Marston  Moor  ? 
(Seo  Map,  p.  158.)  What  is  said  of  Oliver  Cromwell  ?  To  whom  was  the  command 
of  the  Parliamentary  army  transferred  ?  Describe  the  battle  of  Naseby.  Where  is 
Naseby  ?    (See  Map,  p.  158.) 

50.  How  did  the  king  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  Parliament  ?  How  did  Crom- 
well obtain  control  of  the  Parliament  ?    What  was  •'  Colonel  Pride's  Purge  ?" 


1649.]  ENGLAND.  253 

voted  to  be  unsatisfactory,  Cromwell  and  the  other  generals 
who  were  controlled  by  him  desiring  the  entire  subversion 
of  the  government,  and  the  establishment  of  a  republic. 
Accordingly  a  vote  was  passed  that  the  king  had  been  guilty 
of  treason  in  levying  war  against  his  Parliament ;  and  a  court 
was  organized  to  try  him.  This  court  was  presided  over  by 
Bradshaw,  and  consisted  of  133  members,  among  whom 
were  the  chief  officers  of  the  army ;  and,  although  the  king 
refused  to  acknowledge  its  authority,  he  was  found  guilty, 
and  three  days  after  his  condemnation  was  beheaded  (Jan. 
30,  1649). 

52.  The  Scots  had  protested  against  this  whole  proceed- 
ing, and  foreign  nations  interceded  in  the  king's  behalf. 
The  Prince  of  Wales,  anxious  to  save  his  father's  life,  sent 
a  blank  sheet  of  paper,  subscribed  with  his  name  and  sealed 
with  his  arms,  on  which  the  judges  might  write  what  con- 
ditions they  pleased  as  the  price  of  the  king's  release ;  but 
these  men  could  not  be  moved  from  their  purpose.  A  few 
days  after  the  death  of  Charles,  the  Commons  abolished  the 
House  of  Lords,  and  formally  proclaimed  the  establishment 
of  the  Commonwealth,  declaring  it  high  treason  to  acknowl- 
edge Charles,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  King  of  England. 

53.  The  character  of  Charles  I.  was  in  many  respects 
worthy  of  commendation.  In  his  private  relations  his  con- 
duct was  quite  exemplary,  being  entirely  free  from  those 
vices  which  so  often  sully  the  character  of  kings.  As  a 
monarch,  his  principal  fault  was  insincerity,  by  which  he 
lost  the  confidence  of  his  people ;  for  he  gave  his  assent  to 
measures  of  reform  which  he  subsequently  endeavored  to 
evade.  His  arbitrary  conduct  finds  some  apology  in  the 
fact  that  his  predecessors  bad  exercised  the  same  powers 
which  he  claimed ;  but  his  prudence  and  moderation  were 
not  sufficient  to  convince  him  that  the  great  change  which 

5 1 .  What  led  to  the  trial  and  execution  of  the  king? 

52.  What  was  done  to  obtain  the  king's  release  ?    How  was  the  Common wealtt 
established  ? 

53.  What  is  said  of  the  character  and  conduct  of  Charles  I.  ? 


254  ENGLAND.  [1651. 

had  taken  place  in  the  sentiments  of  the  people  necessitated 
a  corresponding  change  in  the  royal  pretensions ;  since  the 
influence  of  authority  can  never  prevail  over  that  of  public 
opinipn. 

54.  The  Commonwealth. — Cromwell,  as  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant, having  entirely  subdued  the  insurrection  which  had 
broken  out  in  Ireland,  was  next  sent  by  the  Parliament  to 
Scotland,  where  the  Covenanters  had  proclaimed  Charles  II. 
king,  and  had  raised  a  large  army  for  his  support.  They 
were  entirely  defeated  by  Cromwell  in  the  battle  of  Dun- 
Mr  (1G50) ;  after  which  Charles  determined  to  march  into 
England,  expecting  to  obtain  large  accessions  to  his  army. 
But  in  this  he  was  disappointed;  and  being  promptly 
pursued  by  Cromwell,  was  defeated  at  Worcester  (woos'ter), 
where  the  whole  Scottish  army  were  either  killed  or  taken 
prisoners  (1651).  Charles  escaped  from  England  with 
great  difficulty,  being  obliged  to  travel  for  two  months  in 
the  disguise  of  a  peasant.  At  one  time,  he  concealed  him- 
self for  twenty-four  hours  in  a  large  oak-tree,  while  his 
pursuers  passed  on.  This  tree  was  afterward  known  as  the 
Royal  Oak. 

55.  The  affairs  of  the  English  republic,  under  the  admin- 
istration of  the  Parliament,  continued  to  be  prosperous. 
The  Portuguese  were  humbled  by  Admiral  Blake;  Ireland 
was  reduced  to  submission  by  Ire'ton,  one  of  Cromwell's 
generals;  and  Scotland  was  entirely  subjugated  by  General 
Monk,  whom  Cromwell  had  left  to  complete  the  work  com- 
menced by  the  battle  of  Dunbar.  Being  off ended  by  the 
haughty  behavior  of  the  Dutch  republic,  the  Parliament 
passed  the  famous  "  Navigation  Act,"  which  prohibited  all 
nations  from  importing  any  merchandise  into  England  or 
her  colonies  except  in  English  ships,  or  in  the  ships  of  the 


.5  1.  What  led  to  the  hattle  of  Dunbar?  The  battle  of  Worcester?  Where  are 
Dunbar  and  Worcester!     (See  Map,  p.  15S.)    How  did  Charles  II.  escape  ? 

.">.>.  What  victories  were  gained  by  the  English  during  the  administration  of  the 
Parliament  ?  What  was  the  "  Navigation  Act  V  What  did  it  lead  to  ?  What  vie 
tories  were  gained  by  Blake  ? 


1653.]  ENGLAND.  255 

country  where  the  goods  were  produced.  The  Dutch  being 
at  this  time  the  principal  commercial  nation  of  Europe,  a 
war  was  brought  on,  in  which  Blake  gained  several  splen- 
did victories  over  the  Dutch  fleets,  commanded  by  Van 
Tromp  and  De  Ruy'ter  (1652-3). 

56.  Meanwhile,  Cromwell  perceiving  that  the  Parlia- 
ment had  become  jealous  of  his  power,  determined  to  dis-. 
solve  it.  Accordingly,  going  to  the  House  with  300  sol- 
diers, he  loaded  the  members  with  the  vilest  reproaches, 
and  bade  them  "to  be  gone  and  give  place  to  honester 
men."  Then  commanding  the  soldiers  to  clear  the  hall, 
he  ordered  the  doors  to  be  locked ;  and  putting  the  keys  in 
his  pocket,  departed  to  his  lodgings  (1653).  Thus,  being 
supported  by  the  army,  he  obtained  the  supreme  power  of 
the  government.  Desiring,  however,  to  preserve  some  of 
the  forms  of  the  republic,  he  issued  writs  for  the  election 
of  140  persons,  who  were  to  constitute  a  parliament. 

57.  These,  by  his  management,  consisted  of  the  meanest 
and  most  fanatical  of  the  citizens ;  one  of  whom,  a  leather- 
seller  named  Praise- God  Barebone,  having  made  himself 
conspicuous  by  his  sanctimonious  cant  and  long  prayers, 
the  Parliament  was  called,  in  derision,  Barebontfs  Parlia- 
ment. Another  name  for  it  was  the  "  Little  Parliament." 
Cromwell,  however,  soon  dissolved  this  ridiculous  assembly, 
and  caused  himself  to  be  appointed  "  Lord  Protector."  He 
was  to  be  assisted  by  a  Council  of  State,  and  was  bound  to 
summon  a  parliament  every  three  years  (December,  1653). 

58.  A  short  time  previously,  Van  Tromp,  the  distin- 
guished Dutch  admiral,  had  been  shot  in  an  action  with 
the  English  under  Blake ;  and  the  Dutch,  terrified  by  their 
losses  and  overwhelmed  with  the  expense  of  the  war,  solicit- 
ed peace.     This  was  at  last  signed  by  Cromwell,  and  a  de- 


56.  How  did  Cromwell  disperse  the  Parliament  ?    What  was  his  next  step  ? 

5  7.  Give  an  account  of  Barebone's  Parliament  ?  Why  was  it  so  called  ?  What 
office  did  Cromwell  assume  ? 

58.  When  and  in  what  way  was  peace  made  with  the  Dutch  ?  Waat  is  said  of 
Cromwell's  administration? 


256  ENGLAND.  [1658 

fensive  league  was  established  between  the  two  republics, 
the  honor  of  the  flag  being  yielded  to  the  English  (1654*). 
The  administration  of  Cromwell  was  characterized  by  great 
vigor  and  ability.  He  boasted  that  he  would  make  the 
name  of  Englishman  as  much  feared  and  respected  as  had 
been  that  of  Roman  ;  and  the  uniform  success  of  his  naval 
and  military  enterprises  went  far  to  realize  this  saying. 

59.  Under  Blake,  the  English  fleets  achieved  an  uninter- 
rupted series  of  victories.  He  subdued  the  Barbary  Powers 
(1655),  and  defeated  the  Spaniards  in  several  important 
actions  (1656-7).  His  death  occurred  in  1657.  Blake  was 
an  inflexible  republican ;  but  he  disapproved  of  the  usur- 
pations of  Cromwell,  notwithstanding  the  honors  which 
the  latter  heaped  upon  him.  During  the  war  waged  with 
Spain,  the  island  of  Jamaica  was  captured  by  an  English 
squadron  under  Admirals  Penn  and  Venables  (1655) ;  and 
Dunkirk  was  captured  from  the  Spaniards  by  the  combined 
forces  of  France  and  England  (1658). 

60.  Cromwell,  although  prosperous  abroad,  was  at  home 
involved  in  very  great  difficulties.  He  had  called  two  Par- 
liaments successively ;  but  not  finding  them  subservient  to 
his  views,  he  had  promptly  dissolved  them  (1654-1656). 
He  was  threatened  with  conspiracies  against  his  govern- 
ment ;  and,  after  reading  a  book  published  by  one  Colonel 
Titus,  and  entitled  "  Killing  no  Murder,"  he  became  afraid 
of  assassination,  and  constantly  wore  armor  under  his 
clothes,  and  carried  pistols  in  his  pockets.  At  last  the 
dreadful  anxiety  of  his  mind  brought  on  a  fever,  of  which 
he  expired  (Sept.  3,  1658), — the  anniversary  of  the  day  on 
which  he  had  gained  the  victories  of  Dunbar  and  Worcester. 

61.  Cromwell  was  in  his  sixtieth  year  when  he  died.  He 
was  of  a  robust  frame  of  body,  and  of  a  manly,  though  not 

59.  What  was  accomplished  by  Blake  ?  When  did  he  die  ?  What  was  his  char- 
acter? What  conquests  were  made  from  Spain  ?  Where  is  Dunkirk  ?  (See  Map 
of  France,  p.  188.) 

60.  What  difficulties  had  Cromwell  to  contend  with?  How  and  when  did  hi? 
death  occur? 

6 1 .  What  is  said  of  the  character  and  conduct  of  Cromwell  ? 


1G60.]  ENGLAND.  25? 

an  agreeable  aspect.  His  character  had  very  many  traits 
of  greatness.  No  one  can  gainsay  the  splendid  talents 
which  he  displayed,  both  as  a  general  and  a  statesman ; 
and,  had  he  rightfully  possessed  the  sovereign  power,  he 
would  undoubtedly  have  compared  favorably  with  any 
monarch  that  ever  reigned,  both  for  ability  and  upright- 
ness. But  his  perverted  ambition,  not  content  with  re- 
dressing the  grievances,  and  establishing  the  liberties,  of 
his  country,  prompted  him  "  to  wade  through  slaughter  to 
a  throne ;  "  and,  therefore,  instead  of  receiving  the  bene- 
dictions of  his  countrymen,  he  was  execrated  and  ab- 
horred. 

62.  Richard  Cromwell  succeeded  his  father  in  the 
office  of  Protector ;  but  his  want  of  capacity  for  so  diffi- 
cult a  position  was  soon  manifest,  notwithstanding  he  was 
supported  by  General  Monk,  who  commanded  the  army 
in  Scotland,  and  by  his  brother  Henry,  as  Lord  Lieuten- 
ant of  Ireland.  A  Parliament  was  called,  but  it  having 
given  offence  to  the  army  officers,  the  latter  compelled 
Eichard  to  dissolve  it  (1659).  Soon  after  this  he  signed 
his  own  abdication,  and  thus  left  the  supreme  authority 
to  the  army,  who  then  ruled  by  a  council  of  officers. 
The  country  being  threatened  with  anarchy  and  civil  war, 
General  Monk  marched  his  army  into  England,  and  sub- 
dued the  contending  factions.  A  Parliament  was  then 
called,  and  diaries  II  was  proclaimed  king  (May  29, 1660). 
This  event  is  known  in  English  history  as  the  Restora- 
tion. 

63.  Charles  II.  came  to  the  throne  with  the  universal 
rejoicings  of  the  people.  At  the  commencement  of  his 
reign,  an  act  was  passed  pardoning  all  who  had  taken  part 
in  the  Great  Rebellion,  except  the  regicide  judges,  some  of 
whom  were  tried  and  executed.     On  the  anniversary  of  the 

62.  Who  succeeded  Oliver  Cromwell  ?    What  was  Richard  Cromwell's  char- 
acter ?    What  led  to  his  abdication  ?    How  was  the  Restoration  effected  ? 

63.  What  is  said  of  Charles's  accession  ?    What  punishment  was  inflicted  upon 
the  late  rebels  ?    Who  became  prime  minister  ? 


258  ENGLAND.  [1664 

late  king's  death,  the  bodies  of  Cromwell,  Ireton,  and  Brad- 
shaw  were  disinterred,  hanged  on  the  gallows,  then  decapi- 
tated, and  their  heads  fixed  on  Westminster  Hall.  "With 
this  exception  the  king  showed  great  moderation  and  clem- 
ency, and  admitted  into  his  council  both  Royalists  and 
Presbyterians.  Sir  Edward  Hyde  was  created  Earl  of 
Clarendon,  and  made  prime  minister. 

64.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  period  was  the 
entire  change  which  took  place  in  the  sentiments  of  the 
people.  During  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  they  manifested 
the  most  intense  zeal  for  liberty ;  but  now  they  seemed 
eager  to  evince  an  equally  extravagant  spirit  of  submission. 
Under  the  control  of  the  Puritans,  they  seemed  to  think 
that  religion  consisted  in  gloom,  austerity,  and  the  sacrifice 
of  all  social  gayety  and  pleasure ;  but,  going  to  the  opposite 
extreme,  they  now  plunged  into  riot  and  dissipation.  Every 
thing  religious  or  serious  was  ridiculed ;  and  nothing  but 
scenes  of  gallantry  and  festivity  occupied  the  general  at- 
tention. The  monarch  set  the  example,  and  indulged  him- 
self in  mirth  and  festivity,  while  those  who  had  suffered 
in  his  father's  cause  were  left  in  wretchedness  and  neglect. 

65.  After  a  short  time,  hoAvever,  the  king's  profusion  and 
reckless  self-indulgence  considerably  abated  the  people's 
loyalty,  and  they  could  not  forbear  making  comparisons 
between  this  slothful  and  licentious  monarch  and  the  great 
Protector  who  had  made  the  name  of  England  so  glorious 
throughout  the  world  by  his  careful  and  vigorous  adminis- 
tration. Dunkirk,  which  had  been  acquired  during  that 
splendid  period,  was  now  sold  to  the  French  to  supply 
moans  for  the  king's  extravagant  pleasures  (1664). 

66.  The  same  year  (1664),  war  was  commenced  against 
the  Dutch;  and  the  English  took  possession  of  New  Neth- 
erlands in  North  America,  and  captured  some  of  the  Dutch 

64.  Describe  the  change  that  had  occurred  in  the  popular  sentiments. 

65.  What  disgusted  the  people  with  Charles  IT.  ? 

66.  What  important  events  occurred  daring  the  Dutch  war?  Who  took  side? 
with  the  Dutch  ?    What  terrible  naval  action  enaued '? 


1667.] 


ENGLAND.  259 

settlements  in  Africa.  De  Kuyter  retaliated  by  attacking 
Barbadoes  and  some  of  the  other  English  dependencies. 
A  great  naval  battle  was  fought  off  the  eastern  coast  of  Eng- 
land, in  which  James,  Duke  of  York,  brother  of  the  king, 
defeated  the  Dutch  fleet  with  immense  loss  (1665).  France 
then  took  sides  with  the  Dutch  republic ;  but  the  combined 
fleets  of  the  allies,  commanded  by  the  great  admiral  De 
Ruyter  and  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  were  defeated  by  the 
English  under  the  Duke  of  Al-be-marW  (previously  Gen- 
eral Monk)  and  Prince  Rupert.  This  battle  lasted  four 
days,  and  was  one  of  the  most  terrific  naval  engagements 
ever  fought  (1666). 

67.  Meanwhile  the  Great  Plague  had  broken  out  in  Lon- 
don ;  and  such  was  its  virulence,  that  the  deaths  in  the 
citv  alone  were  estimated  at  not  less  than  100,000  during 
the  year  (1665).  Close  upon  this  calamity  followed  the 
Great  Fire,  which  raged  for  three  days,  and  destroyed  13,200 
dwelling-houses,  besides  90  churches  (1666).  The  desire  of 
Charles  to  save  expense,  in  order  that  he  might  have  means 
for  his  extravagant  indulgences,  led  to  neglect  in  keeping 
up  the  naval  force  of  the  kingdom ;  and  the  Dutch,  taking 
advantage  of  this,  defiantly  entered  the  harbors,  and  did 
immense  havoc  to  the  shipping.  They  even  sailed  up  the 
Thames,  extending  their  ravages  as  far  as  London  Bridge 
(1667).    Peace  was,  however,  declared  the  same  year. 

68.  The  disgraceful  close  of  this  war,  together  with  the 
previous  measures,  made  the  government  very  unpopular; 
and  Clarendon  was  impeached  and  banished.  Five  minis- 
ters, called  afterward  the  Cabal,  were  then  chosen,  who 
adopted  the  policy  of  restraining  the  French  king  Louis 
XIV.  in  his  ambitious  scheme  of  seizing  the  Spanish 
Netherlands.*    A  league  was  formed  with  Holland   and 

■  That  part  of  Netherlands  which  remained  in  possession  ol  Spain  after  the  Dutch  provinces 
had  revolted  and  achieved  their  independence.     It  included  the  present  kingdom  of  Belgium. 

67.  What  calamitous  events  occurred  in  London  ?  Describe  each.  What  were 
the  Dutch  enabled  to  do  ?    When  was  peace  made  ? 

68.  What  caused  Clarendon's  fall?  What  was  the  Triple  Alliance  ?  What  led 
to  it  ?    What  treaty  did  Charles  II.  make  with  France  ? 


260  ENGLAND.  [1674. 

Sweden,  called  the  Triple  Alliance ;  and  Louis  was  com- 
pelled to  abandon  his  enterprise  (1668).  Charles  afterward 
became  dissatisfied  with  the  alliance  and  concluded  a  dis- 
graceful treaty  with  Louis,  in  which  he  agreed  to  assist  the 
latter  in  subjugating  Holland,  and  also  consented  to  make 
a  public  profession  of  the  Catholic  faith.  For  this  he  was 
to  receive  as  a  compensation  an  immense  sum  of  money 
yearly  from  the  French  coffers  (1770). 

69.  Shortly  afterward  (1672),  England  joined  France  in 
a  war  against  the  Dutch;  and  while  the  fleets  of  the  latter 
contended  with  those  of  the  English,  commanded  by  the 
Duke  of  York,  the  French  army  invaded  the  territory  of 
the  republic,  captured  many  of  its  cities,  and  drove  it  to 
the  extreme  measure  of  opening  the  sluices  and  inundating 
the  country.  In  these  perilous  circumstances  the  Dutch 
forces  were  commanded  by  William,  Prince  of  Orange, 
who  gained  great  distinction  by  his  determined  courage 
and  patriotism.  The  war  continued  till  1674 ;  wThen  it  had 
become  so  unpopular,  that  the  king  was  compelled  to  make 
a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Dutch  provinces.* 

70.  While  this  war  was  in  progress,  the  Test  Act  had 
been  passed  by  Parliament,  obliging  all  government  officers 
to  take  the  oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy,  and  to  ab- 
jure the  Romish  doctrines.  The  Duke  of  York,  therefore, 
who  had  made  a  public  profession  of  Romanism,  resigned 
his  office  as  admiral,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  command 
by  Prince  Rupert.  Much  excitement  was  occasioned  by 
an  alleged  conspiracy  (called  the  "  Popish  Plot")  on  the 
part  of  the  Catholics  to  set  fire  to  the  city  of  London,  as- 
sassinate the  king,  and  betray  the  country  to  the  French. 
The  principal  witness  in  this  absurd  accusation  was  one 

*  The  Dutch  Republic  was  called  the  "  Republic  of  the  Seven  United  Provinces."  It  included 
the  present  kingdom  of  Holland. 

69.  What  war  was  waged  with  the  Dutch  ?  To  what  extremity  were  they  re- 
duced ?    Who  commanded  their  forces  ?    When  and  how  did  the  war  end  * 

70.  What  was  the  Test  Act?  What  course  was  pursued  by  the  Duke  of  York  ? 
What  was  the  so-called  "  Popish  Plot  ?"  Who  was  the  chief  witness  ?  Who  suf- 
fered death? 


1683.]  ENGLAND.  261 


Titus  Oates,  who  was  afterward  proved  to  be  of  a  most 
infamous  character.  Before  the  imposture  was  discovered, 
many  innocent  persons  suffered  death,  among  them  the 
aged  and  illustrious  Earl  of  Stafford  (1680). 

71.  In  the  year  1679,  was  passed  the  famous  Ha'be-as 
Cor'pus*  act,  securing  all  subjects  from  imprisonment,  ex- 
cept where  it  can  be  shown  to  be  justified  by  law.  This 
was  designed  to  check  the  illegal  and  arbitrary  arrests 
made  by  the  authority  of  the  king,  who  in  every  respect 
exercised  the  most  despotic  sway.  He  deprived  many  of 
the  cities,  London  included,  of  their  charters,  in  order  to 
extort  money  for  their  restoration ;  and  no  one  felt  him- 
self secure  from  the  numerous  gang  of  spies  and  informers 
who  were  employed  by  the  court.  This  state  of  things  led 
to  a  conspiracy,  called  the  Rye-House  Plot  (1683). 

72.  The  members  of  this  plot  were,  Lord  William  Rus- 
sell, Algernon  Sidney,  John  Hampden  (grandson  of  the 
great  patriot),  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  (the  king's  natural 
son),  and  others.  The  object  was  to  restore  the  liberties 
of  the  country  by  dethroning  its  present  arbitrary  mon- 
arch ;  but  the  conspirators  did  not  agree  as  to  the  mode  of 
accomplishing  it.  Monmouth  expected  the  throne  him- 
self, Eussell  wished  simply  reform,  and  Sidney  was  en- 
thusiastic for  the  restoration  of  the  republic.  The  plot 
having  been  discovered,  Eussell  and  Sidney  were  beheaded 
(1683) ;  but  Monmouth,  who  at  first  had  fled,  was  after- 
ward pardoned.  The  death  of  Charles  occurred  a  short 
time  afterward  (1685) ;  and  his  brother,  the  Duke  of  York, 
succeeded,  under  the  title  of  James  II. 

73.  In  the  first  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  (1667), 

*  Hahms  Corpus,  means  "  have  the  body."  The  writ,  or  order  of  the  court  of  justice,  was  so 
called  because  it  enjoins  any  person  restraining  another's  liberty,  to  have  Ms  body,  that  is,  to 
produce  the  prisoner,  before  the  court,  so  that  the  cause  of  his  detention  may  be  known. 


71.  When  and  why  was  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  passed?  What  is  meant  by 
Habeas  Corpus?  (See  note.)  What  infamous  measures  were  resorted  to  by 
Charles  ?    To  what  did  they  lead  ? 

72.  Who  were  engaged  in  the  conspiracy?  With  what  designs?  What  waa 
the  result  ?    When  did  the  king's  death  occur  ?    Who  succeeded  him  ? 


262  ENGLAND.  [1685. 

the  celebrated  poet,  John  Milton,  published  his  greatest 
work,  "Paradise  Lost."  This  illustrious  man  had  been 
Foreign  Secretary  under  Cromwell,  and  had  distinguished 
himself  by  his  writings  in  defence  of  the  commonwealth. 
His  principal  contemporaries  in  the  field  of  literature  were 
John  Bunyan,  the  author  of  "  Pilgrim's  Progress ;"  Samuel 
Butler,  who  wrote  "  Hudibras,"  a  burlesque  poem  on  the 
Puritans  and  the  Civil  War ;  and  John  Locke,  the  author 
of  the  immortal  "Essay  on  the  Human  Understanding." 
Dry  den  also  wrote  several  of  his  finest  poems,  and  was 
made  poet-laureate.  The  drama  received  many  talented 
contributions  from  Ot'tuay,  Wych'er-ly,  and  others;  but, 
taking  its  character  from  the  court,  it  was  shamefully  im- 
moral. Sir  Matthew  Hale,  the  just  judge  and  pious  writer, 
also  flourished  during  this  period. 

74.  James  II.,  notwithstanding  the  glory  he  had  acquired 
as  a  naval  commander,  was  very  unpopular  on  account  of 
his  religion,  to  which  he  showed  the  greatest  attachment. 
The  Duke  of  Monmouth,  who  had  fled  to  Holland  during 
the  preceding  reign,  now  set  up  a  claim  to  the  throne,  and 
landing  in  England,  was  soon  joined  by  a  considerable  force. 
He  was  however  completely  defeated  at  Sedge  'moor, *  and 
being  apprehended  after  the  battle,  was  tried  and  executed 
(1685).  The  most  dreadful  persecution  followed  of  those 
who  were  implicated  in  the  rebellion.  Trials  were  held 
under  the  infamous  Judge  Jeffries;  and  many  innocent 
persons  were  condemned  and  executed.  This  wicked  judge 
boasted  of  the  large  number  of  persons  (more  than  300) 
whom  he  had  caused  to  be  hanged. 

75.  The  imprudent  zeal  of  the  king  in  promoting  the 
Roman  Catholics  to  power,  occasioned  great  excitement  and 

•  Sedgemoor,  a  wild  tract  of  country  in  the  southwestern  part  of  England,  not  far  from  Bristol 
Channel. 

73.  What  is  said  of  John  Milton  ?    What  other  eminent  writers  are  referred  to  ? 
What  was  the  character  of  the  Drama  ? 

74.  What  made  James  II.  unpopular?    Give  an  account  of  Monmouth's  rebel- 
lion.   What  was  the  conduct  of  Judge  Jeffries  ? 

75.  What  led  to  the  imprisonment  of  the  bishops  bjr  James  II.  ? 


1689.]  ENGLAND.  263 

dissatisfaction.  Having  issued  a  proclamation  allowing 
liberty  of  conscience,  and  declaring  that  non-conformity  to 
the  established  religion  should  no  longer  be  punished,  he 
required  that  this  declaration  should  be  read  in  all  the 
churches.  This  the  clergy  refused  to  obey ;  and  a  petition 
was  presented  against  it  by  seven  bishops,  including  San- 
croft,  the  primate.  James,  exasperated  at  this  opposition, 
caused  the  bishops  to  be  arrested  and  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower  (1688). 

76.  The  popular  excitement  produced  by  this  act  of  the 
king  was  intense.  Crowds  attended  the  bishops  as  they 
were  conducted  to  the  Tower,  and  signified  their  sympathy 
and  veneration  in  every  possible  way.  The  acquittal  of  the 
bishops  after  their  trial  at  Westminster  Hall,  still  further 
increased  the  commotion,  even  the  soldiers  whom  James 
had  collected  for  his  protection  taking  part  against  him. 
A  few  months  afterward,  William,  Prince  of  Orange,*  who 
had  married  Mary,  the  daughter  of  James  II.,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  the  popular  indignation  against  the  king,  set 
sail  from  Holland  with  a  large  fleet  and  army,  and  proceeded 
to  England.  Having  effected  a  landing  at  Torbay,  he 
marched  toward  London;  whereupon,  James,  finding  him- 
self without  support,  fled  to  France. 

77.  A  convention  of  representatives  was  immediately 
assembled  (Jan.  1689);  and  the  crown  was  bestowed  on 
William  and  Mary  for  their  lives,  the  succession  being 
settled  on  the  Princess  Anne,  second  daughter  of  James  II., 
who  had  married  Prince  George  of  Denmark.  The  con- 
vention annexed  to  this  settlement  a  Declaration  of  Eights, 
definitely  fixing  the  extent  of  the  king's  prerogative,  and 
more  precisely  stating  the  constitutional  principles  of  the 

*  William  was  the  son  of  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  Charles  I.,  and  consequently  was  a  nepheit 
of  James  II. ;  and  Mary,  his  wife,  was  his  first  cousin*.  Setting  aside  the  family  of  James  II., 
\V  illiam  was  thus  the  next  lawful  heir  to  the  throne. 


76.  What  excitement  did  it  produce  ?    What  caused  the  flight  of  the  king  ? 

77.  What  was  done  hy  the  Convention  ?    What  was  the  Declaration  of  Rights 
What  were  its  chief  articles  ?    Wxhat  did  they  afterward  constitute  ? 


264  ENGLAND.  [1C92. 

government.  Among  these  the  chief  articles  were :  1.  The 
king  cannot  suspend  the  laws  or  their  execution;  2.  He 
cannot  levy  money  without  the  consent  of  Parliament; 
3.  The  subjects  have  a  right  to  petition  the  crown ;  4.  A 
standing  army  cannot  be  kept  in  time  of  peace  without  the 
consent  of  Parliament ;  5.  Elections  and  parliamentary 
debates  must  be  free,  and  Parliaments  must  be  frequently 
assembled.  These  acts  of  the  convention  were  afterward 
confirmed  by  a  Parliament  regularly  summoned,  in  an  enact- 
ment called  the  Bill  of  Rights,  and  constituted  what  is 
called  in  English  history  the  Glorious  Revolution  0/I688.* 

78.  William  and  Mary. — Although  the  crown  had 
been  conferred  jointly  upon  William  and  Mary,  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  government  was  exclusively  intrusted  to  the 
former.  James  II.  having  received  a  considerable  naval 
force  from  the  French  king.  Louis  XIV.,  proceeded  to 
Ireland,  where  the  people  were  generally  favorable  to  his 
cause.  He  was  received  with  great  demonstrations  of  joy, 
and  a  large  army  was  soon  collected  for  his  support.  He 
was,  however,  entirely  defeated  by  William  in  the  celebrated 
Battle  of  the  Boyne,  and  was  again  compelled  to  take  refuge 
in  France.  The  next  year  Ireland  was  entirely  subdued ; 
and  the  Scottish  Highlanders,  who  had  taken  up  arms  in 
favor  of  James,  were  induced  to  submit  to  the  government. 
In  connection  with  the  pacification  of  the  Highlands,  oc- 
curred the  dreadful  Massacre  of  Glencoe\  (1692). 

79.  The  war  with  France  still  continued ;  and,  in  1692, 

*  So  called,  although  it  took  place  in  1689  (January);  because,  until  1752,  the  English  com- 
menced the  year  on  the  25th  of  March. 

t  Mclan  of  Glmcop,  Chief  of  the  McDonalds,  had  delayed  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
ki.^g;  and  the  enemies  of  the  clan,  taking  advantage  of  (his  circumstance,  obtained  an  order  for 
its  military  execution.  Accordingly,  a  body  of  soldiers  entered  the  valley  of  Glencoe,  and 
cruelly  put  to  the  sword  all  who  failed  to  escape,  including  men.  women,  and  children.  The 
signing  of  this  order  has  subjected  King  William  to  very  severe  censure.  Glencoe  is  situated  at 
Loch  Leven,  in  the  western  part  of  Scotland. 


78.  Who  now  administered  the  government?  What  led  to  the  battle  of  the 
Boyne?  What  were  its  results  ?  Where  is  the  Boyne  River  ?  (See  Map,  p.  158.) 
What  massacre  occurred  in  Scotland  ?    Where  is  Glencoe  ?     (See  note.) 

79.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  La  Hoguc  ?  What  was  its  effect  ?  Where 
is  Cape  La  Hogue  ?  (See  note,  p.  265.)  When  and  how  did  the  war  end  ?  When 
did  Mary  die?  What  title  did  William  take  ?  What  was  his  character ?  What  ia 
eaid  of  Mary  ? 


1701.]  ENGLAND.  265 

the  French  fleet  was  defeated  by  the  combined  English 
and  Dutch  fleets,  under  the  command  of  Admiral  Russell, 
in  the  famous  battle  of  La  Hogue  (hog)*  This  disastrous 
defeat  decided  the  fate  of  James,  and  destroyed  his  hopes 
of  ever  regaining  the  English  throne.  The  war,  however 
was  not  formally  terminated  until  the  treaty  of  Rys'ivick 
(1697).f  William,  by  the  death  of  Mary,  in  1694,  became 
sole  ruler,  under  the  title  of  William  III.  His  own  death 
occurred  in  1702.  He  was  a  man  of  great  abilities,  both 
for  war  and  statesmanship,  and  a  most  excellent  sovereign  ; 
but  the  austerity  of  his  manners  made  him  unpopular. 
The  character  of  Mary  was  very  amiable  and  exemplary. 

80.  Anne. — This  reign  is  almost  wholly  occupied  by  the 
"  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession," — so  called  because  it  was 
waged  against  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  who,  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  his  ambitious  schemes,  attempted  to  obtain  the 
control  of  Spain  by  placing  one  of  his  own  relatives  on  the 
throne  of  that  country.  This  had  led,  in  1701,  to  the 
formation  of  a  league,  called  the  Grand  Alliance,  between 
England,  Holland,  and  Germany,  the  object  of  which  was 
to  check  the  encroachments  of  the  French  king.  Louis 
XIV.  had  given  additional  cause  of  complaint  to  William 
by  acknowledging,  on  the  death  of  James  II.,  the  son  of 
the  latter  King  of  England  (1701).  War,  for  which  prepa- 
rations had  been  already  made,  was  formally  declared 
against  France  shortly  after  the  accession  of  Queen  Anne ; 
and  the  chief  command  of  the  army  was  conferred  on  the 
Duke  of  Maryborough  (1702). 

81.  During  the  first  campaign,  Marlborough  made  some 
conquests  in  Flanders;  and  in  the  next,  he  defeated  the 

*  Cape  La  Hague  is  in  the  northern  part  of  France,  a  short  distance  east  of  Cherbourg,  and  is 
not  t.)  be  confounded  with  Cape  La  Hague,  to  the  west  of  Cherbourg. 
i  Rtmcidc  is  a  small  town  in  the  western  part  of  Holland,  35  miles  southwest  from  Amsterdam. 


80.  With  what  was  Queen  Anne's  reign  chiefly  occupied?  What  caused  the 
war  ot  the  Spanish  Succession  ?    On  whom  was  the  chief  command  conferred  ? 

81.  What  victories  were  gained  hy  Marlborough  ?  Who  commanded  the  Impe- 
rial forces  ?  Where  is  Blenheim  ?  (See  note,  p.  266.)  Where  is  Kamillies  ?  (See 
Map,  p.  188.)  What  fortress  was  taken  by  the  English  ?  What  victory  was  gained 
at  Turin?    Where  is  Turin  ?    (See  Progressive  Map.  No.  7.) 

12 


266  ENGLAND.  [1713. 

French  and  Bavarians,  in  the  memorable  battle  of  Blen- 
heim* (blen'lilme)  (1704).  The  celebrated  Prince  Eugene 
commanded  the  imperial  troops  in  this  battle.  During  the 
same  year,  the  English  fleet  captured  Gibraltar;  and  this 
strong  fortress  has  ever  since  remained  in  the  possession  of 
Great  Britain.  In  1706,  Marlborough  gained  another  bril- 
liant victory  over  the  French  at  Ramillies  (ram'e-leez),  and 
by  means  of  it  made  almost  an  entire  conquest  of  Flanders. 
The  French  also  received  the  same  year  a  terrible  over- 
throw from  Prince  Eugene,  at  Tu'rin. 

82.  The  year  1708  was  signalized  by  another  great  victory 
over  the  French  at  Ou'den-arde,  which  was  followed,  the 
next  year,  by  the  terrific  battle  of  Malplaquet  (mal-plah'ka), 
in  which  the  allied  army,  under  Marlborough,  routed  the 
French,  but  with  the  dreadful  loss  of  20,000  men.  This 
decided  victory  finished  the  campaign  in  Flanders  (1709). 
Shortly  afterward,  Marlborough  being  accused  of  dishonest 
practices  in  connection  with  the  army  contracts  and  ac- 
counts, was  dismissed  by  the  queen  from  all  his  appoint- 
ments. The  parliament  also  having  passed  a  vote  of  cen- 
sure of  his  conduct,  he  retired  from  England  in  disgust, 
and  took  up  his  abode  in  the  Netherlands.  Peace  was 
concluded  with  France  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  (u'trekt),  in 
1713.  The  following  year  the  queen  died.  She  was  very 
popular,  receiving  the  title  of  the  "Good  Queen  Anne;" 
but,  according  to  some  authorities,  she  was  full  of  preju- 
dices, easily  influenced  by  flattery,  and  blindly  guided  by 
her  female  favorites. 

83.  Her  reign  was  not  only  distinguished  for  military 
achievements,  but  was  characterized  to  such  an  extent  for 


*  Blenheim  is  a  small  village  in  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube,  23  miles  W.  N.  W.  of  Augsburg 
(See  Progressive  Map,  No.  7.) 


82.  What  other  victories  were  gained  by  Marlborough  ?  What  led  to  his  fall  ? 
Where  are  Oudenarde  and  Malplaquet  ?  (See  Map,  p.  188.)  What  treaty  was  made 
with  France?  Where  is  Utrecht?  (See  Map,  p.  188.)  When  did  the  queen's  death 
occur  ?    What  is  said  of  her  character  ? 

83.  What  is  said  of  the  literature  of  this  period?  What  union  was  effected  ? 
What  line  ended  with  Queen  Anne  ? 


1106.]  ENGLAND.  26? 

progress  in  science  and  literature,  that  it  has  been  called 
the  "Augustan  Age  of  England."  Addison,  Steele,  Pope, 
Bolingbrohe,  and  Swift  were  the  most  eminent  writers  of 
this  period.  The  chief  political  event  was  the  "  Constitu- 
tional Union  of  England  and  Scotland/'  in  1707.  These 
two  countries,  since  the  accession  of  James  I.,  had  acknowl- 
edged one  sovereign,  each  having  its  own  separate  legis- 
lature ;  but,  since  the  union  of  1707,  they  have  both  sent 
representatives  to  the  same  Parliament.  Queen  Anne  was 
the  last  sovereign  of  the  House  of  Stuart. 

House  of  Brunswick. 

84.  George  I.  was  the  son  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick, 
Elector  of  Hanover,  and  of  Sophia,  granddaughter  of 
James  I.  To  this  king.  England  seemed  always  a  foreign 
country,  for  the  people  and  institutions  of  which  he  had 
very  little  sympathy  or  affection.  He  was  fifty-four  years  of 
age  when  he  commenced  to  reign.  Those  who  favored  the 
cause  of  the  Stuarts,  called  Jac'o-bltes,  excited  an  insurrec- 
tion in  Scotland  in  order  to  place  James,  the  Pretender, 
son  of  James  II.,*  on  the  throne  (1715).  The  rebels,  under 
the  Earl  of  Mar,  were  defeated  and  compelled  to  surrender ; 
and  many  of  the  leaders  of  the  rebellion,  among  them  the 
Earl  of  Derwentwater,  were  executed.  The  Earl  of  Mar 
and  the  Pretender  both  escaped  to  France. 

85.  One  of  the  most  noted  occurrences  of  this  reign  was 
the  South  Sea  Scheme.  This  was  the  project  of  a  corpora- 
tion, called  the  South  Sea  Company,  to  pay  off  the  national 
debt,  then  about  £35,000,000,  by  profitable  mercantile  en- 
terprises with  the  Spaniards  in  South  America.  The  gov- 
ernment gave  its  consent  to  the  scheme,  and  allowed  its 


*  James,  the  Pretender,  was  frequently  styled  the  Chevalier  of  St.  George. 

84.  Who  was  the  first  of  the  House  of  Brunswick  ?  Who  was  George  I.  ?  What 
is  said  of  him  ?  Who  were  the  Jacohites  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  insurrection  in 
Scotland,  and  its  result. 

85.  Give  an  account  of  the  South  Sea  Scheme  and  its  consequences.  When  did 
Marlborough  die  ?    What  is  said  of  him  ?    When  did  the  king's  death  occur  ? 


268  ENGLAND.  [1727. 

stock  to  be  exchanged  for  the  company's  stock,  which,  in 
consequence  of  the  rage  for  speculation  pervading  all  classes 
of  the  people,  reached  the  extraordinary  premium  of  900 
per  cent.  The  bubble,  however,  soon  burst,  and  occasioned, 
for  a  time,  wide-spread  embarrassment  and  ruin  (1720). 
The  Duke  of  Marlborough,  who  had  been  restored  to  his 
office  of  captain -general,  died  in  1722.  This  great  general 
is  said  to  have  been  so  illiterate  that  he  could  not  write 
his  native  language  correctly.  Avarice  was  the  greatest 
blemish  in  his  character.  George  I.  died  of  apoplexy  while 
on  a  visit  to  his  native  country  (1727). 

86.  George  II.  succeeded  his  father  at  the  age  of  forty- 
four  years.  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  who  had  been  prime  minis- 
ter during  a  large  part  of  the  previous  reign,  was  continued 
in  office,  and  administered  the  government,  in  a  manner 
conducive  to  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  the  country,  till 
his  resignation,  in  1742.  A  difficulty  occurred  with  Spain 
during  his  administration,  partly  on  account  of  a  dispute 
with  respect  to  the  boundary  of  the  American  colony  Geor- 
gia, which  had  been  settled  by  General  Oglethorpe  in  1733, 
and  named  after  the  king.  Admiral  Vernon,  who  was  sent 
out  with  a  fleet  to  attack  the  Spanish  settlements,  captured 
Porto  Bello,  on  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  (1739). 

87.  The  next  year,  with  a  large  naval  and  land  force,  he 
attacked  Car-tlia-ge'na,*  the  strongest  Spanish  settlement 
in  America ;  but,  after  destroying  most  of  its  forts,  he  was 
compelled  to  retire.  Another  squadron,  under  Commodore 
Anson,  took  and  destroyed  one  of  the  Spanish  cities  in 
Peru,  and,  together  with  other  prizes,  captured  an  East 
India  galleon,  laden  with  gold  and  silver.  Anson's  expedi- 
tion lasted  nearly  four  years,  he  having  returned  by  way  of 

*  Carthagena,  or  Cartagena,  is  a  considerable  town  on  the  northern  coast  of  South  America, 
now  in  the  United  States  of  Colombia. 


86.  Who  succeeded  George  I.?    What  celebrated  man  was  prime  minister ? 
What  led  to  a  difficulty  with  Spain  ?    What  place  was  taken  by  Admiral  Vernon  ? 

87.  What  important  place  was  taken  the  next  year?    Give  an  account  of  An- 
son's expedition. 


1745.]  ENGLAND.  269 

the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  thus  completing  the  circumnaviga- 
tion of  the  globe  (1740-1744). 

88.  Meanwhile,  England  had  become  involved  in  a  conti- 
nental war.  On  the  death  of  Charles  VI.,  Emperor  of 
Germany  (1740),  Louis  XV.,  king  of  France;  setting  aside 
the  hereditary  claims  of  Maria  Theresa  (te-re'zah),  the 
Emperor's  daughter,  had  caused  the  Elector  of  Ba-va'ri-a  to 
be  raised  to  the  imperial  throne,  and  had  raised  a  large  army 
for  his  defence.  Maria  Theresa  taking  refuge  among  the 
Hungarians,  was  acknowledged  by  them  as  their  queen ; 
while  England,  supporting  the  claims  of  the  Austrian 
princess,  was  involved  in  a  war  with  France.  This  is  called 
in  history  the  "  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession." 

89.  The  most  important  events  of  this  war  were  the  de- 
feat of  the  French  at  Dettingen  {det' ting-en)*  by  an  allied 
army  of  the  English  and  Germans,  partly  under  the  com- 
mand of  George  II.  in  person  (1743) ;  and  the  defeat  of  the 
allies  (England,  Holland,  and  Austria)  under  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland,  by  the  French,  under  Marshal  Sdxe  (sax) 
(1745),  in  the  memorable  battle  of  Fontenoy\  (fon-ta- 
nivati).  The  operations  of  the  war  also  extended  to  the 
American  colonies ;  and  Louisburg,  an  important  French 
fortress,  called,  from  its  strength,  the  "  Gibraltar  of  Amer- 
ica," was  captured  (1745).  While  these  events  were  in  pro- 
gress, an  unsuccessful  attempt  had  been  made  by  Prince 
Charles,  the  Pretender,  grandson  of  James  II.,  to  invade 
England,  with  a  considerable  army  under  Marshal  Saxe 
(1744).  After  the  battle  of  Fontenoy,  Charles  succeeded 
in  landing  in  Scotland,  though  without  any  military  sup- 
port (1745). 

90.  Being  joined  by  a  small  army  of  Highlanders,  he  de- 
feated the  royal  forces;  and,  having  taken  Edinburgh  and 

*  Dettingen  is  a  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Main  River,  east  of  Frankfort. 

t  Fontenoy  is  a  village  of  Belgium,  43  miles  southwest  from  Brussels,  about  halfway  between 
Oudenarde  and  Malplaquet.   (See  Map,  p.  183  ) 


88.  Explain  the  causes  that  led  to  the  "  war  of  the  Austrian  Succession," 

89.  What  were  the  chief  events  of  the  war?    What  conquest  was  made 
America  ?    What  was  done  by  Prince  Charles,  the  Pretender,  in  1744  and  1745  ? 


270  EtfGLAKD.  [1759. 

some  other  cities,  he  caused  his  father  to  be  proclaimed 
King  of  Scotland,  under  the  title  of  James  VIII.  He  next 
marched  into  England,  but  was  soon  compelled  to  retreat, 
being  pursued  by  the  royal  army,  under  the  Duke  of  Cum- 
berland, second  son  of  George  II.  The  two  armies  at  length 
met  at  Cul-lo'den  ;  and  a  battle  was  fought,  in  which  the 
Pretender  and  his  adherents  were  entirely  defeated  (1746). 
This  was  the  last  battle  fought  on  the  soil  of  Great  Britain, 
and  closed  the  struggle  made  by  the  Stuarts  to  regain  their 
lost  throne.  Prince  Charles  wandered  in  disguise  through 
the  country  for  five  months ;  but,  at  length,  succeeded  in 
elfecting  his  escape  to  France. 

91.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  made  with  France  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  in  1748,  by  which  Maria  Theresa's  claim  to  the 
throne  was  confirmed ;  but  the  war  was  soon  after  renewed 
in  consequence  of  disputes  respecting  the  boundary  of  the 
French  and  English  territories  in  America.  In  1755, 
General  Braddock  was  defeated  by  the  French  in  an  expedi- 
tion against  Fort  du  Quesne  {doo-kane') ;  but  General  John- 
son gained  a  victory  over  the  French  and  Indians  at  the 
head  of  Lake  George,  Baron  Dieskau  (de-es-ko'),  their  com- 
mander, being  wounded  and  taken  prisoner.  An  expedi- 
tion under  Colonel  Monckton  (monk'tun),  the  same  year, 
drove  the  French  from  Nova  Scotia.  In  1759,  General 
Wolfe  succeeded  in  reaching  the  "  Plains  of  Abraham " 
with  his  army,  and  defeated  the  French  forces  under  the 
Marquis  of  Montcalm  (mont-kam').  Both  generals  were 
killed.  Quebec  capitulated  after  this  victory,  which  vir- 
tually gave  to  the  English  possession  of  Canada. 

92.  Meanwhile,  England  had  taken  part  in  the  famous 
Seven  Years'  War,  brought  on  by  a  coalition  of  France  and 

90.  Give  a  further  account  of  the  Pretender.  Where  was  he  finally  defeated  ? 
For  what  is  the  battle  of  Culloden  noted  ?  Where  is  Culloden  ?  (See  Map,  p.  158.) 
How  did  Charles  escape  ? 

9 1 .  What  treaty  closed  the  war  with  France  ?  When  and  why  was  it  renewed  ? 
What  events  occurred  in  1755  ?    When  and  how  was  Quebec  taken  ? 

92.  What  was  the  "  Seven  Years'  War?"  Why  did  the  English  engage  in  it! 
Who  was  prime  minister?  What  caused  the  retirement  of  the  Duke  of  Cumber 
land  ?    Who  gained  victories  in  India  ?    When  did  George  II.  die  ? 


1760.]  ENGLAND.  271 

several  of  the  other  European  states,  against  Frederick  the 
Great  of  Prussia.  Principally  with  the  object  of  defending 
the  Electorate  of  Hanover,  England  formed  an  alliance 
with  the  Prussian  monarch ;  and,  under  the  able  adminis- 
tration of  William  Pitt,  afterward  Earl  of  Chatham,  the 
government  displayed  great  vigor  and  enterprise.  The 
want  of  success,  however,  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland 
enabled  the  French  to  overrun  Hanover  (1757),  at  which 
the  king  was  so  indignant  that  he  treated  his  son  with  the 
greatest  coldness.  Offended  by  this  treatment,  the  victor 
of  Culloden  resigned  all  his  offices,  and  went  into  retire- 
ment. Hanover  was  recovered  the  next  year  after  its  con- 
quest, and  important  advantages  were  gained  by  Frederick. 
Lord  Clive  also  won  a  series  of  splendid  victories  over  the 
French  in  India,  achieving  the  conquest  of  Bengal.  Before 
the  war  was  brought  to  a  close,  the  king  died,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  grandson,  under  the  title  of  George  III.  (1760). 

93.  George  III.  was  twenty-two  years  old  when  he 
ascended  the  throne,  and  was  the  first  king  of  the  House 
of  Brunswick  that  was  born  in  England.  Pitt  soon  after- 
ward retired  from  the  government,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Lord  Bute,  a  man  of  indifferent  merit,  but  an  especial 
favorite  of  the  king.  The  arms  of  Great  Britain  and  her 
allies  continued  to  be  successful  in  Europe,  notwithstand- 
ing her  enemies  were  strengthened  by  the  accession  of 
Spain ;  but  the  government  desired  peace,  which  was 
Anally  attained  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  made  in  1763.  The 
most  important  conquests  made  by  the  English  during  this 
long  war  were  those  in  North  America  and  India.  In  the 
latter  country,  the  genius  of  Clive  had  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  British  power  so  firmly,  that  the  French  could  never 
afterward  regain  their  influence. 

94.  Shortly  after  this  peace,  the  famous  Stamp  Act  was 


93.  What  is  said  of  George  in".  ?    Who  succeeded  Pitt  ?    What  treaty  was  made 
in  1768  ?    What  conquests  had  been  made  during  the  war  ? 

94.  What  caused  a  war  with  the  American  Colonies  ? 


2?2  ENGLAND.  [1783. 


passed,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  a  revenue  in  America 
(1765).  The  colonies  resisted  the  measure,  on  the  ground 
that  they  were  not  represented  in  the  English  Parliament, 
and  that  "taxation  and  representation"  are,  by  the  British 
Constitution,  inseparable.  The  measure  was  greatly  op- 
posed in  Parliament  by  the  Earl  of  Chatham  and  others, 
as  impolitic  and  unjust ;  but  the  government  insisted  on 
their  right  to  tax  the  colonies;  and  the  latter,  after  a 
resistance  of  ten  years,  were  finally  driven  into  the  War  of 
the  Revolution,  which  commenced  at  Lexington,  Massa- 
chusetts (April  19,  1775). 

95.  The  next  year,  the  thirteen  Colonies,  through  their 
representatives  in  Congress,  declared  their  independence 
(July  4),  which,  after  a  determined  struggle  of  nearly  seven 
years,  they  successfully  achieved,  the  British  general  Corn- 
wallis  being  compelled  to  surrender  his  army  to  George 
Washington,  at  Yorktown  (Oct.  19, 1781).  Previous  to  this 
event,  the  Americans  under  General  Gates  had  compelled 
the  surrender  of  a  British  army  under  Burgoyne,  at  Sara- 
toga (1777) ;  and  the  French  king,  Louis  XVL.,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  this  success,  had  acknowledged  the  independence 
of  the  colonies.  A  war,  therefore,  ensued  between  England 
and  France,  which  continued  until  1783,  when  a  treaty  of 
peace  was  concluded  at  Paris,  one  of  the  conditions  of 
which  was,  that  the  independence  of  the  American  colo- 
nies should  be  acknowledged. 

96.  During  this  period,  important  advantages  had  been 
gained  by  the  British  in  India  under  Warren  Hastings , 
but  the  measures  which  he  adopted  to  obtain  money,  in 
order  to  make  the  large  remittances  expected  by  the  East 
India  Company,  were  characterized  by  great  oppression 
and  injustice  against  the  natives  and  their  rulers.     On  his 


95.  What  measure  was  adopted  by  the  Colonies  ?  How  was  their  independence 
achieved  ?  What  victory  led  to  an  alliance  with  France  ?  What  treaty  closed  the 
war  with  France  and  the  Colonies  ? 

96.  What  led  to  the  impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings?  Give  an  account  of 
his  trial.    What  distinguished  orators  took  part  in  it? 


1801.]  ENGLAND.  273 

return  to  England,  articles  of  impeachment  were  presented 
against  him  in  Parliament  by  the  celebrated  Edmund 
Burke,  and  the  trial  that  ensued  is  one  of  the  most  memo- 
rable in  history.  It  commenced  in  1788,  and  lasted  till 
1795,  resulting  in  the  acquittal  of  Hastings.  This  trial  is 
not  only  remarkable  for  its  length,  but  for  the  brilliant  dis- 
plays of  oratory  to  which  it  gave  occasion,  on  the  part  of 
the  managers  of  the  impeachment,  Burke,  Sheridan,  Fox, 
Windham,  and  others, — a  galaxy  of  great  men  unsurpassed 
for  splendor  in  the  annals  of  Great  Britain. 

97.  Meanwhile,  the  great  French  revolution  had  broken 
out  (1789),  and  in  its  progress  all  Europe  was  convulsed. 
The  British  government,  under  the  administration  of  Wil- 
liam Pitt,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Chatham,  took  an  active  part 
against  the  revolutionists  in  France,  whose  dreadful  ex- 
cesses had  disgusted  and  alarmed  every  civilized  nation 
of  Europe.  After  the  execution  of  the  French  king,  Louis 
XVI.,  in  1793,  Great  Britain,  Holland,  Russia,  and  Spain 
formed  a  coalition  to  restore  the  monarchy  in  France.  Few 
victories  were,  however,  gained  over  the  French  armies; 
but  the  English  fleets,  under  Nelson  and  others,  acquired 
great  gtory.  In  1798,  Nelson  fought  the  "Battle  of  the 
Nile,"*  in  which  he  destroyed  the  ships  that  had  conveyed 
Napoleon  and  his  army  to  Egypt;  and  in  1801,  he  bom- 
barded Copenhagen,  and  partially  destroyed  the  Danish  fleet. 
This  had  the  effect  to  prevent  a  threatened  alliance  of  the 
Northern  powers  against  Great  Britain. 

98.  An  important  victory  was  gained  (1801)  by  Sir  Ralph 
Abercrombie  over  the  French  forces  left  by  Napoleon  in 
Egypt  to  menace  the  power  of  Great  Britain  in  the  East ; 
after  which  a  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  at  Amiens 
(am'e-enz)  with  the  French  government,  then  under  the 

*  In  Aboukir  Bay,  northern  part  of  Egypt.     (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  7.) 


97.  When  did  the  French  revolution  commence  ?    What  course  did  Great  Britain 
take  ?    Into  what  coalition  did  she  enter  ?    What  victories  were  gained  by  Nelson  ? 

98.  What  victory  was  gained  by  Sir  Ralph  Abercrombie  ?    What  peace  was  con- 
cluded ?    What  union  was  effected  in  IROt  ? 

12* 


274  ENGLAND.  [1814. 


control  of  Napoleon  as  First  Consul  (1802).  Previous  to 
this,  Ireland  was  constitutionally  united  to  Great  Britain, 
its  separate  legislature  being  abolished  (1801). 

99.  The  year  after  the  conclusion  of  the  "Peace  of 
Amiens,"  war  again  broke  out  between  England  and 
France;  and  England  was  threatened  with  an  invasion  by 
Napoleon,  but  it  was  too  strongly  defended  by  its  powerful 
fleets  to  render  such  an  undertaking  practicable.  During 
this  war,  Nelson  gained  his  most  splendid  victory,  defeat- 
ing the  combined  French  and  Spanish  fleets  oif  Cape  Traf- 
algar'; but  it  was  dearly  bought  by  the  English,  for  their 
great  admiral  fell  mortally  wounded  in  the  action  (1805). 

100.  In  1808,  the  "Peninsular  war"  was  commenced, 
being  caused  by  the  unjust  attempt  of  Napoleon,  then  em- 
peror of  France,  to  place  his  brother  Joseph  on  the  throne 
of  Spain,  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  the  people  of  that 
country.  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley,  afterward  created  Duke  of 
Wellington,  was  sent  with  an  army  to  prevent  the  consum- 
mation of  this  project ;  and  he  defeated  the  French  (1808) 
in  the  decisive  battle  of  Vimeira  (ve-ma'e-rah).*  Sir  John 
Moore,  who  had  been  sent  to  co-operate  with  the  Spaniards 
against  the  French,  was  compelled  to  retreat,  receiving  no 
aid  from  the  inhabitants.  He  afterward  fell  in  the  battle 
which  took  place  at  Co-run  na,  where  the  French  were  re- 
pulsed ;  and  the  English  troops  made  their  escape  from  the 
country,  with  the  assistance  of  the  fleet  (1809). 

101.  Under  Wellington,  the  war  was  continued  in  the 
Peninsula  until  1814;  and  the  victories  at  Ta-la-ve'ra 
(1809),  at  Sa-la-man'ca  (1812)  and  Vit-tdri-a  (1813)  re- 

*  Vimeira  is  a  small  town  near  the  western  coast  of  Portugal,  about  30  miles  northwest  from 
Lisbon.    (See  Progressive  Map  No.  7.)  

99.  When  did  the  war  with  France  recommence  ?  What  was  threatened  ? 
What  hrilliant  victory  was  gained  by  Nelson?  Where  is  Cape  Trafalgar?  (See 
Map,  p.  286.) 

100.  What  caused  the  "Peninsular  War?"  Give  an  account  of  the  battles  of 
Vimeira  and  Corunna.  Who  fell  in  the  latter?  Where  is  Vimeira?  (See  note.) 
Where  is  Coninna?    (See  Map,  p.  296.) 

101.  What  victories  wore  gained  by  Wellington  ?  Point  out  the  places  on  the 
Map  (p.  2M).  What  part  did  Great  Britain  take  in  the  resistance  made  to  Napo 
leou  ?    What  other  war  was  waged  ?    What  caused  it  ?    When  was  peace  made  ? 


1820.]  ENGLAND.  275 

fleeted  great  glory  on  the  British  general's  name.  Mean- 
while, Great  Britain  had  been  active  in  the  opposition  made 
by  the  great  European  powers  against  the  ambitious 
schemes  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon ;  and,  both  by  her  coun- 
sels and  pecuniary  as  well  as  military  aid,  contributed  not 
a  little  to  his  downfall  in  1814.  During  this  period  war 
had  also  been  waged  with  the  United  States,  brought  on 
principally  by  the  unjust  claims  of  Great  Britain  to  the 
right  of  searching  American  vessels  for  deserters  and  British 
seamen,  in  order  that  she  might  seize  them  or  impress  them 
into  her  service.  This  war  was  formally  closed  by  the 
Treaty  of  Ghent*  (Dec.  24,  1814). 

102.  Napoleon,  escaping  from  Elba,  to  which  he  had  been 
banished,  and  resuming  the  throne  of  France,  again  aroused 
the  European  nations  against  him.  This  led  to  the  mem- 
orable battle  of  Waterloo,  in  which  Wellington  gained  his 
most  splendid  victory  (June  18,  1815).  Thus  was  ended 
the  great  struggle  which  for  nearly  25  years  had  been  made 
by  Great  Britain,  to  check  the  conquests  of  the  French, and 
preserve  the  "  balance  of  power "  in  Europe.  To  accom- 
plish this  end  immense  sacrifices  of  men  and  money  had 
been  made,  the  national  debt  having  been  increased  to 
nearly  900  millions  sterling. 

103.  George  III.  died  in  1820,  after  a  reign  of  sixty 
years, — the  longest  in  English  history.  It  was  distin- 
guished not  only  for  its  remarkable  military  events,  but 
for  its  progress  in  commerce,  science,  and  the  useful  arts, 
for  the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge,  and  for  its  splendid 
productions  of  literary  genius.  The  greatest  name  in  the  first 
part  of  this  reign  is  that  of  Samuel  Johnson,  the  author  of  the 
English  Dictionary,  and  also  renowned  for  his  talents  as  a 

*  Ghent  is  a  noted  city  in  the  western  part  of  Belgium. 


1 02.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Waterloo  ?    What  was  the  result  of  it  ?    Where 
is  Waterloo  ?    (See  Map,  p.  188.)    What  had  these  wars  cost  Great  Britain  ? 

103.  When  did  the  death  of  George  III.  occur?    What  is  said  of  this  reign? 
What  celebrated  writers  flourished  during  it?     What  was  the  character  of  George 


;.;  ENGLAND.  [1827. 


poet,  critic,  and  essayist.  Gibbon  and  Hume  stand  promi- 
nent as  historians;  and  Young,  Gray,  Burns,  and  Cowper, 
as  poets.  The  closing  portion  of  the  reign  is  illumined  by 
the  names  of  Byron,  Shel'ly,  Words' worth,  Cole' ridge,  Scott, 
and  a  host  of  others,  whose  works  have  been  the  especial 
glory  of  the  present  century.  The  private  character  of 
George  III.,  in  every  relation  of  life,  was  worthy  of  esteem ; 
but  his  moderate  abilities,  narrow  views,  and  obstinacy  as 
a  king,  have  subjected  his  name  to  considerable  obloquy, 
if  not  contempt. 

104.  George  IV.,  who  succeeded  his  father  at  the  age 
of  58,  had  been  noted  for  his  profligacy  and  extravagance 
in  the  previous  part  of  his  life.  He  was  a  man  of  polished 
manners,  but  was  perfectly  unprincipled  and  heartless.  As 
Prince  Kegent  he  had  been  virtually  king  for  ten  years  be- 
fore his  accession,  George  III.  having  become  incapable  of 
governing  on  account  of  insanity.  Almost  the  first  act  of 
the  new  monarch  was  an  attempt  to  obtain  a  divorce  from 
his  wife,  Caroline  of  Brunswick.  The  accusations  brought 
against  her  were  believed  to  be  unfounded,  and  popular 
sympathy  was  strongly  in  her  favor ;  so  that  when,  on  ac- 
count of  the  able  defence  of  her  by  Henry  Brougham  [after- 
ward Lord  Brougham  (broo'am)],  the  king  failed  in  his 
object,  the  public  joy  was  so  great  that  there  was  a  general 
illumination.     She  died  a  short  time  afterward. 

105.  The  Greeks  having  for  some  years  struggled  to 
throw  off  the  Turkish  yoke,  finally  secured  the  aid  of  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Russia,  whose  combined  fleets  defeated 
and  destroyed  the  Turkish  and  Egyptian  fleet  in  the  battle 
of  Navarino  (?iah-vah-re'no)  (1827).  By  this  event  the 
independence  of  Greece  was  achieved ;  after  which  it  was 
erected  into  a  separate  kingdom,  the  crown  being  conferred 

104.  What  is  said  of  George  IV.?  Give  an  account  of  the  trial  of  Queen 
Caroline. 

105.  How  did  the  Greeks  obtain  their  independence?  Where  is  Navarino? 
i  Sec  Prog.  Map,  No  7.)  Who  became  king  of  Greece  ?  What  is  said  of  Byron  ? 
What  important  measure  was  adopted  ?    Who  aided  in  bringing  this  about  ? 


1837.]  ENGLAND.  277 

upon  Prince  Otho,  of  Bavaria.  During  this  contest  Lord 
Byron  went  to  Greece  to  render  aid  to  the  oppressed  in- 
habitants ;  but  he  did  not  live  to  witness  the  triumph  of 
the  cause,  dying  at  Mis-so-lon' ghi  (-ghe)  in  1824.  Another 
important  event  of  this  reign  was  the  removal  of  civil  and 
political  disabilities  from  the  Roman  Catholics,  a  measure 
greatly  aided  by  the  efforts  of  the  celebrated  Irish  orator 
and  patriot,  Daniel  O'Connell.     George  IV.  died  in  1830. 

106.  William  IV.,  late  Duke  of  Clarence,  and  brother 
of  George  IV.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  the 
latter.  A  short  time  after  his  accession,  measures  of  Par- 
liamentary reform  were  loudly  called  for  by  the  people ;  and 
a  Reform  Bill  was  brought  in  by  Lord  John  Russell,  which 
passed  in  1832.  The  effect  of  this  law  was  to  extend  the 
right  of  suffrage,  and  distribute  the  representation  more 
equitably  among  the  different  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The 
year  1834  is  memorable  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  through- 
out all  the  British  colonies.  The  sum  of  £20,000,000  was 
awarded  by  Parliament  to  the  planters  as  a  compensation 
for  the  loss  of  the  slaves  emancipated ;  and  nearly  three- 
fourths  of  a  million  of  human  beings  were  set  free.  Wil- 
liam's reign  was  terminated  by  his  death  in  1837;  but, 
brief  as  it  was,  it  was  replete  with  beneficent  measures  which 
have  made  it  dear  to  the  memory  of  the  English  people. 

107.  Victoria,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Kent,  and  niece 
of  William  IV.,  succeeded  the  latter  on  the  throne,  which 
she  has  continued  to  occupy  up  to  the  present  time.  The 
connection  between  Great  Britain  and  Hanover,  which  had 
lasted  123  years,  was  dissolved  on  her  accession,  since  the 
laws  of  the  latter  country  exclude  females  from  the  throne. 
Her  uncle,  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  accordingly  succeeded 
William  IV.  as  King  of  Hanover.    In  1837,  an  insurrection 


106.  By  whom  was  George  IV.  succeeded?  Give  an  account  of  the  Reform 
Bill.  What  other  important  measure  was  adopted?  When  did  William  IV.  die  ? 
What  was  the  character  of  his  reign  ? 

107.  Who  succeeded  William  IV.?  What  country  was  separated  from  Great 
Britain  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  Chartists. 


278  ENGLAND.  [1846. 


broke  out  in  Lower  Canada,  on  account  of  the  discontent 
of  the  people  toward  the  government ;  but  tranquillity  was 
soon  restored,  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  being  united 
into  one  province.  Disturbances  were  also  caused  by  the 
Chartists,  an  association  of  radical  reformers,  who  demanded 
a  "new  charter,"  embodying  universal  suffrage,  vote  by 
ballot,  and  the  entire  abolition  of  the  property  qualification 
of  members  of  Parliament.  Great  mass  meetings  of  the 
people  were  held,  at  one  of  which  as  many  as  200,000  per- 
sons were  computed  to  have  been  present.  The  demands 
of  the  Chartists  being  refused,  riots  ensued,  which,  however, 
were  soon  put  down  (1839). 

108.  In  1840,  Queen  Victoria  was  married  to  Prince  Al- 
bert of  Saxe-Co'burg-Go'tha  (one  of  the  German  states). 
An  insurrection  in  Cabul  (hah-bool)  expelled  the  English 
from  Af-ghan-is-tan' ;  and  the  retreating  army,  of  17,000 
men,  nearly  all  perished  from  cold,  famine,  and  the  attacks 
of  the  Afghans  (1841).  Under  Lord  El'Un-bor-ough,  Ca- 
bul was  retaken,  and  its  fortifications  destroyed ;  but  Af- 
ghanistan was  abandoned  (1842).  The  reduction  of  Scinde 
(sind),  a  district  on  the  lower  Indus,  by  Sir  Charles 
Na'pi-er,  was  the  next  event  of  importance  (1843), 
which  was  soon  followed  by  a  war  with  the  Sikhs  of  the 
Pun-jab',  who,  after  several  severe  conflicts,  were  obliged  to 
yield  to  the  skill  and  valor  of  the  British.  The  conquest 
of  these  districts  gave  the  British  government  control  of 
the  whole  peninsula  of  Hin-dos-tan'  (1849). 

109.  The  most  important  measure  of  Parliament  was 
the  Repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws,  thus  opening  the  country 
to  the  free  importation  of  foreign  grain  (1846).  The 
Russians  having  seized  upon  the  Danubian  principalities, 
Wal-la 'chi-a  and  Mol-da'vi-a,  England  formed  an  alliance 

108.  When  and  to  whom  was  Victoria  married  ?  What  account  is  given  of  the 
Afghan  WTar  ?  Of  the  conquest  of  Scinde  ?  Of  the  Punjab  ?  Where  is  the  Punjab  ? 
(Ans.  In  the  northwestern  part  of  Hindostan.) 

109.  What  laws  were  repealed  in  1846?  What  led  to  the  war  with  Russia? 
What  battles  were  fought  in  the  Crimea  ?  How  and  when  was  Sebastopol  taken  ? 
When  did  the  war  end  ? 


1857.]  ENGLAND.  279 

with  France,  to  protect  Turkey  from  the  encroachments 
of  the  Czar  (1853).  This  led  to  the  Crim'e-an  War,  during 
which  the  allied  fleets  blockaded  the  harbor  of  Se-bas'to- 
pol,*  and,  after  a  siege  of  eleven  months,  captured  the  city 
(1855).  During  this  siege,  were  fought  the  celebrated  battles 
of  ATma,  Bal-ak-la'va,  and  Ink'  er-mann,\  in  the  second  of 
which  the  "  Six  Hundred"  made  their  famous  charge.  The 
fortifications  defending  the  city  were  of  immense  extent 
and  strength,  and  the  French  greatly  distinguished  them- 
selves by  the  vigor  and  gallantry  of  their  assaults.  The 
Malakoff'  and  Redan,  two  of  the  strongest  works,  were 
stormed  by  them,  after  the  English  troops  had  failed  in  the 
attempt.     Peace  was  signed  with  Eussia  in  1856. 

110.  The  next  year  (1857)  is  remarkable  for  the  Indian 
Mutiny,  occasioned  by  the  introduction  of  Enfield  rifles, 
for  which  greased  cartridges  were  used.  The  native  soldiers 
being  forbidden  by  their  religion  to  taste  animal  food,  re- 
belled, because  in  loading  the  rifles  it  was  necessary  to  bite 
off  the  ends  of  the  cartridges.  After  the  outbreak  of  the 
rebellion  in  Mee'rut,%  tQe  Sepoys  (native  troops)  seized  Delhi 
(del'le),  which  was  besieged  for  more  than  two  months  by 
the  British,  and  only  taken  after  the  most  desperate  fight- 
ing (Sept.  20,  1857). 

111.  Cawn'pore  and  Luck'now%  were  the  scene  of  other 
insurrections.  At  the  former  place  the  English  were  mas- 
sacred with  frightful  atrocity  by  the  Sepoys,  under  Nena 
Sahib  (sah'eeb),  who  was  afterward  defeated  by  General 
Havelock  and  Sir  Col' in  Campbell.  These  two  officers 
showed  the  greatest  courage  and  skill  in  their  operations 

*  Sehastopol,  a  strongly  fortiSed  seaport  in  the  Crimea— a  peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of 
Russia. 

t  Alma  is  a  small  river  in  the  Crimea;  Balalrtava,  a  town  on  the  Black  Sea,  southwest  from 
Sebastopol;  Inkennnnn,  a  seaport  near  Balaklava. 

$  Meentt  is  situated  about  35  miles  northeast  from  Delhi,  a  noted  city  of  Hindostan,  on  th 
Jumna,  an  affluent  of  the  Ganges. 

§  Oaampore  and  Lwknow  are  important  towns  in  Hindoostan,  the  former  on  the  Ganges,  th 
latter  on  a  tributary  to  it.     They  are  some  distance  east  of  Delhi. 


110.  What  led  to  the  Indian  mutiny  ?    How  and  when  did  it  begin  ? 

111.  What  other  events  occurred  ?     What  generals  distinguished  themselves  ? 
When  did  the  rebellion  end  ?    What  atrocities  were  perpetrated  J 


280  ENGLAND.  [1868, 


against  the  rebellion,  which  was  finally  crushed  in  1859. 
The  dreadful  outrages  on  men,  women,  and  children,  per- 
petrated during  this  war  by  the  native  troops,  and  the  hor- 
rible punishments  afterward  inflicted  upon  the  latter  by 
the  British,  scarcely  find  a  parallel  in  history. 

112.  Meanwhile,  wars  had  been  waged  with  the  Chinese. 
The  first  was  caused  by  the  seizure  of  opium  imported  into 
China,  contrary  to  her  laws,  by  British  merchants.  At  the 
close  of  this  Avar  China  was  compelled  to  cede  Hong  Kong* 
to  Great  Britain,  and  open  five  seaports  to  British  com- 
merce, besides  paying  $21,000,000  as  indemnity  for  the 
expenses  of  the  war  (1842).  In  1857,  hostilities  were  re- 
sumed ;  and,  Canton  having  been  stormed  and  some  of  the 
forts  near  Pekin  taken,  the  Chinese  submitted  to  the  de- 
mands of  the  English,  one  of  which  was  that  a  British 
minister  should  be  allowed  to  reside  at  Pe'kin  (1860). 

113.  The  other  most  interesting  events  of  this  reign  are, 
the  death  of  Prince  Albert,  in  1861 ;  the  laying  of  the 
Atlantic  Cable,  in  1866 ;  the  passage  of  the  Second  Reform 
Bill,  in  1867,  by  which  bill  the  elective  franchise  was  great- 
ly extended  by  diminishing  the  property  qualifications  of 
voters  for  members  of  parliament ;  and  the  expedition  to 
Abyssinia,  in  which  King  Theodore  was  defeated  (1868). 
The  liberality  of  the  queen  in  all  measures  of  reform,  her 
ready  acquiescence  in  the  will  of  her  people,  when  definitely 
ascertained  and  legitimately  expressed,  and  her  social  and 
domestic  virtues,  have  won  for  her  the  esteem  and  affection 
of  all  classes  of  her  subjects,  who,  in  the  words  of  Macaulay, 
"  have  found  in  her  a  wiser,  gentler,  happier  Elizabeth." 

114.  The  progress  made  in  science  and  the  useful  arts 
during  this  reign  has  been  beyond  precedent.     The  coun- 

*  Hong  Kong  is  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  estuary  which  leads  to  Canton,  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  China. 


112.  What  led  to  wars  with  China  ?    What  were  their  results  ? 

113.  What  other  interesting  events  occurred  during  this  reign  ?    What  is  said 
of  Queen  Victoria  ? 

114.  Describe  the  progress  made  in  science  and  the  useful  arts.    What  inven- 
tions have  been  made  ? 


ENGLAND.  281 


try  has  been  crossed  in  every  direction  by  railroads  of  the 
very  best  construction  ;  ocean  steam-vessels  have  revolu- 
tionized commerce  and  navigation;  the  electric  telegraph 
has  brought  every  part  of  the  kingdom  into  instant  com- 
munication with  all  other  parts  of  the  civilized  world; 
while  the  building  of  iron-clad  war-steamers  has  rendered 
obsolete  all  former  achievements  in  naval  architecture,  and 
changed  entirely  the  character  of  maritime  warfare. 

115.  The  steam  printing-press  has  greatly  facilitated  the 
spread  of  intelligence,  aud  increased  the  number  of  jour- 
nals and  periodicals  of  all  kinds  circulated  among  the 
people.  The  literature  of  the  period  is  enriched  by  the 
productions  of  Ten' ny -son,  the  poet-laureate ;  Thack'e-ray, 
Dickens,  and  Bul'iver,  among  novelists;  and  Ma-cau'lay, 
Carlyle,  Buckle,  De  Quincey,  and  many  others,  historians, 
essayists,  etc.,  who,  in  every  department  of  prose  and 
poetry,  have  shed  lustre  upon  the  language  and  literature 
of  their  country. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 
A.  d. 

1485.  Henry  VII.     First  of  the  Tudors.     Reign  of  24  years. 
1509.  Henry  VIII.     Reign  of  38  years. 
1513.  Battle  of  the  Spurs.    Battle  of  Flodden  Field. 
1534.  Separation  of  the  English  Church  from  that  of  Rome. 
1547.  Edward  VI.     Reign  of  6  years. 
1553.  Mary.     Reign  of  5  years. 
1558.  Elizabeth.     Reign  of  44  years. 
1579.  Completion  of  a  voyage  round  the  world  by  Sir  Francis  Drake. 

1587.  Execution  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots. 

1588.  Destruction  of  the  "  Invincible  Armada." 
1601.  Execution  of  the  Earl  of  Essex. 

1603.  James  I.     First  of  the  Stuarts.     Reign  of  22  years. 

1605.  Gunpowder  plot. 

1611.  Translation  of  the  Bible. 

115.  What  has  been  the  effect  of  the  application  of  steam  to  printing  ?    Men 
tion  some  of  the  most  prominent  writers  of  the  period. 


282  ENGLAND. 


1618.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  beheaded. 
1625.  Charles  I.     Reign  of  24  years. 
1628.  Petition  of  Right  granted. 
1638.  The  Covenant  signed  by  the  Scots. 

1641.  Execution  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford. 

1642.  Commencement  of  the  Civil  War.    Battle  of  Edgehill. 

1643.  Battle  of  Newbury.    Death  of  Lord  Falkland. 

1644.  Battle  of  Marston  Moor.    Defeat  of  the  Royalists. 

1645.  Battle  of  Naseby.    The  royalists  defeated  by  Cromwell. 

1649.  Execution  of  Charles  I.     The  Commonwealth  declared. 

1650.  The  Scottish  Covenanters  defeated  at  Dunbar  by  Cromwell. 

1651.  Battle  of  Worcester.    Charles  II.  defeated  by  Cromwell. 
"      Navigation  Act  passed. 

1653.  The  Long  Parliament  dispersed. 

"      Cromwell  made  "  Protector." 
1658.  Death  of  Oliver  Cromwell.    Richard  Cromwell  Protector. 
1660.  Charles  II.  restored.     Reign  of  25  years. 
1665.  Defeat  of  the  Dutch  by  James,  Duke  of  York. 

"      Great  Plague  in  England. 
1680.  Supposed  Popish  plot.    Earl  of  Stafford  executed. 
1683.  Execution  of  Lord  William  Russell  and  Algernon  Sidney. 
1685.  James  II.    Reign  of  4  years. 

1689.  William  m.  and  Mary.     Reign  of  13  years. 
"      "  Revolution  of  1688"  (Jan.  1688-89). 

1690.  Battle  of  the  Boyne.    James  II.  defeated. 
1697.  Treaty  of  Ryswick. 

1702.  Anne.    Reign  of  12  years, 

1704.  Battle  of  Blenheim.    The  French  defeated  by  Marlborough  and 

Prince  Eugene. 
1706.  Battle  of  Ramillies.    The  French  defeated  by  Marlborough. 
1708.  Victories  of  Marlborough  at  Oudenarde  and  Malplaquet. 

1713.  Treaty  of  Utrecht. 

1714.  George  I.     Reign  of  13  years. 
1727.  George  II.     Reign  of  33  years. 

1743.  Battle  of  Dettingen.    The  French  defeated  by  George  II. 

1745.  Marshal  Saxe  victorious  at  Fontenoy. 

1746.  Battle  of  Culloden. 

1748.  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 
.1759.  Capture  of  Quebec,  and  death  of  General  Wolfe. 
1760.  George  III.     Reign  of  60  years. 

1783.  The  Independence  of  the  American  colonies  acknowledged  by 
Great  Britain. 


ENGLAND.  283 


1788.  Trial  of  Warren  Hastings,  lasting  till  1795. 
1798.  The  French  fleet  defeated  by  Nelson  in  the  Battle  of  the  Nile. 
1801.  Legislative  union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
1805.  Battle  of  Trafalgar.    Death  of  Lord  Nelson. 
1809.  Battle  of  Corunna.    Death  of  Sir  John  Moore. 
"      Battle  of  Talavera. 

1814.  Treaty  of  Ghent.    Peace  declared  with  the  United  States. 

1815.  Battle  of  Waterloo.    Victory  of  Wellington  over  Napoleon. 
1820.  George  IV.     Reign  of  10  years. 

1827.  Battle  of  Navarino.    Independence  of  Greece  declared. 

1830.  William  IV.     Eeign  of  7  years. 

1834.  Slavery  abolished  in  all  the  British  colonies. 

1837.  Victoria. 

1841.  Afghan  War.    Cabul  taken  and  dismantled.    Chinese  War. 

1843   Conquest  of  Scinde  by  Sir  Charles  Napier. 

1846.  Corn  Laws  repealed. 

1853.  Commencement  of  the  Crimean  War. 

1855.  Sebastopol  taken  by  the  forces  of  Great  Britain  and  France. 

1857.  Indian  Mutiny.    Delhi  taken.     Chinese  War. 

1861.  Death  of  Prince  Albert. 

1867.  Second  Reform  Bill  passed. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGK 

1.  Give  an  account  of  Henry  VII.  and  his  reign 183-184-232-233-234 

2.  How  many  wives  did  Henry  VHI.  have  ?    Give  their  names 234-236-237 

3.  Give  the  history  of  his  contest  with  Pope  Clement  II 235-236 

4.  State  all  you  can  in  relation  to  Cardinal  Wolsey 234-235-236 

5.  Give  an  account  of  Edward  VI.  and  his  reign 238 

6.  Who  was  Queen  Mary  ?  and  give  the  events  of  her  reign 238-239 

7.  Who  was  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  how  long  did  she  reign  t*t 238-239-244 

8.  Name  the  most  important  events  in  the  early  part  of  her  reign 239-240 

9.  What  important  voyages  were  made  during  her  reign  ? 241 

10.  Give  the  particulars  in  relation  to  the  great  Armada 241-242 

11.  State  all  you  can  in  relation  to  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots 242-243 

12.  Give  the  facts,  as  far  as  you  can,  in  relation  to  the  Earl  of  Essex 244 

13.  What  authors  of  note  lived  during  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ? 244 

14.  Give  the  history  of  James  I.  to  the  time  of  his  becoming  king  of  England.         245 

15.  Give  what  you  can  of  the  history  of  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh 241-245 

16.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot 245-246 

17.  Name  the  important  acts  of  the  reign  of  James  I 245-246-247 

18.  What  was  the  length  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  ? 245-247 

19.  What  troubles  did  Charles  I.  have  with  his  first  Parliament  ?     247 

20.  Give  an  account  of  Buckingham  and  his  acts 246-247-248 

21.  Of  the  difficulties  between  Charles  I.  and  his  fourth  Parliament 248 


284  ENGLAND. 


22.  Of  the  Earl  of  Strafford  and  his  fate 248-249 

23.  Of  the  difficulties  which  led  to  the  civil  war 249-250 

24.  Of  the  principal  events  in  that  war 251-252 

25.  Of  the  closing  acts  of  Charles  I.,  his  fate,  and  character 252-253 

26.  Of  events  during  the  rule  of  Oliver  Cromwell 254-255-256 

27.  Of  the  Covenant  and  Covenanters 249-251-254 

28.  Of  Richard  Cromwell  and  his  administration 257 

29.  Of  the  Puritans 240-241-246-249-250-251-258 

30.  What  event  is  known  in  English  history  as  the  Restoration  ? . . .  257 

81.  Name  the  principal  events  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II 257—262 

32.  Give  an  account  of  the  war  with  the  Dutch 258-259 

33.  Of  the  next  war  with  the  Dutch,  in  which  France  joined 2(50 

34.  Of  the  Triple  Alliance,  its  objects  and  consequences 259-260 

35.  Of  the  Test  Act,  its  object  and  consequences 260-261 

36.  Of  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  its  design  and  consequences 261 

37.  Of  the  Rye-House  Plot,  its  cause,  object,  and  result 261 

38.  W  hat  noted  authors  lived  during  that  period  ? 262 

39.  By  whom  was  Charles  H.  succeeded  on  the  throne  ? 261 

40.  Give  the  history  of  James  H.  previous  to  his  accession 259-260 

41 .  Give  a  sketch  of  his  reign  and  subsequent  career  262 — 265 

42.  By  whom  was  James  succeeded  on  the  throne  ? ; .  263-264 

43.  How  was  the  succession  made  and  the  king's  power  restricted  ?...,...  263-264 
41.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  reign  of  William  and  Mary 264-265 

45.  What  was  the  Grand  Alliance  of  1701,  its  origin  and  object  ? 265 

46.  Name  the  principal  events  of  Queen  Anne's  reign 265-266-267 

47.  Narrate  the  facts  in  relation  to  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 265-266-268 

48.  What  authors  of  note  lived  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  ? 267 

49.  Give  the  history  of  Scotland  to  that  period 171-172-173-174-242-245-267 

50.  By  whom  was  Queen  Anne  succeeded  on  the  throne  ? 267 

51.  Give  an  account  of  George's  struggle  to  retain  his  crown 267 

52.  Name  the  principal  acts  in  the  reign  of  George  II 268-269-270-271 

53.  Give  the  facts  relating  to  the  "  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession" 269-270 

54.  The  facts  relating  to  the  contest  for  territory  in  America 270 

55.  Those  relating  to  the  famous  Seven  Years'  War 270-271-272 

56.  Those  relating  to  the  War  of  the  American  Revolution 271-272 

57.  Relating  to  the  war  which  ended  in  the  peace  of  Amiens 273 

58.  Give  the  history  of  Ireland  to  1801 165-244-254-274 

59.  Give  an  account  of  the  "  Peninsular  War" 274 

60.  Of  the  struggle  ending  in  the  battle  of  Waterloo 275 

61.  What  authors  of  note  lived  during  the  reign  of  George  in.  ? 275-276 

62.  Give  the  principal  events  in  the  reign  of  George  IV 276-277 

63.  Give  those  in  the  reign  of  William  IV t 277 

64.  Mention  those  in  the  reign  of  Victoria 277-278-279-280-281 

66.  What  noted  authors  lived  during  Victoria's  reign  ? 281 

66.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  most  important  events  from  the  time 

of  Henry  IV.  to  the  time  of  Cromwell 281-282 

67.  From  the  time  of  Cromwell  to  the  reign  of  George  1 282 

68.  From  that  of  George  I.  through  Victoria's  reign 282-283 

69.  Who  were  the  three  kings  of  England  named  George  ? 267-268-271-276 

70.  Who  were  the  four,  named  William  ?.  160-161-265-277 

71 .  The  six,  named  Edward  ? 170-172-173-181-18:3-238 

72.  The  eight,  named  Henry  ? 162-163-169-179-180-232-234 


1483.]  FRANCE.  285 


SECTION  II. 

France, 
From  the  Accession  of  Charles  V1IL  (1483)  to  the  present  Time. 

1.  Charles  VIIL,  the  son  and  successor  of  Louis  XI., 
was  only  thirteen  years  of  age  when  he  commenced  to 
reign.  He  was,  moreover,  feeble  both  in  body  and  mind, 
and  very  ignorant.  A  dispute  arising  as  to  who  should 
have  the  guardianship  of  the  young  king,  the  question 
was  referred  to  the  States-General,  a  meeting  of  that  body 
being  called  for  the  purpose  (1484).  This  assembly  of  the 
States  is  noted  for  the  ineffectual  attempt  made  by  the 
Third  Estate  (i.  e.,  the  Commons)  to  obtain  a  redress  of 
grievances,  and  to  acquire  some  influence  in  the  government, 
diaries,  by  his  marriage  with  Anne,  Duchess  of  Brittany, 
acquired  possession  of  that  country;  and  thus  was  de- 
stroyed the  last  stronghold  of  feudal  independence  and 
rebellion. 

2.  By  this  marriage,  Charles  gave  offence  to  Maximilian 
of  Austria,  to  whom  Anne  had  been  previously  betrothed ; 
and  that  monarch  was  joined  by  Henry  VII.  of  England 
and  Ferdinand  of  Spain  in  a  league  against  Charles ;  but 
the  latter  succeeded,  by  means  of  concessions  of  territory 
and  the  payment  of  large  sums  of  money,  in  effecting  a 
peaceful  accommodation  (1493).  The  next  year  he  invaded 
Italy  with  a  large  army  to  recover  Naples,  then  in  posses- 
sion of  Alfonso  II.,  a  prince  of  Aragon,  who,  on  the  ap- 
proach of  Charles,  abdicated  the  throne,  and  the  French 

1 .  What  is  said  of  Charles  VTIT.  ?  Why  were  the  States-General  called  ?  For 
what  is  this  meeting  noted  ?    How  did  Charles  acquire  Brittany  ? 

2.  To  what  hostilities  did  this  marriage  lead?  How  were  they  settled?  Give 
an  account  of  the  invasion  of  Italy  and  its  result.  What  was  the  conduct  of  Charlea 
after  this  ?    When  and  how  did  his  death  occur  ?    What  line  ended  with  him  ? 


286  FRANCE.  .  [1498. 

monarch  entered  the  city  in  triumph.  A  league  being 
formed  against  him  by  Venice,  Milan,  and  other  states  of 
Northern  Italy,  he  retreated ;  but,  on  the  confines  of  Lom- 
bardy,  gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  a  much  superior  army 
of  the  allies,  thus  securing  his  retreat  to  France.  Naples 
a  short  time  afterward  was  abandoned  by  the  French ;  so 
that  Charles,  who  had  been  desirous  of  winning  the  glory 
of  Alexander  or  Charlemagne,  had  the  mortification  of 
seeing  his  expedition  prove  a  total  failure.  He  afterward 
gave  himself  up  to  every  species  of  vicious  indulgence,  and 
thus  ruined  his  health.  His  death,  which  happened  soon 
after,  was,  however,  the  result  of  an  accident  (1498). 
Charles  VIII.  was  the  last  of  the  family  of  Valois. 

3.  Louis  XII. — Charles  VIII.  dying  without  heirs, 
Louis ,  Duke  of  Orleans,  succeeded  to  the  throne,  with  the 
title  of  Louis  XII  He  was  the  great-grandson  of  Charles 
V.,  and  commenced  his  reign  by  the  exercise  of  a  noble 
forbearance  and  moderation  which  gained  for  him  the 
esteem  of  all  classes.  Those  who  had  opposed  and  injured 
him  during  the  previous  reign  were  freely  forgiven,  the 
king  saying  that  "  it  did  not  become  the  King  of  France 
to  resent  the  injuries  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans."  Desiring 
to  marry  Anne  of  Brittany,  the  widow  of  Charles  VIIL,  he 
applied  to  the  Pope  (Alexander  VI.)  for  a  divorce  from  his 
wife,  who,  though  distinguished  for  her  talents  and  virtue, 
was  deformed  in  person.  The  divorce  being  granted,  his 
marriage  with  Anne  was  solemnized  with  great  splendor. 

4.  Most  of  this  reign  was  occupied  by  wars  undertaken 
by  Louis  to  acquire  possession"  of  territories  in  Italy.  His 
first  conquest  was  that  of  Milan  (1500),  after  which,  in 
alliance  with  Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  he  took  Naples;  but  a 
dispute  arising  between  the  allies  as  to  the  partition  of 
the  conquered  territory,  the  French  were  defeated  by  the 


3.  Who  succeeded  Charles  VIII.  ?    What  is  said  of  the  conduct  of  Louis  XII.  J 
How  and  why  did  he  obtain  a  divorce  from  his  wife  ? 

4.  What  conquests  did  he  make  in  Italy  ?    What  disasters  did  he  suffer  ? 


1513.]  FKANCE.  287 

Spanish  forces  under  Gon-zal'vo  of  Cordova,  called  the 
"  Great  Captain,"  and  Ferdinand  thus  gained  almost  ex- 
clusive possession  of  the  Neapolitan  States  (1503).  Louis 
attempted  to  retrieve  his  loss ;  but  Gonzalvo  inflicted  upon 
the  French  one  of  the  severest  disasters  that  ever  befell 
their  arms  (Dec.,  1503). 

5.  Louis,  some  time  afterward,  entered  into  the  celebrated 
League  of  Cambray,  formed  by  France,  Germany,  Spain, 
the  Pope  (Julius  II.),  and  the  minor  states  of  Italy,  in 
order  to  check  the  power  of  Venice,  then  at  the  height  of 
its  glory  and  influence.  Under  the  command  of  the  illus- 
trious Chevalier  Bay'ard,  the  French  completely  defeated 
the  Venetians  in  the  battle  of  Agnadello  (an-yah-del'lo) ; 
and  the  other  allies  were  also  successful  (1509).  But  the 
intrigues  of  Julius  II.  soon  afterward  diverted  the  force  of 
the  alliance  from  Venice  and  turned  it  against  France,  with 
the  view  to  deprive  the  latter  of  all  its  possessions  in  Italy. 
In  this  way  the  "  Holy  League,"  consisting  of  the  Pope, 
Ferdinand  of  Spain,  and  the  Venetian  Eepublic,  was  formed 
(1511) ;  but  the  French,  under  the  command  of  the  re- 
nowned Gaston  de  Foix  (fwah),  gained  two  brilliant  vic- 
tories over  the  allies.  That  heroic  general  having  fallen 
in  one  of  these  battles  (1512),  Louis  was  soon  afterward 
obliged  to  succumb  to  the  power  of  the  League,  and  sur- 
render all  his  Italian  acquisitions  in  Northern  Italy. 

6.  Louis  then  formed  an  alliance  with  Venice  to  recover 
these  possessions  (1513),  and,  at  first,  gained  some  suc- 
cesses; but  was  finally  defeated  with  severe  loss  by  the 
Swiss,  who  had  been  hired  by  the  Italians  for  their  defence. 
This  disaster  encouraged  the  enemies  of  France  to  attack 
it ;  and  while  it  was  threatened  by  Ferdinand  of  Spain,  the 
Swiss  invaded  it  from  the  west,  and  Henry  VIII.  landed 
with  a  large  army  at  Calais.  The  latter  a  short  time  after- 
ward fought  the  noted  "  Battle  of  the  Spurs,"  in  which 

5.  What  was  the  League  of  Cambray?  What  was  its  result?  What  was  the 
Holy  League  ?    What  victory  was  gained  by  the  French  ?    What  followed  ? 

6.  What  other  disasters  befell  Louis  in  Italy  and  France  ?    When  did  he  die  ? 


288  FRANCE.  [1515. 

several  of  the  French  officers,  including  Bayard,  were  taken 
prisoners  (1513).  Louis,  wearied  with  these  harassing  wars, 
shortly  afterward  succeeded  in  making  a  treaty  of  peace 
with  his  enemies,  but  survived  it  only  a  few  months.  His 
virtues  had  made  him  exceedingly  popular,  and  he  died 
universally  regretted  by  his  subjects  (1515). 

7.  Francis  I.,  Duke  of  Angouleme  (ang '-go-lam),  and 
cousin  of  Louis  XII.,  succeeded  to  the  throne,  at  the  age  of 
21  years.  He  was  of  a  very  chivalrous  disposition,  and 
was  eager  to  distinguish  himself  by  military  achievements. 
His  first  enterprise  was  to  recover  Milan,  which  had  been 
lost  during  the  previous  reign ;  and,  at  the  head  of  40,000 
men,  commanded  by  Bayard,  the  Constable  Bour'bon,  and 
other  illustrious  generals,  he  invaded  Italy.  There,  in  the 
battle  of  Marignano  {mali-reen-yali'no),  he  totally  defeated 
the  Swiss  mercenaries,  10,000  of  whom  were  left  dead  upon 
the  field  (1515).  Milan,  therefore,  surrendered ;  and  Francis 
wisely  augmented  his  influence  by  establishing  a  lasting 
alliance  with  the  Swiss  Republic  (1516). 

8.  On  .the  death  of  Maximilian,  Emperor  of  Germany, 
Francis  became  a  competitor  with  Charles,  of  Spain,  for  the 
vacant  throne.  The  election  of  the  latter  excited  the  anger 
of  Francis,  and  gave  rise  to  a  series  of  wars  that  lasted 
nearly  twenty-five  years,  between  him  and  his  great  rival, 
afterward  so  illustrious  as  Charles  V.  of  Germany.  Both 
parties  sought  the  alliance  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England  ;  and, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  interview  which  took  place  between 
the  English  and  French  monarchs,  fetes  of  such  extraordi- 
nary splendor  were  given,  that  the  place  of  the  interview 
was  called  the  «  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold."  Owing,  how- 
ever, to  the  intrigues  of  Wolsey,  Henry  declared  in  favor 
of  the  Emperor. 

9.  Francis  unwisely  quarrelled  with  his  great  general, 

7.  Who  succeeded  Louis  XII.?    WThat  was  his  character?    What  led  to  the 
battle  of  Marignano  ?    What  were  its  consequences  ? 

8.  What  led  to  wars  with  Charles  V.  of  Germany?    What  course  was  pursued 
by  Henry  VIII.  ?    How  was  this  brought  about  ? 


1529.]  FRANCE.  289 

the  Constable  of  Bourbon,  and  the  latter  was  gladly  taken 
into  the  service  of  the  emperor.  The  first  step  of  the 
French  king  was  to  invade  Italy ;  but  his  army  was  under 
the  command  of  an  incompetent  general,  and  Bourbon 
soon  drove  it  into  a  disastrous  retreat,  during  which  the 
gallant  and  chivalrous  Bayard  was  killed.  Francis  then 
conducted  the  army  in  person ;  but,  at  Pa' via,  suffered  a 
dreadful  defeat,  all  his  most  distinguished  generals  being 
slain,  and  he  himself  made  prisoner  (1525). 

10.  He  remained  in  captivity  more  than  a  year,  during 
which  he  suffered  considerable  indignity  from  the  emperor, 
who  extorted  from  him  an  assent  to  the  most  humiliating 
conditions  before  he  would  grant  his  release.  These,  on 
regaining  his  liberty,  he  refused  to  fulfil ;  and  the  war  was 
renewed,  Francis  having  effected  an  alliance  with  Venice 
and  the  Pope.  Bourbon  accordingly  marched  to  Rome, 
with  a  large  army,  consisting  partly  of  German  troops, 
whose  minds  had  been  excited  by  the  new  doctrines  of 
Luther,  and  partly  also  composed  of  a  multitude  of  ad- 
venturers and  bandits,  ferocious  as  the  Huns  or  Vandals. 

11.  Bourbon  was  slain  in  the  first  assault;  but  Rome  was 
taken,  and  for  seven  months  became  a  scene  of  the  most 
remorseless  violence  and  pillage,  the  Pope  being  kept  a 
prisoner,  and  treated  with  the  grossest  indignities  (1527). 
This  led  to  an  alliance  between  the  kings  of  France  and 
England ;  and  Charles,  embarrassed  by  the  movements  of 
the  German  Protestants,  and  threatened  by  the  Turks 
under  their  great  sultan,  Soliman  the  Magnificent,  con- 
sented to  a  treaty  of  peace  with  Francis  (1529). 

12.  Twice,  however,  was  the  war  renewed;  and  Francis 
degraded  himself  and  shocked  Christendom  by  forming  an 
alliance  with  the  Turkish  sultan.     In  1544,  he  wiped  out 


9.  With  whom  did  Francis  quarrel  ?    What  led  to  the  battle  of  Pavia  ?    What 
was  its  result  ?     Where  is  Pavia  ?    (See  Prog.  Map,  No  7.) 

1 0    How  did  Francis  obtain  his  release  ?    What  led  to  the  taking  of  Rome  ? 

1 1 .  Give  an  account  of  the  sack  of  Rome  ?    To  what  did  it  lead  * 

1 2.  What  were  the  subsequent  events  of  this  reign  ?    When  did  it  end  ? 

13 


XdQ  FRANCE.  [1547. 

the  disgrace  of  his  defeat  at  Pavia,  by  a  splendid  victory  in 
Italy  over  the  Imperial  army ;  but  Charles  formed  an  alli- 
ance with  Henry  VIII.,  both  monarchs  engaging  to  invade 
France,  capture  Paris,  and  divide  the  French  dominions 
between  them.  The  French  king  successfully  defended  his 
capital  against  the  invading  armies  of  these  two  powerful 
foes,  and  finally  succeeded  in  making  peace  with  both. 
His  death  occurred  the  next  year  (1547). 

13.  Francis  I.  was  a  liberal  patron  of  literature  and  the 
arts,  both  of  which  made  very  great  progress  during  his 
reign .  He  was  possessed  of  considerable  talents,  unbounded 
ambition,  and  very  extraordinary  courage,  activity,  and  en- 
terprise ;  but  his  private  vices,  his  acquiescence  in  the  ir  flu- 
ence  of  incapable  favorites,  and  his  want  of  prudence  and 
self-control,  brought  upon  his  people  great  misfortunes  and 
miseries. 

14.  Henry  II.,  on  his  accession  to  the  throne,  was  in 
the  twenty-ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  slothful  and 
luxurious  in  his  disposition,  and  possessed  but  few  of  the 
talents  of  his  father.  Before  he  commenced  to  reign,  he 
married  Catharine  de'  Medici  (med'e-che),  a  descendant 
of  the  illustrious  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  of  the  Florentine 
Republic,  who,  on  account  of  his  accomplishments  and 
his  liberal  patronage  of  learning  and  art,  was  atyled  the 
"  Magnificent."  Pope  Leo  X.  was  a  son  of  Lorenzo,  and 
Clement  VII.  a  nephew ;  and  when,  through  the  influence 
of  the  latter  and  Charles  V.,  Florence  lost  her  liberty,  a 
member  of  this  celebrated  family  was  made  the  first  Duke 
of  Florence  (1529) ;  and  its  descendants,  for  a  century 
afterward,  continued  to  occupy  the  ducal  throne  of  Tus- 
cany. 

15.  Hostilities  between  France  and  Charles  V.  were  ro- 


1 3.  What  was  the  character  of  Francis  I.  ? 

14.  What  is  said  of  Henry  II.  ?    Whom  did  he  marry?    Who  was  Catharine 
de'  Medici  ? 

1 5.  What  war  was  continued  ?    What  led  to  the  treaty  of  Pass-.!!  ?    What  were 
its  terms  ?    What  victory  was  gained  by  Francis,  Duke  of  Guise  1 


1559.]  FKAKCE.  291 

sumed  soon  after  the  commencement  of  Henry's  reign; 
and  the  latter  allied  himself  with  the  great  Protestant 
champion,  Maurice,  Elector  of  Saxony,  who  at  once  de- 
clared against  the  emperor  as  the  enemy  of  the  civil  and 
religious  liberty  of  Germany.  Charles  V.,  prudently  yield- 
ing to  the  force  of  so  powerful  a  combination,  concluded 
with  the  Germans  the  treaty  of  Passau,  conceding  to  the 
Protestants  freedom  of  worship  (1552).  Henry  II.,  how- 
ever, having  refused  to  be  included  in  the  treaty,  the  imperial 
army  was  repulsed  with  severe  loss  at  Metz,  defended  by 
the  French  under  Francis,  Duke  of  Guise  (gweez). 

16.  Charles  V.  having  resigned  his  throne  to  his  son 
Philip,  the  French  king  embraced  the  occasion  to  invade 
the  Netherlands  and  Italy;  but  sustained  severe  disasters 
in  each  of  these  enterprises.  In  the  former,  the  Constable 
Montmorency  sustained  a  total  defeat  at  St.  Quen'tin,  where 
the  flower  of  his  army  were  either  slain  or  taken  prisoners 
(1557).  Queen  Mary  of  England  had  given  assistance  to 
her  husband  Philip ;  and,  through  the  energy  of  Guise,  the 
French  gained  possession  of  Calais  (1558).  This  was  soon 
followed  by  a  treaty  of  peace  between  the  contending  par- 
ties, and  by  the  king's  death,  which  was  occasioned  by  a 
wound  received  at  a  tournament  (1559). 

17.  Francis  II.,  a  youth  of  sixteen  years,  succeeded  to 
the  throne.  The  year  before,  he  married  Mary,  Queen 
of  Scots;  and,  being  of  feeble  intellect,  he  was  entirely 
ruled  by  his  fascinating  queen,  who  herself  was  under  the 
control  of  her  uncles,  the  Duke  of  Guise  and  his  brother, 
Cardinal  of  Lorraine.  These  two  noblemen  thus  acquired 
the  supreme  power  in  the  government ;  which  they  pro- 
ceeded to  employ  for  the  destruction  of  the  Protestants,  or 
Huguenots,  the  persecution  of  whom  had  commenced  in 
the  previous   reign.     The   Huguenots   had,   nevertheless, 

1 6.  What  countries  did  Henry  III.  invade  ?  What  were  the  results  ?  Why  did 
the  French  take  Calais?    When  and  how  did  Henry's  death  occur? 

1 7.  Who  succeeded  Henry  II.  ?  What  was  his  character  ?  Who  was  his  queen  ? 
Who  obtained  the  control  of  the  government  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Protestants  ? 


292  FRANCE.  [1560. 

rapidly  increased  in  number  and  influence,  and  now 
included  within  their  ranks  the  King  of  Navarre,  his 
brother  Louis,  Prince  of  Conde  (Jco?i'da),  Admiral  Co- 
ligny  (Jc*o-leen-ye'),  with  many  others  of  high  rank  and 
great  ability. 

18.  On  account  of  the  tyrannical  administration  of  the 
Guises,  a  conspiracy  was  formed,  under  Conde;  which 
proving  unsuccessful,  the  Duke  of  Guise  took  the  oppor- 
tunity of  executing  a  dreadful  vengeance  on  those  who  had 
been  concerned  in  it,  executing  upward  of  1200  persons 
with  the  most  revolting  cruelty  (1560).  This  was  soon 
followed  by  the  arrest  of  the  King  of  Navarre  and  the 
Prince  of  Conde,  the  latter  of  whom  was  convicted  of  high 
treason  and  sentenced  to  be  executed ;  but  the  king's  death 
taking  place  soon  afterward,  he  was  released.  The  reign 
of  Francis  II.  lasted  less  than  eighteen  months;  and  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Charles,  a  youth  ten  years 
and  a  half  old  (1560). 

19.  Charles  IX. — The  government  was  now  adminis- 
tered by  the  Queen-mother,  Catharine  de'  Medici,  who  had 
previously  selected  for  her  chief  friend  and  adviser  the 
moderate  and  virtuous  Chancellor  de  VHopital  (lo'pe-tal) ; 
and  the  leaders  of  both  religious  parties  were  placed  in  the 
great  offices  of  state.  The  States-General  were  assembled, 
and  proclaimed  entire  freedom  of  religion,  which  was  after- 
ward confirmed  by  a  royal  edict.  These  excellent  measures, 
however,  proved  ineffectual,  in  consequence  of  the  excesses 
and  bitter  feelings  of  both  parties ;  and  the  country  was 
soon  plunged  into  the  miseries  of  a  civil  war. 

20.  The  Prince  of  Conde  at  first  assumed  the  command 
of  the  Protestants,  who  were  assisted  by  the  English  Queen 
Elizabeth,  while  the  government  was  aided  by  Philip  of 


18.  What  conspiracy  was  formed?    What  was  its  result?    Who  succeeded 
Francis  II.  ? 

19.  Who  administered  the  government  under  Charles  IX.?    What  measures 
were  adopted  ?     With  what  results  ? 

20.  Give  an  account  of  the  war  that  ensued.    How  did  it  end? 


15T2.]  FKANCE.  293 

Spain.  This  war  was  carried  on  with  great  fury,  and  with 
various  successes  on  both  sides,  till  1570,  when  Catharine 
obtained  peace  by  granting  to  the  Huguenots  the  free  ex- 
ercise of  their  religion  in  all  parts  of  France,  except  Paris, 
placing  in  their  power,  as  a  guarantee,  four  cities,  one  of 
which  was  Rochelle  (ro-sheV).  While  this  arrangement 
gave  great  dissatisfaction  to  the  Catholic  party,  it  did  not 
restore  confidence  to  the  Protestants,  who  entertained  a 
mistrust  of  the  sincerity  of  Catharine,  by  whose  counsels 
and  intrigues  the  king  was  entirely  controlled. 

21.  Admiral  Coligny  and  the  other  Protestant  leaders 
finally  repaired  to  the  court ;  and  the  former  gained  so 
much  influence  over  Charles,  that  the  Queen-mother  en- 
tered into  a  conspiracy  to  remove  him  by  assassination, 
and  thus  arouse  the  vengeance  of  the  Huguenots,  so  that  a 
pretext  might  be  found  for  their  destruction.  Coligny 
was,  however,  but  slightly  wounded,  and  the  plot  failed. 
Catharine  and  her  accomplices  next  wrung  from  the  king 
his  consent  to  the  death  of  Coligny  and  the  other  principal 
members  of  the  Protestant  faction.  The  dreadful  "  Massa- 
cre of  St.  Bartholomew's  Day"  followed,  in  which  the 
Huguenots  throughout  France  were  butchered,  without 
distinction  of  age  or  sex.  Coligny  was  the  first  victim,  and 
the  number  of  those  that  fell  in  Paris  is  estimated  at 
10,000;  the  whole  number  slaughtered  in  different  parts 
of  the  kingdom  amounting  to  30,000  (August  24,  1572). 

22.  The  Huguenots  were  not,  however,  destroyed.  They 
successfully  repelled  the  attacks  made  on  their  stronghold, 
Rochelle,  and  succeeded  in  obtaining  very  favorable  terms  of 
peace  from  the  government.  Charles  soon  afterward  died 
(1574).  having  suffered  on  his  death-bed  the  mostpoignaufc 
remorse  for  the  crimes  and  atrocities  which  had  been  perpe- 
trated with   his   sanction.     His  imbecility  has,  however, 

21.  What  led  to  the  Massacre  of  "  St.  Bartholomew's  Day?"    Give  an  account 
of  it. 

22.  What  was  its  effect  on  the  Huguenots  ?  When  did  the  king  die  ?  What  is 
said  of  him  ? 


294  FKAtfCE.  [1589. 

saved  his  name  from  most  of  this  guilt,  resting,  as  it  does, 
upon  Catharine  de'  Medici,  and  her  associates  in  the  dark 
intrigues  by  means  of  which  those  acts  of  cruelty  were 
committed. 

23.  Henry  III.,  brother  of  the  late  king,  succeeded  to 
the  throne ;  although,  in  the  preceding  year,  he  had  been 
elected  King  of  Poland.  He  was  a  weak  and  dissolute 
man,  neglecting  his  duties  to  indulge  in  the  most  infa- 
mous debauchery.  The  Huguenots,  under  the  leadership 
of  Henry  of  Navarre,  and  the  Prince  of  Conde,  became 
very  powerful ;  and  the  king  and  Catharine  were  compelled 
to  make  the  most  humiliating  concessions  (1576).  This 
led  to  the  "  Holy  League,"  formed  by  the  Catholic  party  to 
extirpate  the  Huguenots,  overturn  the  government,  and 
place  one  of  the  Guises  on  the  throne. 

24.  The  contest  that  followed  has  been  styled  the  "  War 
of  the  Three  Henries  " — Henry,  the  king,  Henry  of  Guise, 
and  Henry  of  Navarre.  It  was  commenced  in  1587 ;  and 
the  king,  in  union  with  the  Leaguers,  gained  some  ad- 
vantages over  their  opponents.  At  last,  disgusted  and  en- 
raged at  finding  himself  at  the  mercy  of  the  Guises,  and 
being  treated  with  considerable  indignity  by  them,  he 
caused  them  to  be  assassinated.  This  crime  excited  a  vio- 
lent outbreak  of  popular  fury  against  the  king,  who,  in 
order  to  resist  the  opposition  which  he  had  created,  allied 
himself  to  Henry  of  Navarre  and  the  Huguenots.  A  few 
months  after  this,  he  was  assassinated  by  a  Dominican 
Monk,  named  Clement,  who  was  prompted  to  the  deed  by 
feelings  of  religious  enthusiasm  (1589).  Thus  ended  the 
royal  dynasty  of  Valois,  the  throne  passing  to  the  House 
of  Bourbon,  in  the  person  of  Henry  III.,  King  of  Navarre, 
who  now  assumed  the  title  of  Henry  IV. 


23.  Who  succeeded  Charles  IX.?  What  is  said  of  him?  What  caused  the 
Holy  League  ? 

24.  What  was  the  War  of  the  Three  Henries  ?  What  is  said  of  it  ?  What  crime 
was  committed  by  the  king  ?  How  did  his  death  occur  ?  What  line  ended  ?  By 
whom  was  Henry  HI.  succeeded  ? 


1598.1  FRANCE.  295 

House  of  Bourbon. 

25.  Henry  IV.  was  in  his  36th  year  when  he  came  to 
the  throne,  from  which  the  Catholic  nobles  at  first  attempt- 
ed to  exclude  him,  except  on  condition  of  his  renounc- 
ing his  religion,  which  he  refused  to  do ;  but  he  prom- 
ised to  give  security  to  the  Catholics  and  their  religion, 
and  to  abide  the  decision  of  a  national  Council.  This  not 
being  satisfactory  to  the  League,  now  commanded  by  the 
Duke  of  May-enne',  brother  of  the  late  Duke  of  Guise,  a 
war  ensued,  in  which  Henry  defeated  his  enemies  in  the 
famous  battle  of  Ivry  (eev're)  (1590) ;  but  the  fruits  of 
this  victory  were  afterward  lost,  and  the  Duke  of  Mayenne 
entered  Paris  in  triumph. 

26.  The  war  was  continued  for  some  time  with  varied 
success,  Henry  being  aided  by  the  English  troops  under 
the  Earl  of  Essex.  At  last,  the  States- General  were  called ; 
and  Henry,  to  satisfy  the  prevailing  party,  and  to  secure  a 
recognition  of  his  right  to  the  throne,  abjured  Protestant- 
ism and  declared  himself  satisfied  of  the  truth  of  the 
Catholic  faith  (1593).  Though  injurious  to  his  personal 
reputation,  this  act  of  the  king's  delivered  France  from  a 
condition  of  the  most  dreadful  anarchy ;  and,  for  patriotic 
reasons,  it  was  approved  by  many  of  the  Huguenots  them- 
selves. On  moral  and  religious  grounds,  it  cannot,  of 
course,  be  at  all  j  ustified. 

27.  The  next  five  years  were  occupied  in  securing  his 
possession  of  the  throne,  and  in  a  war  which  was  carried 
on  with  Philip  of  Spain.  This  was  closed  by  a  treaty  in 
1598,  a  year  memorable  for  the  grant  by  the  king  of  the 
celebrated  Edict  of  Nantes  (nantz),  in  which  he  con- 
firmed the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  Huguenots,  conferred 

25.  What  course  waa  pursued  by  Henry  and  the  Catholic  nobles  ?    What  led  to 
the  battle  of  Ivry?    What  was  its  result  ?    Where  is  Ivry?    (See  Map,  p.  188.) 

26.  What  were  the  other  events  of  the  war?    What  course  did  Henry  pursue 
with  respect  to  his  religion  ?    What  is  said  of  it  ? 

27.  What  were  the  chief  events  of  the  next  five  years  ?    What  was  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  ?    Where  is  Nantes  ?    (See  Map,  p.  188.) 


29G  ERANCE.  [1610. 

upon  them  entire  liberty  of  conscience,  and  admitted  them 
to  all  offices  of  honor  and  emolument. 

28.  He  next  directed  his  attention  to  the  internal  condi- 
tion of  the  kingdom,  which,  on  account  of  the  long  con- 
tinuance of  civil  war,  had  become  entirely  disorganized. 
By  the  construction  of  roads  and  canals,  he  brought  all 
parts  of  the  country  into  ready  communication,  encouraged 
traffic  and  commerce,  and  thus  opened  new  sources  of  wealth 
and  intelligence  to  the  people.  Manufactures,  mining,  and 
every  other  department  of  industry  were  fostered  by  his 
beneficent  measures,  in  devising  which  he  was  greatly  aided 
by  the  wise  and  upright  Duke  of  SuTly.  The  latter 
reorganized  the  finances;  and,  although  many  of  the 
taxes  were  remitted,  the  national  debt  was  almost  entirely 
liquidated. 

29.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  reign,  Henry  IV.  formed  a 
project  to  rearrange  the  various  states  of  Europe,  and  form 
them  into  an  association,  so  as  more  completely  to  secure 
the  balance  of  power,  and  to  diminish  the  influence  of 
the  imperial  house  of  Austria.  A  dispute  having  arisen  be- 
tween the  emperor  and  some  of  the  Protestant  princes  of 
Germany,  Henry  took  sides  with  the  latter,  and  thus  gave 
great  offence  to  his  Catholic  subjects.  He  was  on  the 
point  of  setting  out  to  commence  the  war,  when  he  was 
assassinated  (1610)  in  the  streets  of  Paris  by  a  half-insane 
fanatic,  named  Ravaillac  (rali-val-yah').  The  death  of  the 
king,  who  was  the  idol  of  the  people,  occasioned  the  utmost 
grief  and  indignation ;  and  his  murderer  was  put  to  death 
with  every  refinement  of  torture.  Henry  was  possessed  of 
great  abilities  and  force  of  character ;  and,  as  a  monarch, 
was  deserving  of  very  high  praise  ;  but  his  private  life  was 
sullied  with  very  great  vices  and  immoralities. 

SO.  Louis  XIII.  succeeded  his  father  at  the  age  of  nine 

28.  What  wise  measures  were  adopted  by  the  king  ?    Who  was  his  minister  ? 

29.  What  scheme  was  planned  by  Henry* IV.  ?    How  did  he  offend  his  Catholic 
subjects  ?    How  was  his  death  caused 9    What  was  his  character  ? 


1628.]  FRANCE.  297 

years,  under  the  regency  of  his  mother,  Mary  de'  Medici. 
Sully,  the  great  minister  of  Henry  IV.,  becoming  disgusted 
with  the  injudicious  measures  of  the  regent,  and  particularly 
with  her  attention  to  Italian  favorites,  resigned  his  offices, 
and  went  into  retirement.  An  assembly  of  the  States- 
General,  in  1614,  is  noted  for  the  first  great  occasion  on 
which  the  celebrated  Eichelieu  {reesh'e-lu)  made  display  of 
his  extraordinary  talents.  He  was  made  a  cardinal  in 
1622 ;  and,  two  years  afterward,  he  became  the  chief  adviser 
of  the  king. 

31.  Eichelieu's  first  object  was  to  subdue  the  Huguenots, 
who  for  some  time  had  been  in  rebellion  against  the  gov- 
ernment. Eochelle,  their  chief  city,  was  besieged;  and, 
although  Charles  I.  of  England  sent  a  considerable  force  to 
its  assistance,  it  was  compelled,  after  a  vigorous  defence  of 
fifteen  months,  to  surrender  (1628).  Eichelieu  himself 
took  a  very  active  part  in  this  siege.  The  other  towns  in  the 
possession  of  the  Huguenots  were  shortly  after  obliged  to 
submit ;  and  the  cause  of  Protestantism  in  France  was  en- 
tirely prostrated. 

32.  Eichelieu's  next  object  was  to  humble  the  power  of 
the  imperial  house  of  Austria,  to  effect  which  he  took  part 
in  the  "Thirty  Years'  War,"  on  the  side  of  the  Protestants 
(then  commanded  by  the  great  Swedish  monarch  Gustavus 
Adolphus),  against  Spain  and  the  Empire.  After  the  death 
of  that  hero  at  Lut'zen,  the  French  suffered  some  reverses, 
the  imperialists  invading  France,  devastating  the  country, 
and  penetrating  within  three  days'  march  of  the  capital. 
The  persevering  energy  of  Eichelieu,  however,  finally 
triumphed  over  all  his  enemies;  and  the  French  armies 
made  conquest  of  Alsace  and  other  territories. 

33.  The  vigor  of  Eichelieu's  government  excited  much 


30.  Who  succeeded  Henry  IV.  ?    Who  became  Regent?    What  is  said  of  the 
States-General?    To  what  offices  was  Eichelieu  promoted? 

31.  Give  an  account  of  the  war  waged  by  Richelieu  against  the  Hug:ienots. 
Where  is  Rochelle  ?    (See  Map,  p.  188.) 

32.  What  was  the  next  object  of  Richelieu  ?    How  did  he  carry  it  out  ? 


298  FEANCE.  [1642. 

opposition  on  the  part  of  the  princes  and  nobles  of  France, 
and  many  conspiracies  were  formed  to  destroy  him.  All 
these  schemes  he  was  enabled  to  thwart  by  his  consum- 
mate vigilance  and  address,  and  several  of  those  who  had 
engaged  in  them  he  caused  to  be  executed.  The  most  con- 
spicuous among  his  enemies  were.  Mary  de'  Medici,  the 
queen-mother;  Gaston,  Duke  of  Orleans,  the  brother  of  the 
king ;  and  the  Duke  of  Montmorency.  The  last  was  exe- 
cuted, having  been  taken  prisoner  in  a  conflict  with  the 
government  forces. 

34.  Notwithstanding  these  difficulties,  Richelieu  sustained 
the  influence  of  France,  and  made  its  power  respected  by 
every  foreign  state.  In  no  period  of  its  history,  has  its 
glory  shone  forth  with  more  splendor  than  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  this  talented  and  ambitious  cardinal,  be- 
neath whose  comprehensive  genius  and  indefatigable  energy 
the  king  himself  became  a  mere  cipher.  Richelieu  was  also 
a  patron  of  science  and  literature ;  and  to  him  France  owes 
the  foundation  of  the  French  Academy.  His  death  occurred 
in  1642,  and  was  followed  the  next  year  by  that  of  the  king. 

35.  Louis  XIV.  was  scarcely  five  years  of  age  when  his 
father  died ;  and  the  regency  was  intrusted  to  his  mother, 
Anne  of  Austria,  who  selected  as  her  prime  minister  Cardi- 
nal Maz'a-rin,  a  former  disciple  and  associate  of  Richelieu. 
France  was  again  drawn  into  the  "  Thirty  Years'  War,"  by 
the  renewal  of  hostilities  on  the  part  of  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria; but  several  splendid  victories  were  gained  by  the 
French  army,  under  the  Prince  of  Conde,  afterward  so 
illustrious  as  the  "Great  Conde,"  and  by  the  celebrated 
Marshal  Tu-renne'.  This  long  war  was  closed  by  the 
"Treaty  of  Westphalia,"  in  1648,  by  which  the  boundaries 
of  France  were  settled,  nearly  as  they  exist  at  present. 

33.  What  conspiracies  were  formed  against  him  ?    With  what  results  ? 

34.  What  is  said  of  the  administration  of  Richelieu?  What  did  he  found  5 
When  did  his  death  occur  ?     When  did  the  king  die? 

35.  By  whom  was  Louis  XIII.  succeeded  ?  What  is  said  of  Louis  XIV.  ?  Who 
became  Regent  ?  What  minister  did  she  choose  ?  In  what  war  was  France  in- 
volved ?    YVitli  what  result  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Peace  of  Westphalia  ? 


1661.] 


FRANCE.  299 


36.  Meantime,  the  civil  war  of  the  Fronde*  had  broken 
out  (1648),  caused  by  the  resistance  of  the  people,  repre- 
sented in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  to  the  unjust  and  op- 
pressive measures  of  taxation  adopted  by  the  government, 
and  probably  incited  by  the  rebellion  of  the  English  against 
their  king,  Charles  I.,  which  had  just  been  brought  to  a 
successful  issue.  In  these  commotions,  the  court  was  op- 
posed by  many  of  the  nobles ;  and,  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  war,  the  Great  Conde  also  took  sides  against  the 
government.  The  principal  leader  of  the  revolt,  however, 
was  Cardinal  de  Retz  (rats).  With  much  difficulty  it  was 
subdued  in  1653,  having  lasted  about  five  years. 

37.  The  death  of  Mazarin,  who  had  accumulated  enor- 
mous wealth,  occurred  in  1661,  after  which  date  Louis 
XIV.,  from  whom,  on  account  of  his  neglected  education, 
little  had  been  expected,  suddenly  assumed  the  reins  of 
government.  He  at  once  exhibited  great  sagacity  and  tal- 
ent as  a  ruler ;  and  during  his  subsequent  reign,  which 
lasted  more  than  half  a  century,  the  vastness  of  his  mili- 
tary enterprises,  the  grandeur  of  his  plans  for  the  internal 
improvement  of  his  kingdom,  his  magnificent  court  cere- 
monial, and  his  enlightened  patronage  of  literature  and 
the  arts  and  sciences,  obtained  for  him  the  title  of  the 
"Great  King."  His  government  was,  however,  a  com- 
plete despotism,  its  fundamental  principle  being  compre- 
hended in  his  famous  saying,  "  I  am  the  state." 

38.  The  prosperity  of  France  was,  at  this  time,  greatly 
promoted  by  the  wise  financial  measures  of  Colbert  (Tcol- 
bclre'),  and  by  the  able  administration  of  foreign  affairs,  con- 
ducted by  the  prime  minister  Louvois  (loo-vwah1).    The  first 

*  The  members  of  the  political  faction  opposed  to  the  government  were  called,  in  derision 
Fi  'imleuiK,  that  is,  Sliw/eis;  being  compared  to  the  vagrant  boys  (gamins)  of  Paris  who  fought 
with  slings  (J'ronde). 


36,,  What  caused  the  war  of  the  Fronde?    Give  an  account  of  it.    Why  called 
the  Fronde  ?    (See  note.) 

37.  When  did  Mazzarin's  death  occur?    What  is  said  of  the  conduct  and  char- 
acter of  Louis  XIV.  ? 

38.  By  whom  was  the  prosperity  of  France  promoted  ?    What  caused  the  Triple 
Alliance?    The  war  with  the  Dutch  ?    Where  is  Franche  Comte  ?    (See  Map,  p.  188.) 


300  FRANCE.  [1681. 

military  enterprise  of  Louis  was  the  seizure  of  Flanders  and 
Franche  Comte  (fransli  kong'ta) ;  but  the  "  Triple  Alliance" 
(England,  Holland,  and  Sweden)  arrested  his  career  of  con- 
quest (1668).  This  excited  the  anger  of  Louis  against  Hol- 
land; and,  having  bribed  Charles  II.  of  England  to  aid 
him,  and  obtained  promises  of  neutrality  from  the  other 
great  powers  of  Europe,  he  directed  his  armies,  commanded 
by  Turenne  and  Conde,  against  that  republic. 

39.  At  first,  the  affairs  of  the  Dutch  appeared  to  be  des- 
perate, as  they  were  weakened  by  the  dissensions  between 
the  adherents  of  William  of  Orange  and  the  democratic 
party  under  De  Witt,  The  latter  having  been  overthrown 
by  a  popular  insurrection,  William,  Prince  of  Orange,  then 
a  young  man  in  his  23d  year,  became  stadtholder  (presi- 
dent) of  the  republic.  Through  his  genius  and  patriot- 
ism the  country  was  successfully  defended,  the  progress  of 
the  enemy  being  at  first  arrested  by  opening  the  vast 
'sluices,  and  laying  the  whole  district  surrounding  Amster- 
dam under  water  (1672). 

40.  This  war  lasted  six  years  longer,  the  Prince  of  Orange 
having  succeeded  in  forming  an  alliance  with  the  Emperor 
of  Germany.  The  French  fleets  gained  important  victories 
in  the  Mediterranean  over  those  of  Holland  under  De 
fiuyter,  who  was  slain  in  one  of  these  battles.  Peace  was 
made,  in  1678,  between  France  and  Holland.  The  former 
gained  nothing  of  importance  by  this  severe  war ;  but  Louis 
had  lost  his  great  general  Turenne ;  and  Conde,  enfeebled 
by  age,  had  fought  his  last  campaign.  The  free  city  of 
Stras'burg  was  captured  by  the  French  a  short  time  after- 
ward (1681) ;  and,  through  the  engineering  skill  of  the 
celebrated  Vauban  (vo-bahng1),  it  was  made  an  impregnable 
bulwark  of  France  on  the  eastern  frontier. 


39.  What  weakened  the  Dutch?  Who  became  stadtholder?  What  measures 
did  he  adopt?  _,  ,".  ,    - 

40.  What  other  events  of  the  war  are  mentioned?  What  were  its  results? 
When  and  how  was  Strasburg  taken  ?  Where  is  Strasburg  ?  (See  Progressiva 
Map,  No.  7.) 


1713.]  FKANCE.  301 

41.  By  the  advice  of  the  celebrated  Madame  de  Main'- 
te-non  (-nong),  Louis  adopted  the  impolitic  measure  of  re- 
voking the  Edict  of  Nantes  (1685) ;  after  which  a  fierce 
persecution  of  the  Huguenots  ensued,  which  drove  upward 
of  500,000  of  the  most  industrious  of  the  citizens  of  France 
from  their  country.  The  flight  of  James  II.  from  England 
involved  the  French  monarch  in  another  war,  in  which  he 
had  to  cope  with  the  combined  forces  of  the  "  Grand  Al- 
liance," consisting  of  all  the  great  powers  of  Europe  (1689). 
For  over  seven  years  was  this  mighty  struggle  maintained 
by  sea  and  land;  and,  France  being  utterly  exhausted, 
Louis  was  compelled  to  assent  to  the  Treaty  of  Eyswick, 
and  thus  submit  to  humiliating  conditions  of  peace  (1689). 

42.  A  few  years  afterward,  followed  the  great  "  War  of 
the  Spanish  Succession"  (1701).  On  the  death  of  Charles 
II.  of  Spain,  Louis  claimed  the  throne  of  that  country  for 
his  grandson  Philip  V.,  whilst  the  emperor  supported  the 
claim  of  his  son,  afterward  the  Emperor  Charles  VI.  This 
led  to  an  alliance  between  Holland  and  Germany  against 
the  French  king ;  which  was  joined  by  William  of  Orange, 
Louis  having  recognized  the  son  of  James  II.  king  of  Eng- 
land. The  war  was  carried  on  in  Spain,  Belgium,  Germany, 
and  Italy;  and  the  French  experienced  a  series  of  disas- 
trous defeats,  having  to  contend  against  the  genius  of  Marl- 
borough and  Prince  Eugene.  The  Treaty  of  Utrecht  closed 
the  war  (1713),  according  to  which  Louis  gave  up  some  of 
his  American  possessions  to  England,  but  obtained  the  re- 
cognition of  Philip  V.  as  King  of  Spain. 

43.  The  condition  of  France  was  now  most  deplorable, 
through  the  ambition,  pride,  and  bigotry  of  her  despotic 
monarch.  He  sustained,  however,  his  haughty  mien  and 
pompous  state  ceremonial  to  the  last,  notwithstanding  he 

41.  What  impolitic  act  did  Louis  XIV.  commit?  What  was  the  result  ?  Give 
an  account  of  the  Grand  Alliance  and  the  events  that  followed  it. 

42.  Give  an  account  of  the  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession.    What  was  its  result  f 

43.  What  was  now  the  condition  of  France?  What  is  said  of  Louis  XIV.  ? 
When  did  his  death  occur?  Who  succeeded  him  ?  What  writings  did  he  leave  5 
What  is  the  period  of  his  reign  called  ? 


302  FRANCE.  [1715. 

had  lost  by  death,  his  son,  the  Dauphin,  his  eldest  grand- 
son, and  many  others  of  his  kindred.  He  died  in  1715, 
after  a  reign  of  more  than  72  years,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Louis,  his  great-grandson.  Louis  XIV.  left  several  volumes 
of  writings,  containing  his  "  Instructions  to  his  Sons,"  and 
his  letters,  which  give  valuable  information  respecting  the 
events  of  his  reign.  This  period  is  regarded  as  the  Augus- 
tan age  of  French  literature. 

44.  Louis  XV.  was  only  five  years  of  age  on  his  acces- 
sion, and  the  Regency  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  dissolute 
Duke  of  Orleans,  who  was  controlled  by  his  shameless  and 
unprincipled  minister,  the  infamous  Abbe  Dubois  (du- 
bwah').  The  education  of  the  young  king  was  intrusted 
to  the  Abbe  de  Fleu'ry,  noted  for  his  virtues  and  accom- 
plishments, and  for  his  work  on  the  History  of  the  Church. 
Cardinal  Fleury  succeeded  him  in  1722.  During  the  re- 
gency occurred  the  famous  "  Mississippi  Scheme,"  devised 
by  a  Scotch  adventurer  named  John  Law,  who  proposed  to 
issue  paper  money  on  the  security  of  certain  gold  and  dia- 
mond mines  said  to  exist  near  the  Mississippi  Eiver,  in 
Louisiana,  and  in  this  way  to  extinguish  the  vast  debt  of 
the  country.  Such  was  the  rage  for  speculation  excited  by 
this  project,  that  the  shares  sold  for  forty  times  their  par 
value.  Thousands  were  ultimately  ruined  by  this  scheme, 
as  in  England  by  the  "  South  Sea  Bubble." 

45.  Cardinal  Fleury  was  made  prime  minister  in  1726, 
in  the  72d  year  of  his  age;  and  the  country  greatly  pros- 
pered under  his  prudent  and  skilful  administration,  which 
lasted  seventeen  years.  His  policy  was  peaceful ;  but  the 
marriage  of  Louis  XV.  with  the  daughter  of  the  dethroned 
King  of  Poland,  involved  him  in  a  war  with  Russia,  Austria, 
and  Denmark,  to  reinstate  his  father-in-law,  Stan'is-las,  on 

44.  What  was  the  age  of  Louis  XV.  ?  Who  became  Regent  and  minister  ?  Who 
were  the  instructors  of  the  king  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  Mississippi  scheme. 

45.  When  did  Cardinal  Fleury  become  minister?  What  is  said  of  his  adminis- 
tration ?  What  caused  war  with  Russia,  Austria,  and  Denmark  ?  What  was  its 
result  ?  What  war  followed  ?  What  victory  was  gained  ?  What  treaty  ended  the 
war  ?    What  followed  ? 


1774.]  FKANCE.  303 

the  throne ;  but  in  this  object  he  was  unsuccessful.  The 
"War  of  the  Austrian  Succession"  followed  soon  after, 
during  which  Fleury  died  (1743).  The  most  important 
victory  gained  by  the  French  during  this  war  was  that  of 
Fontenoy,  under  Marshal  Saxe  (1745).  The  Treaty  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  gave  a  brief  rest  to  Europe,  which  was  broken 
by  the  "Seven  Years'  War"  in  1756. 

46.  During  this  struggle  France  lost  Canada,  and  some 
of  her  West  Indian  possessions ;  and  her  army  was  severely 
defeated  at  Min'den,  by  the  English  and  Hanoverians, 
commanded  by  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  (1759).  The  Treaty 
of  Paris  deprived  France  of  many  important  possessions, 
and  left  her  heavily  laden  with  taxes  (1763).  The  year 
1769  is  remarkable  for  the  conquest  of  Corsica,  after  a  brave 
struggle  for  its  independence,  under  Paoli.  During-  the 
same  year  was  born  on  this  island,  Napoleon  Bonaparte, 
destined  to  play  so  great  a  part  in  the  subsequent  history 
of  France.  Louis  XV.  died  in  1774,  after  having,  by  a  long 
course  of  tyranny,  debauchery,  and  reckless  profusion,  dis- 
gusted his  subjects,  and  plunged  the  country  into  anarchy 
and  ruin. 

47.  Louis  XVI.  succeeded  his  grandfather  at  the  age  of 
20  years.  His  character  presented  a  striking  contrast  to  that 
of  the  preceding  king,  being  beneficent  and  upright ;  and 
he  commenced  his  reign  with  the  sincere  desire  to  amelio- 
rate the  condition  of  his  suffering  people,  by  redressing 
their  grievances,  and  restoring  the  financial  prosperity  of 
the  kingdom.  He  was,  however,  deficient  in  judgment 
and  decision ;  and,  although  he  selected  for  his  ministers 
the  patriotic  Turgot  (toor-go')  and  Malsherles  (mal-zarV), 
he  soon  became  involved  in  great  difficulties  on  account  of 
the  irreparable  confusion  of  the  finances.     These  were  still 


46.  What  did  France  lose  during  the  Seven  Years1  War?  What  took  place  at 
Minden  ?  What  was  lost  hy  the  Treaty  of  Paris  ?  For  what  is  the  year  1769  noted  ? 
When  did  Louis  XV.  die  ?    What  was  the  effect  of  his  reign  ? 

47.  Who  succeeded  to  the  throne?  At  what  age?  What  was  his  character? 
What  minister  did  he  select  ?    What  caused  difficulties  ?    Who  was  the  queen  ? 


304  FRAKCE.  [1789. 

further  deranged  by  the  extravagant  habits  of  the  Court, 
presided  over  by  the  young  and  fascinating  queen,  Marie 
Antoinette  (an-tivah-net'),  daughter  of  Maria  Theresa. 

48.  Various  ministers  of  well-established  reputation  for 
financial  skill  were  selected, — among  them  the  celebrated 
Neck'er,  a  banker  of  Geneva ;  but  the  national  difficulties 
increased.  A  war  with  England,  caused  by  the  interference 
of  France  in  the  struggle  of  the  English  colonies  of  America 
for  independence,  still  further  embarrassed  the  government 
of  Louis  XVI.,  by  compelling  a  new  levy  of  taxes,  greatly 
to  the  discontent  of  the  people,  who  complained  loudly  of 
the  extravagance  of  the  Court  and  Marie  Antoinette.  At 
length  an  assembly  of  the  States-General  was  vehemently 
demanded,  a  meeting  of  which  had  not  been  called  since 
1614.     To  this  Louis  gave  his  assent  (1789). 

49.  By  the  advice  of  Necker5  it  had  been  decreed  that 
the  representatives  of  the  Third  Estate,  or  Commons, 
should  be  equal  in  number  to  those  of  the  nobility  and 
clergy  together ;  and,  on  their  assemblage  at  Ver-sailles' 
(May  5,  1789),  a  dispute  arose  as  to  the  mode  in  which  the 
votes  should  be  taken  in  deciding  questions, — whether  the 
three  Orders  should  vote  as  separate  bodies,  or,  all  being 
assembled  in  one  body,  the  votes  should  be  taken  numeri- 
cally. The  latter  mode  was  advocated  by  the  Third  Es- 
tate ;  and,  after  contending  for  several  weeks,  against  the 
opposition  of  the  two  other  orders,  they  finally  resolved 
themselves  into  a  distinct  body,  under  the  title  of  the  Na- 
tional Assembly,  and  claimed  to  be  the  legitimate  rep- 
resentatives of  the  French  people  (June  17).  They  were 
soon  joined  by  many  of  the  clergy. 

50.  Thus  was  inaugurated  the  great  French  Revolu- 
tion, which  in  its  progress  not  only  convulsed  France,  but 

48.  What  financial  ministers  were  selected?    What  increased  the  troubles  » 
What  measure  was  finally  resolved  on  ? 

49.  How  had  the  number  of  representatives  been  arranged?    What  disputes 
arose  ?    What  was  the  course  of  the  Third  Estate  ?    By  whom  were  they  joined  ? 

50.  What  did  these  proceedings  inaugurate?    What  causes  led  to  the  Revo- 
lution ? 


1*89.]  FRANCE.  305 

threw  the  whole  civilized  world  into  violent  commotion, 
uprooting  institutions  which  had  withstood  the  assaults  of 
ages.  For  this  mighty  outbreak  many  circumstances  had 
prepared  the  way,  the  chief  of  which  were  the  following : 
1.  The  despotism,  recklessness,  and  profligacy  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  France  during  the  three  preceding  reigns ;  2. 
The  oppressions  to  which  the  lower  classes  were  subjected 
from  the  unjust  laws  which  favored  the  nobility  and  cler- 
gy, by  exempting  them  from  their  due 'share  in  the  weight 
of  taxation  ;  3.  The  dissemination  of  knowledge  among 
the  people,  and  the  spread  of  infidelity,  occasioned  by  the 
writings  of  Vol-taire',  and  others  ;  4.  The  notions  and  feel- 
ings in  favor  of  popular  freedom  inspired  by  the  success 
of  the  American  Revolution,  in  which  so  many  of  the 
French  nation  had  borne  a  distinguished  part. 

51.  The  king  and  his  ministers,  dismayed  at  the  deter- 
mination shown  by  the  Commons,  and  desiring  to  check 
their  proceedings,  attempted  to  exclude  them  from  their 
hall,  and  thus  suspend  their  sittings.  But  the  Assembly, 
through  the  energy  of  their  president  Bail'ly  (or  bahl-ye'), 
and  the  eloquence  of  their  great  leader  Mirabeau  (me-rah- 
bo'),  thwarted  this  attempt ;  and  the  king  showed  his  in- 
decision by  afterward  sanctioning  their  measures,  and  re- 
questing all  the  deputies  of  the  clergy  and  nobility  to  join 
with  the  Third  Estate. 

52.  By  the  advice  of  the  queen,  large  bodies  of  troops 
were  collected  to  overawe  the  Assembly,  and  JSTecker  was 
dismissed.  This  excited  an  insurrection  of  the  populace 
in  Paris,  and  the  Bastile  (bas-teel'),  a  noted  prison,  was 
stormed  and  captured  by  the  mob  (July  14,  1789).  •  The 
excited  populace  then  proceeded  to  Versailles,  and  de- 
manded that  the  king  and  royal  family  should  return  to 
Paris ;  and  Louis  felt  himself  obliged  to  comply.     Lafay- 


5 1 .  What  course  did  the  king  take  ?    The  Assembly  ? 

52.  What  led  to  an  insurrection  ?    What  acts  did  the  populace  commit  •    Who 
was  made  commandant  of  the  National  Guard  ?    With  whom  did  it  sympathize  ? 


306  FRANCE.  [1791. 

ette  (lah-fa-et1)  was  then  placed  at  the  head  of  the  mili- 
tia, called  the  National  Guard,  the  members  of  which 
sympathized  with  the  popular  movements,  so  that  the  king 
was  without  any  support  except  from  the  Swiss  and  Ger- 
man mercenaries. 

53.  The  violence  of  the  Parisian  mob,  inflamed  by  the 
political  writings  which  were  circulated  among  the  people, 
soon  became  ungovernable ;  and  several  obnoxious  individu- 
als were  seized  and  put  to  death  with  great  cruelty.  The 
Assembly  energetically  prosecuted  its  measures  of  reform, 
and  decreed  the  entire  abolition  of  the  principles  and  prac- 
tices of  the  former  government.  They  subsequently 
agreed  upon  a  constitution,  limiting  the  power  of  the  king 
and  securing  popular  rights ;  and  then  passed  a  resolution 
by  which  the  National  Assembly  (now  called  the  Constitu- 
ent Assembly)  was  dissolved,  and  a  new  body  authorized  to 
be  summoned,  entitled  the  Legislative  Assembly,  to  which 
.none  of  the  members  of  the  National  Assembly  were  eli- 
gible (1791). 

54.  Meanwhile,  several  insurrections  had  taken  place  in 
Paris ;  and  the  king  and  his  family  had  been  treated  with 
the  greatest  indignity  by  the  infuriated  mob,  whose  pas- 
sions were  particularly  excited  against  the  unfortunate 
queen.  Attempting  flight,  they  were  pursued,  arrested,  and 
brought  back  to  Paris.  The  Legislative  Assembly  met  in 
1791  ;  and,  although  the  king  had  accepted  the  constitu- 
tion and  promised  to  abide  by  its  requirements,  a  large 
party  were  hostile  to  the  monarchy,  desiring  to  destroy  it, 
and  establish  a  republican  form  of  government.  These 
views  were  fostered  by  the  political  clubs  which  had  been 
formed  in  Paris,  a  short  time  after  the  commencement  of 
the  Revolution,  among  which  the  famous  Jac'obin  Club 
had  attained  the  complete  control  of  the  Assembly. 

53.  What  was  the  conduct  of  the  Parisian  mob?    Of  the  National  Assembly  ? 
What  body  succeeded  it  ?  .     ,  , 

54.  What  had  taken  place  in  Paris  ?    Against  whom  were  the  populace  excited  5 
Who  desired  a  republic  ?    By  whom  were  these  sentiments  fostered  ': 


1792.]  FKAN/CE.  307 

55.  The  king  repeatedly  made  concessions  to  the  repub- 
licans, while  he  cherished  schemes  for  escaping  from  their 
control ;  but  each  month  added  to  his  humiliations  and  to 
the  boldness  of  his  enemies.  Foreign  nations  looked  on  with 
alarm,  and  sympathized  with  the  royal  family.  Austria  and 
Prussia  declared  war  upon  the  French,  in  order  to  rescue 
the  hapless  monarch.  This  still  further  excited  the  Pa- 
risian mob.  They  rushed  to  the  Tuileries  (tweel're),  the 
palace  in  which  the  king  resided,  took  it  by  storm,  massa- 
cred the  brave  Swiss  soldiers  who  defended  it,  and  obliged 
the  king  to  take  refuge  in  the  Assembly,  by  whose  orders 
he  and  his  family  were  imprisoned  (August  10,  1792).     . 

56.  The  supreme  authority  being  now  seized  by  the  mu- 
nicipality of  Paris,  a  special  criminal  tribunal  was  insti- 
tuted ;  and  all  persons  suspected  of  hostility  to  the  revolu- 
tion were  dragged  before  it,  condemned,  and  massacred  in 
the  most  shocking  manner.  Lafayette  being  at  the  head  of 
the  army,  refused  to  recognize  the  authority  of  the  Assem- 
bly, but,  he  not  being  sustained  by  the  troops,  retired  from 
the  country.  The  Legislative  Assembly  was  dissolved ;  and 
having  been  reorganized  as  the  National  Convention, 
it  formally  abolished  the  monarchy,  and  declared  France  a 
republic  (September  1792).  The  next  month,  the  revolu- 
tionists were  emboldened  by  the  victory  gained  by  the 
French  General  Dumourier  (du-moo-re-a')  over  the  Aus- 
trian army  at  Jemeppe  (zha-mep'),  in  Belgium. 

57.  The  Convention,  now  composed  of  strict  republicans, 
was  divided  into  two  parties,  bitterly  hostile  to  each  other, 
one  called  the  Mountain  Party  and  the  other  the  Girond- 
ists (zhe-rond'ists).     Of  the  former,  the  leaders  were  Bo- 

55.  What  was  done  by  the  king?    Who  declared  war  upon  France  ?    To  what  * 
did  this  lead  ? 

56.  What  followed  the  imprisonment  of  the  king?  What  succeeded  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  ?  What  measures  were  taken  by  the  National  Convention  ?  What 
emboldened  the  revolutionists  ? 

57.  Into  what  parties  was  the  Convention  divided?  Who  were  the  leaders  of 
the  Mountain  Party?  What  distinguished  orator  belonged  to  the  Girondists? 
Give  an  account  of  the  trial  of  the  king.  When  did  the  execution  take  place  5 
What  nobleman  voted  against  the  king  ? 


308  FRANCE.  [1793. 

bespierre  {ro-bes-pe-dre'),  Dan'ton,  and  Marat  (mah-rah'), 
noted  for  their  wickedness  and  cruelty.  One  of  the  most 
eminent  of  the  Girondists  was  Vergniaucl  (varn-yo'),  dis- 
tinguished for  his  eloquence.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the 
Convention  was  the  trial  of  the  king,  who  was  charged  with 
conspiring  against  .the  liberties  of  France ;  and,  notwith- 
standing the  eloquent  and  unanswerable  defence  made  by 
his  advocate,  Des&ze  {duh-sdz'),  he  was  found  guilty  of  the 
charges,  with  very  few  dissenting  votes,  and  condemned  to 
death.  The  sentence  was  executed  by  the  guillotine,  one 
week  afterward  (January  21,  1793).  Among  those  who 
voted  for  the  king's  condemnation  was  the  infamous  Duke 
of  Orleans,  who  took  part  in  the  popular  excesses,  abandon- 
ing his  title  and  taking  the  name  of  Philip  E-gal'i-te  {equal- 
ity). 

58.  The  Mountain  Party  having  triumphed  in  the  Con- 
vention, the  Girondist  leaders  were  guillotined.  The 
Reign  of  Terror  was  then  inaugurated,  during  which 
the  Revolutionary  Tribunal,  controlled  by  Robespierre, 
Danton,  and  others,  caused  thousands  to  be  seized  and 
hurried  to  the  guillotine.  Among  these  victims  was  the  un- 
fortunate Marie  Antoinette  (Oct.  1793),  who,  during  her 
imprisonment,  had  been  subjected  to  every  indignity  and 
insult  which  could  be  devised  by  her  relentless  jailers. 
Similar  deeds  of  cruelty  were  perpetrated  in  other  parts  of 
France,  the  number  guillotined  being  estimated  at  more 
than  18,000. 

59.  The  cruel  and  wicked  men  concerned  in  these  atroci- 
ties almost  invariably  met  with  a  violent  death.  Marat 
was  assassinated  by  Charlotte  Cor' day.  The  faction  of 
Robespierre,  triumphing  over  that  of  Danton,  caused  him 
•and  his  adherents  to  be  guillotined;  and  a  few  months 


58.  What  was  the  fate  of  Marat?  What  party  triumphed  in  the  Convention? 
What  followed  ?  What  was  the  fate  of  Marie  Antoinette  ?  What  occurred  in 
other  parts  of  France  ? 

59.  What  closed  the  Reign  of  Terror?  What  change  took  place  in  the  govern- 
ment ?    What  brought  Napoleon  Bonaparte  into  notice  ? 


1796.]  FRANCE.  309 

afterward,  this  dreadful  period  closed  by  the  execution  of 
Robespierre  himself  (1794).  A  new  constitution  was  then 
adopted  by  the  Convention,  the  executive  authority  being 
intrusted  to  a  Directory,  consisting  of  five  members.  This 
constitution  being  opposed  by  several  of  the  Parisian  Sec- 
tions (divisions  of  the  city),  who  threatened  an  insurrec- 
tion, Napoleon  Bonaparte,  a  young  officer,  who  had  pre- 
viously distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Tou-lon',  was 
selected  to  conduct  the  military  operations  against  the  in- 
surgents. Planting  his  cannon  adroitly,  he  opened  fire 
upon  the  populace,  and  dispersed  them  without  difficulty 
(1795). 

60.  The  service  rendered  by  Napoleon  on  the  "  Day  of 
the  Sections,"  was  soon  afterward  rewarded  by  conferring 
upon  him  the  command  of  the  Army  of  Italy,  designed  to 
operate  against  the  Austrians  (1796).  In  two  campaigns 
he  achieved  a  succession  of  the  most  brilliant  victories  over 
the  Austrian  armies ;  and,  entering  the  Venetian  territory, 
in  consequence  of  hostilities  committed  against  the  French, 
he  captured  Venice  itself,  and  overturned  her  ancient  gov- 
ernment (1797).  The  emperor  was  at  length  compelled  to 
assent  to  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Cam'po  For'mi-o,  by 
which  an  independent  commonwealth  was  established  in 
Northern  Italy,  called  the  "  Cisalpine  Republic,"  and  the 
city  of  Venice  was  ceded  to  Austria. 

61.  Bonaparte,  after  considerable  persuasion,  induced  the 
Directory  to  consent  to  an  expedition  designed  to  conquer 
Egypt,  as  a  means  of  attacking  the  commerce  and  power 
of  England  in  the  East.  Landing  there  with  an  immense 
army,  he  captured  Alexandria,  and  then  marched  toward 
Cairo  (Jci'ro),  which,  after  defeating  the  Mamelukes  in  the 
noted  "Battle  of  the  Pyramids,"  he  entered  (1798).  This 
gave  him  possession  of  the  country ;  but  a  few  days  after- 

60.  What  command  was  bestowed  on  Napoleon  ?    Describe  the  campaigns  in 
Italy.    How  did  they  end  ?    What  was  the  Cisalpine  Republic  ? 

61 .  What  account  is  given  of  Napoleon's  expedition  to  Egypt  ?     , 


310  FKANCE.  [1800. 

ward,  Nelson  destroyed  his  fleet,  in  the  memorable  "  Battle 
of  the  Nile,"  and  thus  cut  off  the  retreat  of  the  invaders. 

62.  The  Turkish  empire  having  declared  war  against 
France,  Bonaparte  at  once  invaded  Syria,  captured  Jaffa 
by  assault,  and  cruelly  caused  1200  Turkish  prisoners  to  be 
put  to  death.  He  then  laid  siege  to  Acre  (a'ker),  but  failed 
to  capture  it ;  although  he  defeated  the  Turks  with  great 
slaughter  at  Mount  Ta'bor.  Eeturning  to  Egypt,  he  attacked 
and  almost  annihilated  a  considerable  army  of  Turks  at 
Aboukir  (ab-oo-keer'),  General  Murat  {mu-rah'),  at  the  head 
of  the  French  cavalry,  particularly  distinguishing  himself 
in  this  obstinate  battle  (1799).  Leaving  his  army  with 
General  Kleber  (Ma-Mr'),  he  then  returned  to  France,  and 
was  received  with  unbounded  enthusiasm  by  the  people. 

63.  Meanwhile,  a  new  coalition  of  the  great  powers  of 
Europe  had  been  formed  against  France,  and  the  Kussians 
under  Su-iuar'row  had  gained  several  important  victories  in 
Italy.  This  made  the  Directory  very  unpopular,  and  Bona- 
parte took  the  opportunity  of  overturning  the  government 
at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.  A  new  constitution  was  then 
formed,  and  accepted  by  the  people,  according  to  which  the 
executive  power  was  vested  in  three  Consuls,  elected  for 
ten  years.  Bonaparte  was  appointed  First  Consul  (1799), 
and  by  his  vigor  and  address  introduced  reforms  in  every 
department  of  the  government. 

64.  The  military  operations  were  conducted  with  splen- 
did ability  and  success.  The  Austrians  were  defeated  by 
General  Moreau  (mo-ro')  in  the  battle  of  Ho-hen-lin' den ; 
while  Napoleon  himself  gained  new  laurels  by  his  daring 
passage  of  the  Alps,  and  by  his  brilliant  victory  over  the 
Austrians  at  Ma-ren'go  (1800).     This  compelled  the  empe- 


62.  What  account  is  given  of  the  Syrian  expedition  ?  What  victory  was  gained 
over  the  Turks  ?    Whom  did  Napoleon  leave  in  Egypt  ? 

63.  What  made  the  Directory  unpopular?  How  was  a  change  in  the  govern 
ment  effected  ?    What  did  Napoleon  become  ? 

64.  What  victory  was  gained  by  Moreau  ?  By  Napoleon  ?  What  treaties  were 
then  made  ?  To  what  office  was  Napoleon  elected  ?  When  and  how  was  he  made 
emperor  ? 


1805.]  FRANCE.  311 

ror  to  conclude  the  Treaty  of  Lune'ville  (1801),  which  was 
followed  by  the  Treaty  of  Amiens,  in  which  peace  was  made 
with  England  (1802).  Bonaparte  was  next  elected  Consul 
for  life;  and,  various  conspiracies  being  formed  against 
him,  he  determined  still  further  to  augment  his  power,  and 
caused  himself  to  be  declared  by  the  Legislature  Emperor 
of  the  French  (1804). 

65.  A  short  time  after  this,  Moreaa  was  banished  for 
being  concerned  in  a  conspiracy  against  the  government, 
and  eleven  of  the  other  conspirators  were  put  to  death. 
Napoleon  received  the  crown  of  France  from  the  hands  of 
the  Pope ;  and  subsequently  caused  himself  to  be  crowned 
King  of  Italy,  with  the  famous  "  iron  crown"  of  the  Lom- 
bards (1805).  These  assumptions  of  power  led  to  another 
coalition  against  him,  on  the  part  of  England,  Austria, 
Russia,  Sweden,  and  Prussia;  but  Napoleon,  with  his  ac- 
customed promptitude,  marched  against  the  Austrians,  and 
succeeded  in  capturing  a  large  army  at  Ulm  (1805).  This 
was  soon  followed  by  the  decisive  battle  of  Aus'ter-litz,  in 
which  the  combined  army  of  the  Austrians  and  Russians 
were  routed  with  overwhelming  loss.  The  emperors  of 
France,  Austria,  and  Russia  were  present  at  this  battle, 
and  the  conditions  of  peace  were  at  once  agreed  upon. 
The  treaty  was  afterward  concluded  at  Presdurg,  Austria 
making  great  sacrifices  of  territory. 

66.  Napoleon  now  took  possession  of  Naples,  and  con- 
ferred the  crown  upon  his  brother  Joseph.  His  brother 
Louis  was  made  king  of  Holland ;  and  various  principali- 
ties and  duchies  were  bestowed  upon  his  most  eminent 
generals  and  ministers.  He  next  formed  a  union  of  several 
states  of  Germany,  which  was  styled  the  "  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine,"  and  placed  under  his  own  control.     This 

65.  Who  was  banished  ?  What  other  crown  did  Napoleon  obtain  ?  What  co- 
alition was  formed?  What  victories  were  gained  by  Napoleon?  What  is  said  of 
the  battle  of  Austerlitz  ?    What  treaty  was  then  made  ? 

66.  What  crowns  were  bestowed  by  Napoleon  upon  his  relatives  and  others  ? 
What  was  the  "  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  V  What  title  did  the  emperor  of  Ger 
many  assume  ? 


312  FRANCE.  [180T. 

was  practically  a  dissolution  of  the  empire  of  Germany ;  and 
the  emperor,  accordingly,  assumed  the  title  of  Emperor  of 
Austria,  relinquishing  that  of  "  Emperor  of  Germany  and 
King  of  the  Romans,"  which  he  had  hitherto  possessed. 

67.  These  encroachments  and  usurpations  led  to  a  fourth 
coalition,  consisting  of  Prussia,  Eussia,  Austria,  Great 
Britain,  and  Sweden,  against  the  French  empire.  The 
Prussian  monarch  raised  an  immense  army  of  150,000  men, 
and  commenced  hostilities.;  but  Napoleon,  with  wonderful 
skill  and  promptitude,  attacked  and  utterly  defeated  the 
Prussians,  in  the  sanguinary  battle  of  Je'na  (1806).  So 
complete  was  the  victory,  that  the  kingdom  of  Prussia  lay 
at  the  mercy  of  the  victor,  who  a  few  weeks  afterward  en- 
tered Ber-lin'  in  triumph.  There,  he  issued  his  celebrated 
decree,  declaring  the  British  Isles  in  a  state  of  blockade, 
and  forbidding  all  commercial  intercourse,  on  the  part  of 
any  nation,  with  Great  Britain  or  her  colonies. 

68.  During  the  winter,  he  attacked  the  Russians  at  Eilau 
{i'loiv) ;  but  his  army  was  repulsed  with  tremendous 
slaughter  (January,  1807).  Six  months  later,  with  an  army 
of  200,000  men,  he  gained  a  victory  over  the  Russians  at 
FriecTland  ;  and  thus  was  enabled  to  dictate  terms  of  peace 
to  the  Russian  emperor  Alexander,  at  Til' sit.  Peace  was 
also  made  with  Prussia,  on  condition  that  she  should  give 
up  the  territory  between  the  Rhine  and  Elbe  rivers,  which 
Napoleon  bestowed  on  his  brother  Jerome,  with  the  title  of 
King  of  Westphalia  (1807). 

69.  Napoleon's  commercial  restrictions,  as  declared  in 
the  Berlin  decree  (callecl  the  Continental  System),  were  not 
obeyed  by  Portugal,  into  which  country  British  merchan- 
dise was  freely  admitted,  and  thence  transported  into  Spain. 
He  therefore  ordered  General  Junot  to  invade  Portugal  and 

67.  What  was  the  fourth  coalition?  Give  an  account  of  the  hattle  of  Jena? 
What  were  the  consequences  ?    What  decree  was  issued  hy  Napoleon  ? 

68.  What  battles  were  fought  with  the  Russians?  To  what  treaty  did  the  vic- 
tory of  Friedland  lead  ?    What  was  given  to  Jerome  Bonaparte  ? 

69.  What  country  was  invaded  by  the  French  ?  Why  ?  What  followed  ?  What 
measures  did  Napoleon  adopt  in  regard  to  Spain  ? 


1809.]  TRANCE.  313 

take  possession  of  Lisbon ;  and  the  prince  regent  was  com- 
pelled to  seek  refuge  with  the  British  fleet  in  the  Tagus, 
whence  he  sailed  to  Brazil,  and  fixed  the  seat  of  his  gov- 
ernment in  that  country.  Portugal  was  then  declared  a 
province  of  the  French  empire.  Napoleon  next  determined 
to  take  possession  of  Spain ;  and,  after  compelling  its  law- 
ful king  to  resign  the  crown,  he  conferred  it  upon  his 
brother,  Joseph  Bonaparte,  whom  he  had  transferred  from 
the  throne  of  Naples.  The  latter  throne  he  conferred  on 
Murat,  who  had  married  his  sister  (1808). 

70.  The  people  of  Portugal  and  Spain  were  aroused  to 
insurrection  by  these  arbitrary  measures ;  and  the  British 
government  resolved  to  aid  them  in  their  efforts  to  expel 
the  invaders.  The  "  Peninsular  War"  followed,  which  lasted 
nearly  five  years,  and  in  which  Wellington  gained  those  re- 
splendent victories  which  have  already  been  referred  to  in 
the  history  of  England.  Meanwhile,  hostilities  were  again 
resumed  on  the  part  of  Austria,  with  armies  which  amount- 
ed, in  the  aggregate,  to  about  500,000  men.  Napoleon, 
notwithstanding  his  inferior  forces,  defeated  the  Austrians, 
under  the  Archduke  Charles,  at  Ech'muhl  (1809),  but  was 
compelled  to  fall  back  from  his  position  after  the  bloody 
battle  of  As  pern.  A  week  afterward,  he  gained  a  decisive 
victory  at  Wagram  {wah'gram) ;  after  which  the  Austrian 
emperor  was  obliged  to  submit  to  terms  of  peace  dictated 
by  the  victor  (1809). 

71.  While  these  events  were  in  progress,  Napoleon  deposed 
the  Pope  (Pius  VII.),  and  caused  him  to  be  imprisoned  in 
France,  on  account  of  his  refusal  to  concur  in  the  Conti- 
nental System,  and  to  recognize  Murat  as  king  of  Naples. 
Having  divorced  his  faithful  and  virtuous  wife  Josephine, 
he  next  haughtily  demanded  the  Austrian  princess  Maria 
Louisa  in  marriage;  and  so  thoroughly  had  the  Emperor 

TO.  To  what  war  did  the  seizure  of  Spain  lead  ?  What  battles  were  fought  bv 
Napoleon  with  the  Austrians  ?    What  followed  the  victory  at  Wagram  ? 

71.  What  were  the  next  measures  of  Napoleon?  What  cities  and  territory 
were  seized  ? 

14 


314  FRANCE.  [1812. 

Francis  been  subdued  at  Wagram,  that  he  was  compelled 
to  give  his  assent ;  and  the  nuptials,  accordingly,  took  place 
a  short  time  afterward  (1810).  In  order  the  more  effectually 
to  carry  out  his  policy  of  commercial  prohibition,  he,  in  the 
same  year,  seized  the  Hanse  towns,  Hamburg,  Bremen,  and 
Lubec,  and  annexed  the  northern  coast  of  Germany  to  the 
French  empire. 

72.  Difficulties  having  arisen  with  Sweden  and  Russia, 
in  consequence  of  the  French  emperor's  arbitrary  demands 
in  the  carrying  out  of  the  Continental  System,  the  latter 
determined  to  invade  Russia  with  an  overwhelming  force. 
Accordingly,  in  June,  1812,  he  set  out  with  a  splendidly 
equipped  army  of  nearly  500,000  men,  crossed  the  Niemen, 
and  directed  his  march  to  Mos'cow,  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  Russian  empire.  Arriving  at  Smo-lenslc',  he  captured 
the  city  after  a  tremendous  conflict,  which  closed  with  the 
retreat  of  the  Russians.  About  two  weeks  after  this,  he 
fought  a  desperate  battle  with  the  Russian  army  at  Bor-o- 
di'no  (i  like  e) ;  but,  although  45,000  of  the  enemy  were 
either  killed  or  wounded,  he  failed  to  destroy  their  army, 
and  gained  no  decisive  victory.  His  own  losses  had  been 
immense  (September  7). 

73.  Unable  to  defend  Moscow,  the  Russians  abandoned 
it,  and  the  French  entered  it  in  triumph  ten  days  after  the 
battle  of  Borodino.  But  the  city  had  been  set  on  fire  by 
the  Russians,  and  the  French  vainly  attempted  to  stop  the 
conflagration.  Nine-tenths  of  the  whole  city  became  a 
prey  to  the  flames.  This  disconcerted  the  plans  of  Napo- 
leon, who  had  designed  to  pass  the  winter  at  Moscow ;  and 
as  the  Russians  were  menacing  his  communications  with 
Smolensk,  where  his  magazines  and  reserves  had  been  left, 
he  determined  to  retreat  (October  19). 

74.  But  the  dreadful  Russian  winter  soon  commenced, 

72.  What  led  to  the  invasion  of  Russia?    When  was  it  commenced?    What 
battles  were  fought  with  the  Russians  ? 

73.  What  city  was  entered  by  the  French?    What  compelled  Napoleon  to 

retreat? 


1813.]  FRANCE.  315 


and  the  French  soldiers  perished  by  thousands,  of  cold  and 
famine.  To  add  to  their  sufferings,  they  were  constantly 
harassed  by  the  Russian  army,  with  which  they  had  sev- 
eral severe  conflicts  before  reaching  the  Ber-e-si'na  River, 
where  their  passage  was  disputed  by  the  Russians  in  strong 
force.  The  loss  of  life  was  frightful.  Multitudes  fell  by 
the  sabres  of  the  Russians,  but  still  larger  numbers  per- 
ished in  the  icy  waters  of  the  river ;  so  that  only  20,000 
men  remained  to  Napoleon  of  the  splendid  army  with 
which  he  had  set  out.  During  these  terrific  scenes  and 
conflicts,  Marshal  Ney  (net)  had  won  for  himself  the  ap- 
pellation of  the  "  Bravest  of  the  Brave." 

75.  After  the  dreadful  passage  of  the  Beresina,  Napo- 
leon abandoned  the  army,  and  fled  in  disguise  to  Paris, 
where  his  arrival  restored  public  confidence  and  courage  ; 
and  such  were  his  extraordinary  energy  and  the  resources 
of  the  French  nation,  that,  in  the  beginning  of  the  next 
year  (1813),  he  was  enabled  to  resume  operations  with  an 
army  of  350,000  men,  exclusive  of  his  forces  in  Spain 
Europe  was  once  more  allied  against  him  ;  but,  on  the  fa- 
mous battle-ground  of  Lut'zen,  he  defeated  the  army  of 
the  allies,  and  triumphantly  entered  the  city  of  Dresden. 
Two  other  battles  were  fought  with  indecisive  results,  after 
which  he  consented  to  an  armistice. 

76.  But  operations  were  soon  resumed  by  the  allies  with 
an  immense  army ;  and  they  attacked  the  French  at  Dres- 
den, but  were  repulsed  with  severe  loss.  Moreau,  fighting 
on  the  side  of  the  allies,  was  here  mortally  wounded  (Ju- 
ly 26).  In  October,  the  allies,  with  large  re-enforcements, 
threatened  Napoleon's  communications,  and  compelled 
his  retreat  to  Lelp'sic,  where  the  greatest  conflict  of  the 
war  ensued,  the  allied  army  amounting  to  about  250,000 

74.  Describe  the  retreat  of  the  French.  The  passage  of  the  Beresina.  How 
many  were  left  of  Napoleon's  grand  army  ?    What  was  Marshal  Ney  called  ? 

7  5 .  What  did  Napoleon  next  do  t  What  army  did  he  raise  ?  What  battles  were 
fought? 

76.  Where  were  the  French  attacked?  With  what  result?  Give  an  account 
of  the  battle  of  Leipsic  and  its  consequences. 


316  FRANCE.  [1815 

men ;  while  that  of  Napoleon  contained  less  than  150,000. 
This  has  been  called  the  "  Battle  of  the  Nations."  After  a 
desperate  struggle  the  French  were  compelled  to  retreat ; 
and  Napoleon's  great  conquests  were  at  once  lost. 

77.  Against  the  immense  forces  of  the  allies,  Napoleon 
could  now  make  no  effectual  resistance.  Having  defeated 
every  army  sent  to  impede  their  progress,  they  at  last  pene- 
trated into  France,  and  entered  Paris  (March  31,  1814). 
Napoleon,  who  had  fled  from  the  city,  was  obliged  to  abdi- 
cate the  throne  of  France  as  well  as  of  Italy,  and  to  retire 
to  the  island  of  EVba,  of  which  he  was  to  have  the  sover- 
eignty. Louis  XVII.  having  died  a  prisoner  in  the  Tem- 
ple, during  the  Reign  of  Terror,  his  uncle  was  declared  king, 
under  the  title  of  Louis  XVIII.  (May  3,  1814). 

78.  The  next  year,  while  a  Congress  of  the  European 
powers  was  assembled  at  Vienna,  to  arrange  and  settle  the 
affairs  of  Europe,  they  were  suddenly  surprised  by  the 
escape  of  Napoleon  from  Elba.  Landing  on  the  southern 
shore  of  France  (at  Cannes  [Jean]  ),  he  was  at  once  re- 
ceived with  enthusiasm  by  the  troops;  and  Marshal  Ney, 
who  had  been  sent  to  oppose  his  progress,  having  deserted 
to  him,  he  once  more  entered  Paris  in  triumph,  and  was 
greeted  with  acclamations  of  joy  by  all  classes  (March  20, 
1815).  Louis  XVIII.  having  fled,  Napoleon  found  himself 
again  on  the  throne  of  France ;  and  in  less  than  two 
months,  an  army  was  organized  of  over  200,000  men,  ex- 
clusive of  the  National  Guards. 

79.  Meantime,  the  allies  had  prepared  for  the  impending 
conflict.  Three  vast  armies  were  collected ;  the  first  con- 
sisting of  Austrians,  under  Prince  Schwartz'en-berg ;  the 
second,  of  British,  Germans,  and  Prussians,  under  Welling- 
ton and  Blu'cher  (bloo'ker) ;  and  the  third,  of  Russians, 


77.  What  led  to  Napoleon's  abdication?    Where  was  he   sent?    Who  was 
placed  on  the  throne  ? 

78.  What  Congress  was  held  ?    What  was  accomplished  by  Napoleon  ? 

79.  What  armies  were  collected  to  oppose  him?    What  battle  was  fought? 
What  was  the  result  ?    To  whom  did  Napoleon  surrender  ? 


1821.]  FKAKCE.  317 

under  the  Emperor  Alexander.  Operations  commenced 
on  the  15th  of  June;  and,  on  the  18th,  was  fought  the 
memorable  battle  of  Wa'ter-loo,  in  which  the  army  under 
Wellington  repulsed  the  French,  and  drove  them  into  irre- 
trievable retreat  and  ruin.  Napoleon  fled  to  Paris;  but 
finding  that  no  further  effort  could  be  made  to  retrieve  his 
ruined  fortunes,  he  surrendered  himself  to  the  commander 
of  a  British  vessel  of  war,  and  was  carried  to  England. 

80.  By  agreement  of  the  allied  sovereigns,  he  was  sent  a 
captive  to  the  little  island  of  St.  He-le'na,  where  he  arrived 
in  October,  1815,  and  where  he  continued  to  reside  as  a 
prisoner  until  his  death,  in  1821,  at  the  age  of  52  years. 
Such  was  the  termination  of  this  extraordinary  career  of 
ambition  and  conquest — the  most  extraordinary  in  the 
world's  annals.  From  the  ranks  of  private  life,  and  a  con- 
dition of  total  obscurity,  this  wonderful  man,  by  his  genius 
and  force  of  character,  lifted  himself  above  the  greatest  po- 
tentates on  earth,  to  whom  he  gave  laws  as  to  his  lowliest 
subjects.  No  one  can  read  the  details  of  his  brilliant 
career  without  being  dazzled  by  his  achievements;  but,  at 
the  same  time,  all  must  be  shocked  at  his  entire  indifference 
to  human  suffering.  With  the  talents  to  have  enabled 
him  to  confer  the  greatest  blessings  on  his  race,  he  chose 
to  be  its  scourge,  and  sacrificed  to  his  selfish  schemes  every 
principle  of  benevolence  and  rectitude.  However  mourn- 
ful, therefore,  his  fall  may  appear,  it  must  be  regarded  as  a 
just  retribution  for  his  crimes ;  while  it  affords  an  impres- 
sive lesson  on  the  vanity  and  instability  of  all  human 
glory.  In  1840,  Napoleon's  remains  were  transported  from 
St.  Helena  to  Paris,  and  there  entombed  with  every  possi- 
ble circumstance  of  splendor  and  solemnity. 

81.  Louis  XVIIL— Soon  after  the  battle  of •  Waterloo, 
Paris  was  entered  by  the  allies,  and  the  greater  part  of  tho 

80.  What  disposition  was  made  of  him?    When  did  he  die?    What  is  said  of 
his  character  and  conduct  ? 

81.  What  measures  were  adopted  hy  the  Allies  ?    Who  were  executed  ?     v*7ha» 
were  the  chief  events  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XVIII.  ?    Who  succeeded  him  ? 


318  FRANCE.  [1830 

French  territory  was  occupied  by  foreign  armies.  Louis 
XVIII.  was  restored,  and  Marshal  Ney,  who  had  deserted 
to  Napoleon,  was  shot  as  a  traitor.  The  same  year  Murat, 
having  made  a  rash  attempt  to  regain  the  throne  of  Na- 
ples, was  seized  and  put  to  death.  The  measures  of  the 
restored  Bourbon  dynasties  of  Spain  and  Italy,  had  been 
so  tyrannical  that  insurrections  broke  out  in  those  coun- 
tries. In  Spain,  the  army,  under  General  O'Donnell,  sup- 
ported the  liberal  constitution,  and  Ferdinand,  the  king, 
was  obliged  to  submit.  Louis  XVIII.,  by  the  persuasions 
of  the  allied  sovereigns  of  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia, 
sent  an  army  into  Spain,  to  restore  the  supreme  authority 
to  Ferdinand ;  and  the  constitutionalists  having  been  de- 
feated, the  liberal  government  was  overturned  (1823). 
Louis  XVIII.  died  the  next  year  (1824),  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  brother  Charles,  Count  of  Artois  (ar'twah). 

82.  Charles  X. — During  this  reign,  the  contests  be- 
tween the  ultra-royalist  and  liberal  parties  in  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  as  the  legislature  was  called,  became  very  vio- 
lent ;  and  Charles,  taking  sides  with  the  former,  adopted 
very  arbitrary  measures  to  enforce  his  views.  The  liberal 
party  having  secured  a  majority  in  the  Chamber,  the  king 
caused  the  latter  to  be  dissolved,  altered  the  law  of  elec- 
tions, and  suspended  the  liberty  of  the  press.  In  conse- 
quence of  these  despotic  measures,  the  people  rose  in  insur- 
tion ;  and,  after  a  contest  of  "  three  days,"  dispersed  the 
royal  guards  and  sacked  the  Tuileries.  Lafayette  was 
then  appointed  general  of  the  National  Guards ;  and  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies,  declaring  the  throne  vacant,  sum- 
moned Lou'is  Phil'ippe  (or  loo'e  ftl-leep')  to  occupy  it  (1830). 
Charles  took  refuge  in  England. 

83.  Louis  Philippe  was  the  son  of  the  infamous  Duke 
of  Orleans,  who,  as  Philip  Egalite,  had  shared  in  the  ex- 


82.  Into  what  parties  was  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  divided?    Give  an  account 
of  the  Second  Revolution.    What  followed  ? 

83.  What  is  related  of  the  career  of  Louis  Philippe  ? 


1848.]  FEANCE.  319 

cesses  of  the  Revolution,  and  had  become  one  of  its  many 
victims.  The  new  king,  since  that  dreadful  period,  had 
suffered  every  variety  of  fortune,  being  an  exile  from  his 
native  land,  and  in  a  condition  of  privation  and  distress 
travelling  or  sojourning  in  foreign  countries.  He  had  spent 
some  years  in  the  United  States.  Now,  by  a  strange  re- 
vulsion of  fortune,  he  was  called  to  ascend  the  throne  of 
his  native  country,  from  which  he  had  been  previously 
banished. 

84.  A  charter  of  rights  was  agreed  upon  by  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  and  accepted  by  the  newly-elected  king.  His 
reign  was,  for  several  years,  quite  prosperous;  and  the 
country  advanced  in  education,  commerce,  and  internal 
improvements.  Louis  Philippe,  however,  was  very  odious 
to  the  extreme  republicans,  and  several  attempts  were  made 
upon  his  life.  He  afterward  became  generally  unpopular, 
by  his  opposition  to  the  reforms  which  were  demanded 
in  the  government,  as  well  as  by  his  avarice  and  his  selfish 
concern  for  the  aggrandizement  of  his  family. 

85.  An  attempt  to  repress,  by  arbitrary  prohibition,  a  re- 
form banquet  appointed  on  Washington's  birthday  (Feb- 
ruary 22,  1848),  excited  an  insurrection  of  the  people,  with 
whom  the  troops  fraternized ;  and  Louis  Philippe  was  com- 
pelled to  flee.  With  much  difficulty,  he  made  his  escape  to 
England,  where  he  died  about  two  years  afterward.  Ono 
of  the  most  important  events  of  this  reign  was  the  con- 
quest of  Algeria  (1847),  after  a  long  and  sanguinary  strug- 
gle on  the  part  of  the  native  tribes,  under  their  leader 
Abd-el  Ka'der. 

86.  After  the  fiight  of  the  king,  a  provisional  govern- 
ment was  instituted,  consisting  of  seven  members,  among 
whom  were  La-mar-tine'  and  Ar'a-go,  distinguished  for 
their  attainments  in  literature  and  science.     France  was 

84.  What  were  the  first  events  of  his  reign?    What  made  him  odious  to  the  re- 
publicans ?    How  did  he  become  generally  unpopular  ? 

85.  What  caused  the  flight  of  Louis  Philippe  ?    What  conquest  had  been  made ! 

86.  What  followed  the  flight  of  the  king?    Who  was  elected  president? 


320  FRANCE.  [1849. 

declared  a  republic,  with  the  motto,  "  Liberty,  Equality,  and 
Fraternity ;"  hereditary  titles  and  distinctions  of  nobilit} 
were  abolished,  and  a  national  assembly  was  called  for  the 
purpose  of  framing  a  constitution.  The  constitution  after- 
ward adopted  vested  the  government  in  a  president,  to  be 
elected  for  four  years,  and  a  national  assembly,  to  consist 
of  750  members.  By  the  election  which  followed,  Louis 
Napoleon  was  chosen,  by  an  immense  majority,  first  presi- 
dent of  France  (1848). 

87.  Louis  Napoleon  is  the  nephew  of  the  Great  Napo- 
leon, being  the  son  of  Louis  Bonaparte  and  Hortense  Beau- 
liarnais  (bo-ar-na'),  daughter  of  the  Empress  Josephine. 
During  the  reign  of  Louis  Philippe,  he  had  become  noted 
for  two  attempts  to  obtain  possession  of  the  government  by 
endeavoring  to  raise  a  revolt  in  his  favor  among  the  troops. 
One  of  these  was  at  Strasburg,  in  1836 ;  and  the  other  at 
Boulogne  (boo-lone'),  in  1840.  For  the  second  he  was  con- 
demned to  perpetual  imprisonment,  but  succeeded  in 
making  his  escape  in  1846.  These  rash  enterprises  sub- 
jected him  to  considerable  ridicule. 

88.  In  the  first  year  of  his  presidency,  a  revolution  broke 
out  in  Rome,  and  the  Pope  (Pius  IX.)  fled  to  Gaeta  (gah-a'- 
tah).  Louis  Napoleon  having  sent  an  army  under  General 
Oudinot  (oo 'de-no)  to  restore  him  to  his  government,  the 
republicans  under  Gar-i-bal'di  were  entirely  defeated,  and 
Pius  IX.  returned  to  Rome  the  next  year.  Revolutions 
broke  out  in  other  parts  of  Italy,  with  similar  want  of  suc- 
cess. 

89.  Difficulties  arising  between  the  president  and  the 
Assembly,  the  former  determined  to  overturn  the  existing 
form  of  government,  so  as  to  obtain  an  increase  of  power. 
His  measures  were  devised  and  executed  with  great  adroit- 
ness.    Having  gained  over  the  military,  he  seized  and  im- 


8  7.  Who  is  Louis  Napoleon  ?    How  had  he  made  himself  notorious  ? 

88.  What  events  took  place  in  Italy  during  his  presidency? 

89.  What  caused  the  overthrow  of  the  government? 


1859.]  FKANCE.  321 

__ ' 

prisoned  such  of  tile  members  of  the  Assembly  as  were 
hostile  to  his  views;  as  well  as  other  distinguished  citizens 
from  whom  he  apprehended  opposition.  He  then  sup- 
pressed the  newspapers,  and  proclaimed  a  dissolution  of  the 
Assembly  and  Council  of  State  (Dec,  1851). 

90.  A  despotic  constitution  sketched  by  Louis  Napoleon 
was  accepted  by  the  people,  and  he  was  elected  president 
for  a  term  of  ten  years.  A  short  time  after  this,  he  obtained 
the  passage  of  a  decree  by  the  Senate,  declaring  him  he- 
reditary Emperor ;  and  this  decree  was  ratified  by  the  popu- 
lar suffrages.  Napoleon  Bonaparte's  son  by  Maria  Louisa 
(Napoleon  II. )  having  died,  Louis  Napoleon  assumed  the 
title  of  Napoleon  III.  Thus  was  effected  one  of  the  most 
disgraceful  usurpations  recorded  in  history,  by  means  of  a 
dishonorable  stratagem  which  has  been  dignified  by  the 
name  of  coup  cV'etat  (Icoo-detali') — i.  e.  stroke  of  state  policy. 

91.  In  1854,  the  French  united  with  the  English  in  the 
Eussian  War,  and  under  Marshal  Pelissier  (pa-lis-se-a') 
acquired  the  glory  of  the  final  storming  of  the  tremendous 
fortresses  of  Sebastopol.  In  1859,  war  having  arisen  be- 
tween Austria  and  Sardinia,  the  French  emperor  formed 
an  alliance  with  the  latter,  and  took  the  field  in  person  in 
Northern  Italy.  Austria  suffered  disastrous  defeats  at  Ma- 
gen' ta  and  Sol-fer-i'no  ( i  like  e ),  and  by  the  treaty  of  Vil'- 
lafran'ca  was  obliged  to  relinquish  possession  of  Lombardy. 
The  most  important  event  since  that  time  is  the  interven- 
tion of  the  French  emperor  in  the  affairs  of  Mexico,  by 
means  of  which  the  republican  government  was  overturned, 
and  the  country  placed  under  the  imperial  sway  of  Maxi- 
milian. 

92.  The  preservation  of  the  Papal  power  in  Italy  from 
the  attacks   of  Garibaldi   and  his  republican   associates, 


90.  In  what  way  did  Louis  Napoleon  become  emperor  of  France'    What  title 
did  he  assume  ?    Why  ?    What  is  called  the  coup  d'etat  ? 

91.  What  have  been  the  chief  events  of  Napoleon  III.'s  reign  ? 

92.  What  else  is  remarked  of  his  policy?    What  progress  has  been  made  by 
France  during  his  reign  ? 

14* 


322  FKA^CE. 


presents  a  striking  feature  of  the  Emperor's  policy,  which 
in  its  general  character  has  been  strongly  on  the  side  of 
absolutism  as  opposed  to  the  spread  of  liberal  principles 
and  the  establishment  of  democratic  governments.  Under 
his  sway,  France,  though  kept  under  severe  restraint  by 
the  imperial  power,  has  made  great  and  rapid  strides  in 
every  department  of  national  well-being ;  and  her  internal 
improvements  and  progress  in  commerce  and  manufac 
tures,  are  unsurpassed  by  those  of  any  of  the  great  nations 
of  the  civilized  world. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

A.  D. 

1483.  Charles  VIII.    Reigned  15  years. 

1498.  Louis  XII.,  Duke  of  Orleans.    Reigned  17  years. 

1508.  League  of  Cambray. 

1515.  Francis  I.    Reigned  32  years. 

1525.  Battle  of  Pavia.    Francis  I.  taken  prisoner. 

1547.  Henry  II.     Reigned  12  years. 

1559.  Francis  II.    Reigned  17  months.    Shortest  reign  in  French 

history. 

1560.  Charles  IX.    Reigned  14  years. 
1572.  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Day. 
1574.  Henry  III.     Reigned  15  years. 
1589   Henry  IV.    Reigned  21  years. 


FRANCE.  323 


1590.  Battle  of  Ivry. 

1598.  Edict  of  Nantes  published  by  Henry  IV. 
1010.  Louis  XIII.     Reigned  33  years. 
1624.  Richelieu  made  minister  to  the  king. 
1628.  Capitulation  of  Rochelle. 

1642.  Death  of  Richelieu. 

1643.  Louis  XIV.    Reigned  72  years.    Longest  reign  on  record. 
1661.  Death  of  Cardinal  Mazarin. 

1685.  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
1715.  Louis  XV.     Reigned  59  years. 
1759.  Battle  of  Minden. 

1769.  Conquest  of  Corsica.    Birth  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 
1774.  Louis  XVI.     Reigned  19  years. 
1789.  Commencement  of  the  Great  Revolution. 
"     Bastile  stormed. 

1793.  Execution  of  Louis  XVI.    Marie  Antoinette  guillotined. 

1794.  Fall  of  Robespierre.    End  of  the  Reign  of  Terror. 
1796.  Napoleon  in  command  of  the  Army  of  Italy. 

1798.  Battle  of  the  Pyramids.    Cairo  taken  by  the  French. 

1799.  Napoleon  First  Consul.    1800.  Battle  of  Marengo. 

1804.  Napoleon  Emperor  of  the  French. 

1805.  Battle  of  Austcrlitz. 

1806.  Battle  of  Jena. 

1807.  Battles  of  Eilau  and  Friedland.    Peace  of  Westphalia. 

1809.  Battles  of  Eckmuhl,  Aspern,  and  Wagrani. 

1810.  Divorce  of  Josephine,  and  marriage  of  Napoleon  and  Maria 

Louisa. 

1812.  Invasion  of  Russia.    Battles  of  Smolensk  and  Borodino. 

1813.  Battles  of  Lutzen,  Dresden,  and  Leipsic. 

1814.  Paris  taken  by  the  allied  armies.    Abdication  of  Napoleon. 
"     Louis  XVIII.     Reigned  10  years. 

1815.  Battle  of  Waterloo.    Final  defeat  of  Napoleon. 
1821.  Death  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  at  St.  Helena. 
1824.  Charles  X.     Reigned  6  years. 

1830.  Second  French  Revolution.    Charles  X.  dethroned. 
"     Louis  Philippe.   Reigned  18  years. 

1847.  Conquest  of  Algeria. 

1848.  Third  French  Revolution.    Louis  Philippe  dethroned. 
44     Louis  Napoleon  elected  President 

1851.  Coup  d'etat  of  Louis  Napoleon. 

1852.  Louis  Napoleon  emperor,  with  the  title  of  Napoleon  III. 
1859.  Battles  of  Magenta  and  Solferino. 


324  FRANCE. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  By  whom  was  Louis  XI.  succeeded  on  the  throne  of  France  ? 285 

2.  State  what  you  can  of  Charles  and  the  events  of  his  reign 285-286 

3.  By  whom  was  Charles  VIII.  succeeded  on  the  throne  ? 286 

4.  Name  the  most  important  events  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XII 286-287-288 

5.  By  whom  was  Louis  XII.  succeeded  on  the  throne  ? 2S8 

6.  Name  the  important  events  of  the  reign  of  Francis  1 288-2S9-290 

7.  Who  was  the  successor  of  Francis  I.  and  what  was  his  character  ? 290 

8.  Name  the  important  events  occurring  during  the  reign  of  Henry  II 290-291 

9.  Who  was  the  successor  of  Henry  II.,  and  what  was  his  character  ? 290-291 

10.  Name  the  principal  events  of  the  reign  of  Francis  II 291-292 

11.  By  whom  was  Francis  II.  succeeded  as  king  of  France  ? . .         202 

12.  What  were  the  principal  events  of  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.  ? 292-293-294 

13.  Give  an  account  of  the  Huguenot  struggle 292-293-294-295-296-297-248 

14.  Who  was  Henry  III.  of  France,  and  what  his  character  ? 294 

15.  Name  the  important  events  of  the  reign  of  Henry  IH 294 

16.  Who  was  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  what  was  his  character  ? 294-296 

17.  Name  the  principal  events  of  the  reign  of  Henry  IV 295-296 

18.  By  whom  was  Henry  IV.  succeeded  on  the  throne  ? 296 

19.  Give  an  account  of  Richelieu,  his  character,  acts,  and  death 297-298 

20.  Who  was  Louis  XIV.,  and  what  was  his  character  ? 298-299-301 

21.  Name  the  important  events  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV 298—302 

22.  Who  was  Loui s  XV. ,  and  what  was  his  character  ? 302-303 

23.  What  were  the  principal  events  in  his  reign  ? 302-303 

24.  Who  was  Louis  XVI.,  and  what  was  his  character  ? 303 

25.  Relate  the  events  which  led  to  the  French  Revolution 304 

26.  State,  in  detail,  the  causes  of  the  rebellion 305 

27.  Relate  the  events  to  the  time  of  the  execution  of  the  king 305-306-307-308 

28.  Give  an  account  of  the  Reign  of  Terror 30S-309 

29.  Of  further  events  to  the  establishment  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic 309 

30.  Of  the  two  expeditions  against  Egypt 309-310 

31.  Of  further  events  till  Bonaparte  was  declared  emperor 310-311 

32.  Of  subsequent  events  to  the  fourth  coalition 311-312 

33.  Of  further  events  to  the  beginning  of  the  "  Peninsular  War" 312-313 

34.  To  the  retirement  of  Bonaparte  to  the  Island  of  Elba 313-314-315-316 

35.  Of  further  events  to  the  death  of  Bonaparte 316-317 

36.  Who  was  Louis  XVIII.,  and  what  were  the  events  of  his  reign  ?.. . .  »316-317-318 

37.  Who  was  Charles  X.,  and  what  were  the  events  of  his  reign  ? 318 

38.  Who  was  Louis  Philippe  ?  and  give  his  early  history 318-319 

39.  Give  an  account  of  his  reign,  flight  from  France,  and  death 319 

40.  What  events  followed  the  flight  of  Louis  Philippe  ? 319-320 

41.  Who  is  Louis  Napoleon  ?  and  give  his  early  history 320 

42.  Describe  the  steps  by  which  he  became  emperor  of  France 320-321 

43.  Give  the  cause  and  particulars  of  the  Russian  War 278-279-321 

44.  How  many  of  the  kings  of  France  were  named  Louis  ? 323 

45.  State,  as  far  as  you  can,  who  each  one  was 145—323 

46.  How  many  of  the  kings  of  France  were  named  Charles?.. 323 

47.  State,  as  far  as  you  can,  who  each  one  was 144—3-23 

48.  How  many  of  the  kings  of  France  were  named  Henry  ? 322 

49-  State,  as  far  as  you  can,  who  each  one  was 1S9-290-294-295 

50.  Which  of  the  kings  of  France  were  executed  ? 142—323 


1535.] 


EUROPEAN   STATES.  325 


section  iii. 
European  States. 

1.  The  history  of  the  States  of  Southern  and  Central 

Europe,  down  to  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century, 

has  been  given  in  connection  with  the  history  of  the  Middle 

Ages.    The  more  northern  states,  having  a  later  origin, 

have  not  as  yet  been  treated  of.    A  brief  outline  of  the 

history  of  each  of  the  European  States  is  given  in  this 

section. 

Germany, 

From  t7ie  Accession  of  Maximilian. 

2.  The  reign  of  Maximilian  (1493-1519)  is  noted  for  the 
commencement  of  the  preaching  of  Martin  Luther  against 
the  doctrines  of  the  Church  of  Rome  (1517).  Charles  V., 
who  succeeded  Maximilian,  his  grandfather,  was  one  of  the 
greatest  monarchs  of  ancient  or  modern  times.  He  had 
become  King  of  Spain  by  hereditary  right,  previous  to  his 
election  as  Emperor  of  Germany ;  and  was,  besides,  ruler 
over  Austria,  the  Netherlands,  and  Naples.  His  contests 
with  Francis  I.  of  France  have  been  already  sketched. 

3.  The  other  interesting  events  of  his  reign  are  his  con- 
flicts with  the  Turks,  his  defeat  of  the  pirate  Bar-oa-ros'sa 
at  Tunis  (1535),  and  his  repeated  contests  with  the  Prot- 
estants. This  name  was  first  given  to  the  followers  of 
Luther  at  Spire,  on  account  of  their  protest  against  the 
decree  passed  by  the  representatives  of  the  Catholic  States 


1 .  What  portion  of  the  history  is  contained  in  this  section  ? 

2.  For  what  is  the  reign  of  Maximilian  noted  ?    What  is  said  of  Charles  V.  ? 

3.  What  are  the  most  interesting  events  of  his  reign  ?  What  is  the  origin  o' 
the  name  Protestants?  What  is  said  of  the  ''Confession  of  Augsburg V  Of  Che 
"League  of  Smalcalde?"  What  was  the  effect  of  the.  latter?  Where  is  Augs- 
burg ?  (Ans.  In  Germany— Map,  No.  7.)  How  was  protestantism  secured  ?  What 
occurred  in  1556  ? 


326  EUKOPEAJT  STATES.  [1629. 

(1529).  At  Augsburg  they  published  their  Confession  of 
Faith,  which  was  drawn  up  by  Me-lanc 'tlion  (1530),  and 
signed  by  the  Protestant  princes.  The  latter,  after  the  con- 
demnation of  the  "  Confession  of  Augsburg "  by  the  Diet, 
formed,  for  their  defence,  the  famous  "League  of  Smal' 
cal-de."  This  firm  stand  on  the  part  of  the  supporters  of 
the  new  doctrines  compelled  Charles  to  relax  the  severity 
of  his  measures  against  them.  Protestantism  was  secured 
by  the  efforts  of  Maurice  of  Saxony,  resulting  in  the  treaty 
of  Passau  (1552).  Charles  V.  abdicated  the  throne  in 
1556,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Ferdinand. 

4.  The  next  important  event  in  the  history  of  Germany 
is  the  "Thirty  Years'  War,"  which  commenced  in 
1618,  in  Bohemia,  on  account  of  the  attempt  of  the  king 
(Ferdinand)  to  extinguish  Protestantism  within  his  domin- 
ions. During  the  progress  of  this  outbreak  in  Bohemia, 
Ferdinand  was  elected  Emperor  of  Germany ;  but  the  Bo- 
hemians chose  Frederic,  Elector-palatine,  son-in-law  of 
James  I.  of  England.  Frederic  being  defeated  in  the  battle 
of  Prague,  was  obliged  to  flee ;  and  the  Bohemians  were 
punished  without  mercy  (1620).  This  is  considered  the 
first  period  of  the  war. 

5.  Frederic's  general,  Mansfeldt,  held  out  for  a  time 
against  the  imperial  generals  Til'ly  and  Wal'len-steln ;  and 
succeeded  in  gaining  the  assistance  of  Christian  IV.,  king 
of  Denmark.  The  latter  was  defeated  by  Tilly ;  and  Wal- 
lenstein  invaded  and  took  possession  of  nearly  the  whole 
of  Denmark.  A  defeat  sustained  by  Wallenstein  at  Stral- 
sund*  afterward  compelled  the  emperor  to  grant  peace  to 
Christian  IV.,  on  condition  of  his  deserting  the  Protestant 
cause  (1629).     This  ended  the  second  period  of  the  war. 

6.  The  next  year  (1630),  by  the  intrigues  of  Eichelieu. 


*  Stralsund  is  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  Prussia,  on  the  Baltic  Sea. 

4.  WThat  led  to  the  Thirty  Years'1  War?    Give  an  account  of  the  first  period 
of  it. 

5.  Give  au  account  of  the  second  period. 


1648.] 


EUROPEAN   STATES.  327 


Wallenstein,  the  greatest  of  the  imperial  generals,  was  dis- 
missed; and  Gustavus  Adolphus,  King  of  Sweden,  was  in- 
duced to  enter  the  contest  as  the  champion  of  the  Prot- 
estant cause.  With  a  small,  but  finely  disciplined  army,  he 
invaded  Germany,  and  passed  triumphantly  through  the 
country,  haying  defeated  Tilly  in  a  great  battle  near  Leip- 
sic  (1631).  Tilly  being  slain  soon  afterward,  the  emperor 
was  obliged  to  recall  Wallenstein,  who  by  his  skilful  opera- 
tions soon  retrieved  the  imperial  cause.  In  1632,  occurred 
the  memorable  battle  of  Lutzen,  in  which  the  Protestants 
triumphed,  but  with  the  loss  of  their  great  leader  Gustavus 
(1632).  Soon  after  this,  Wallenstein,  being  accused  of  trea- 
son, was  assassinated  by  the  command  of  the  emperor 
(1634).    This  ended  the  third  period  of  the  war. 

7.  Richelieu  now  directly  took  part  in  the  struggle  on 
the  side  of  the  Protestants,  allying  France  with  Sweden, 
Holland,  and  the  Protestant  states  of  Germany  against  his 
implacable  foe,  the  House  of  Austria.  During  the  remain- 
der of  the  war,  the  imperial  cause  declined,  through  the  in- 
fluence of  Richelieu's  masterly  diplomacy  and  energetic 
military  operations.  The  Emperor  Ferdinand  II.  died  in 
1637,  and  Richelieu,  in  1642 ;  but  the  war  lingered  on  six 
years  longer.  The  peace  of  Westphalia  established  the  re- 
ligious independence  of  the  Protestant  states,  made  Hol- 
land and  Switzerland  free,  increased  the  territories  of 
France,  and  stripped  the- German  empire  of  very  much  of 
its  ancient  power  and  splendor  (1648). 

8.  The  long  reign  of  the  emperor  Leopold  I.  (1658- 
1705)  was  principally  occupied  in  wars  with  the  Turks  and 
with  France.  The  former,  in  1683,  penetrated  to  the  heart 
of  the  empire,  and  laid  siege  to  Vienna,  from  which  Le'o- 


6.  What  caused  the  intervention  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  ?  Give  an  account  of 
the  third  period  of  this  war. 

7.  Wha't  was  the  effect  of  Richelieu's  intervention?  How  did  the  war  end? 
What  were  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  ?    When  was  it  made  ? 

8.  With  what  was  the  reign  of  Leopold  I.  occupied?  What  was  done  hy  the 
Turks  ?  By  whom  were  they  defeated  and  expelled  ?  In  what  other  wars  wag 
Germany  involved  ?    What  is  said  of  Prince  Eugene  ? 


328  EUEOPEAN  STATES.  [1745. 

pold  was  compelled  to  flee.  Through  the  courage  and  ad- 
dress of  the  celebrated  Polish  king,  John  So'bi-es-M,  the  city- 
was  relieved,  and  the  Turks  were  obliged  to  retreat  to  their 
own  dominions.  Germany  was  involved  in  the  wars  caused 
by  the  ambitious  schemes  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France;  and 
several  brilliant  victories  were  gained  in  her  interest  by 
her  illustrious  general,  Prince  Eugene,  who,  as  has  been 
already  stated,  participated  in  the  great  battles  fought 
during  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  at  Blenheim, 
Oudenarde,  and  Malplaquet. 

9.  Prince  Eugene  also  gained  several  important  victories 
over  the  Turks,  of  which  the  greatest  were  that  of  Zenta, 
in  Hungary  (1697) ;  and  that  of  Bel-grade'  (1717),  the  lat- 
ter resulting  in  an  immense  loss  to  the  Turks,  including 
the  city  itself,  over  which,  as  being  the  key  of  Hungary, 
very  many  severe  conflicts  had  taken  place  between  the 
Austrian  and  Ottoman  forces.  Charles  VI.,  who  reigned 
from  1711  to  1740,  was  the  last  of  the  male  line  of  the 
Hapsburgs;  and  his  death  was  followed  by  disputes  which 
led  to  the  famous  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession. 
.10.  In  this  war,  Frederick  the  Great,  king  of  Prussia, 
joined  the  enemies  of  Maria  Theresa,  in  their  attempt  to 
deprive  her  of  her  dominions;  and  the  elector  of  Bavaria, 
assuming  the  imperial  throne,  under  the  title  of  Charles 
VII.,  and  being  assisted  by  France,  advanced  to  Vienna, 
and  compelled  her  to  flee  to  Hungary.  The  Hungarians 
drew  their  swords  enthusiastically  in  her  favor,  and  Charles 
VII.  was  forced  to  retreat.  The  latter  died  in  1745;  and 
Francis  of  Lorraine,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  the  husband 
of  Maria  Theresa,  was  elected  emperor,  under  the  title  of 
Francis  I. 

11.  The  reign  of  Francis  I.  was   distinguished  by  the 

9.  What  victories  over  the  Turks  were  gained  by  Prince  Eugene?    What  is 
said  of  Belgrade  ?    What  line  ended  with  Charles  VI.  ?    What  war  followed  '( 

10.  Give  an  account  of  the  "  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession."    Who  became 
emperor  in  1745  ? 

1 1 .  For  what  was  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  distinguished  ?    What  caused  the 
"  Seven  Years'  War  ?*' 


1815.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  329 

great  "  Seven  Years'  War"  which  broke  out  eight  years  after 
the  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  (1756).  Great  Britain  and 
France  quarrelled  about  their  colonial  possessions  in  North 
America ;  Austria  was  eager  to  regain  the  territories  which 
Frederick  of  Prussia  had  conquered  during  the  previous 
war ;  and  the  Empress  of  Eussia  was  desirous  of  curbing 
the  pride  and  ambition  of  the  Prussian  monarch.  Poland 
and  Sweden  joined  Eussia ;  and  thus  Frederick,  whose  only 
ally  was  Great  Britain,  had  to  contend  against  five  great 
states. 

12.  The  Prussian  king  was,  however,  the  greatest  general 
of  his  age;  and  the  many  splendid  victories  which  he 
gained  with  his  small  but  highly-disciplined  army,  illus- 
tiate,  in  a  very  striking  manner,  to  what  an  extent  the 
genius  of  a  military  commander  can  triumph  over  superior 
numbers.  This  war  was  closed  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  in 
1763. 

13.  During  the  reign  of  Francis  II.  (1792-1835),  occurred 
the  great  wars  with  Napoleon,  the  result  of  which  was,  that 
the  Empire  was  dissolved  in  1806,  after  an  existence  of 
more  than  a  thousand  years.  Most  of  the  states  were 
formed  into  the  "  Confederation  of  the  Ehine ;"  and  Austria 
became  an  hereditary  empire,  over  which  Francis  continued 
to  rule  until  his  death  in  1835. 

14.  After  the  defeat  of  Napoleon  at  Leipsic,  in  1814,  the 
Confederation  of  the  Ehine  was  dissolved ;  and,  in  1815, 
the  Congress  of  Vienna  formed  the  "  Germanic  Confedera- 
tion," consisting  of  39  states,  of  which  the  central  assem- 
bly, or  Diet,  held  its  sessions  at  Frankfort  on  the  Mayne 
(mine).  Subsequently,  the  peace  of  Germany  was  much 
disturbed  by  the  repeated  contests  of  Austria  and  Prussia 
for  supremacy  in  the  affairs  of  the  Confederacy.  During 
the  revolutionary  period  of  1848-9,  the  King  of  Prussia, 

1 2.  What  was  accomplished  by  Frederick  the  Great  ? 

1 3.  What  distinguished  the  reign  of  Francis  II.  ?    What  took  place  in  1806  ? 

1 4.  What  change  occurred  in  the  constitution  of  Germany  in  1814  and  1815  ? 
How  was  the  quiet  of  Germany  disturbed  ?    What  occurred  in  1849  ? 


330  EUROPEAN   STATES.  [1849 

whose  policy  had  been  to  give  greater  unity  to  Germany, 
obtained,  by  a  vote  of  half  the  states,  the  title  of  Emperor 
of  the  Germans ;  but  to  this  the  other  states  would  not 
consent. 

15.  The  "  Six  Weeks'  War"  of  1866  gave  to  Prussia  that 
leading  control  in  Germany  for  which  she  had  so  long  con- 
tended. In  June  of  that  year,  war  was  declared  against 
Austria  by  Prussia  and  Italy ;  by  the  latter,  to  obtain  pos- 
session of  the  Venetian  territories.  The  Italians  were  de- 
feated ;  but  the  Prussians,  under  the  command  of  their  king 
( William  /.),  invaded  Bohemia,  and  in  the  battle  of  Sad" o-wa, 
defeated  with  great  loss  the  Austrians,  under  Marshal 
Benedek.  By  the  treaty  which  soon  followed,  Austria  was 
excluded  from  the  Germanic  Confederation ;  and  Prussia, 
after  incorporating  with  her  own  dominions  some  of  the 
states,  formed  of  those  north  of  the  Mayne,  including  her- 
self, the  North  German  Confederation.,  the  diet  of  which 
meets  at  Berlin.  The  states  further  south,  of  which  Bava- 
ria, Wurtemberg,  and  Baden  are  the  chief,  are  entirely 
independent. 

16.  Austria. — Austria,  after  its  organization  as  a  sepa- 
rate empire  in  1806,  continued  to  be  involved  in  the  great 
conflict  with  Napoleon,  in  which  she  suffered  terrible  disas- 
ters. The  great  defeat  at  Wagram  left  her  powerless ;  and 
the  Emperor  Francis  was  obliged  to  submit  to  the  humilia- 
tion of  accepting  the  victorious  Corsican  as  his  son-in-law 
(1810).  Since  the  settlement  of  affairs  by  the  Congress  of 
Vienna,  the  most  noted  events  in  the  history  of  the  Austrian 
empire  have  been  the  unsuccessful  revolt  of  Hungary,  in 
which  Kossuth  (Jcos-shoot1)  took  so  distinguished  a  part 
(1849),  and  the  wars  waged  with  Prussia  and  Italy.  The 
result  of  the  latter  has  been  to  deprive  Austria  of  all  her 
dominions  in  Northern  Italy,  and  to  exclude  her  from  all 
participation  in  the  affairs  of  Germany. 

1 5.  Give  an  account  of  the  "  Six  Weeks'  War."    What  was  its  result  ? 

1 6.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Austria  since  1806. 


1701.]  eubopeak  states.  331 

Prussia. 

17.  Prussia  derives  its  name  from  the  Bo-rus'si,  a  fierce 
and  warlike  tribe  of  the  Slavonic  race,  who  early  settled  on 
the  lands  bordering  on  the  Baltic  Sea.  In  the  first  part  of 
the  eleventh  century  they  were  partially  subdued  by  Bo- 
les'las,  king  of  Poland ;  but,  for  more  than  two  centuries, 
they  resisted  every  effort  made  to  convert  them  to  Chris- 
tianity. This  was  finally  established  among  them  by  means 
of  the  crusade  carried  on  against  them  by  the  Knights  of 
the  Teutonic  Order,*  during  more  than  fifty  years.  The 
country  remained  under  the  government  of  the  Knights 
for  about  two  centuries,  when  it  became  partly  dependent 
upon  the  great  kingdom  of  Poland  (1462). 

18.  The  Duchy  of  Bran' den-burg,  a  part  of  these  Prus- 
sian territories,  became,  in  1640,  the  nucleus  of  the  present 
kingdom  of  Prussia,  through  the  efforts  of  Frederick  Wil- 
liam, styled  the  Great  Elector.  Prom  Poland  he  obtained 
a  recognition  of  his  claim  to  the  Duchy  of  Prussia,  which 
had  been  hitherto  possessed  by  that  kingdom.  He  partic- 
ularly distinguished  himself  for  his  successful  wars  against 
the  Swedes,  whom,  in  1679,  he  entirely  expelled  from  the 
country.  He  was  also  noted  for  his  strenuous  efforts  in 
the  cause  of  the  Protestants  ;  for  which  he  received  letters 
of  congratulation  and  thanks  from  Oliver  Cromwell.  When 
the  Edict  of  Nantes  was  revoked  by  Louis  XIV.,  many  of 
the  exiled  Huguenots  found  a  refuge  in  the  dominions  of 
the  Great  Elector. 

19.  Prussia  became  a  kingdom  in  1701,  the  last  Elector, 

*  The  order  of  Teutonic  Knights  was  founded  during  the  Crusades.  Their  first  seat  was  at 
Acre  ;  but,  after  the  destruction  of  the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem,  they  removed  to  the  banks  of  the 
Vistula,  and  succeeded  finally  in  establishing  a  sovereignty,  which  had  the  control  of  nearly 
three  millions  of  people. 


1 7.  What  is  the  origin  of  the  name  Prussia?  Give  an  account  of  the  Borussi. 
How  was  Christianity  established  ?  Who  were  the  Teutonic  Knights  ?  {See  note.) 
Into  whose  control  did  the  country  pass,  and  when  ? 

18.  What  was  the  nucleus  of  the  kingdom  of  Prussia?  Who  was  called  the 
Great  Elector  ?    What  is  related  of  him  ? 

1 9.  How  and  when  did  Prussia  become  a  kingdom  ?  What  is  said  of  FredericK 
William  I.  ? 


332  EUROPEAN  STATES.  [1814. 

Frederick  III.,  having  been  acknowledged  king  by  the  em- 
peror of  Germany,  on  condition  that  he  should  aid  the 
cause  of  Austria  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 
His  troops  gained  great  distinction  by  their  valor  in  the 
battle  of  Blenheim.  He  was  succeeded  by  Frederick  Wil- 
liam I,  in  1713,  noted  for  his  harsh  and  eccentric  charac- 
ter, his  fondness  for  tall  soldiers,  and  his  savage  treatment 
of  his  son,  who  succeeded  him  as  Frederick  the  Great  (1740). 

20.  Under  the  latter,  Prussia  became  one  of  the  greatest 
military  powers  in  Europe,  partly  through  the  magnificent 
army  which  had  been  collected  by  Frederick  William  I., 
and  disciplined  to  the  highest  degree  of  efficiency.  The 
achievements  of  Frederick  the  Great  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War,  have  already  been  referred  to.  The  details  of  this 
remarkable  struggle  present  one  of  the  most  interesting 
chapters  in  history.  In  1772,  the  Prussian  territories  were 
greatly  enlarged  by  the  first  partition  of  Poland.  Fred- 
erick gave  considerable  attention  to  the  internal  improve- 
ment of  his  kingdom,  encouraging  agriculture,  manufac- 
tures, and  commerce.  He  was  passionately  fond  of  litera- 
ture, was  an  intimate  friend  and  associate  of  Voltaire,  and 
acquired  himself  some  distinction  as  an  author.  He  died 
in  1786,  at  the  age  of  75. 

21.  The  wars  with  Napoleon  occurred  during  the  reign 
of  Frederick  William  III.  In  these,  Prussia  suffered  the 
terrible  overthrow  of  Jena  (1806),  but  redeemed  her  honor 
through  the  achievements  of  Blucher  {Uoo'ker),  to  whose 
skill,  courage,  and  promptitude  the  great  victories  of  Leip- 
sic  and  Waterloo  were  partly  due.  Blucher's  hatred  of 
Napoleon  and  the  French  was  intense;  and,  had  he  not 
been  overruled  by  the  other  generals,  Paris,  in  1814,  would 
have  been  given  up  to  be  pillaged  by  the  soldiers. 


20.  What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Frederick  the  Great?  Of  the  "Seven  Years' 
War  ?"  How  was  Prussia  enlarged  in  1772  ?  What  is  said  of  Frederick  ?  When 
did  he  die  ? 

ftl.  During  whose  reign  did  the  wars  with  Napoleon  occur  ?  How  was  her  do 
feat  at  Jena  retrieved  ?    What  is  related  of  Blucher  ? 


1861.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  333 

22.  By  the  Congress  of  Vienna  the  Prussian  territories 
were  much  enlarged ;  and  during  the  subsequent  part  of 
the  reign  of  Frederick  William,  the  condition  of  Prussia 
was  greatly  improved.  The  commercial  league  among 
the  states,  called  the  Zoll-ver-eiri ,  has  very  considerably 
facilitated  trade;  and  the  establishment  of  common  schools 
of  a  high  order  of  excellence,  has  done  much  to  enlighten 
the  people  and  augment  the  real  strength  of  the  kingdom. 
Frederick  William  III.  was  succeeded  in  1840  by  his  son, 
Frederick  William  IV.,  who  died  in  1861.  During  the 
reign  of  his  successor,  William  I,  the  changes  in  the  Prus- 
sian dominions  occurred,  which  have  been  explained  in 
connection  with  the  history  of  Germany.  These  monarchs 
have  ruled  with  despotic  power,  steadily  resisting  all  efforts 
on  the  part  of  the  people  to  obtain  a  liberal  representative 
government. 

Poland. 

23.  Poland  was  erected  into  a  kingdom,  and  became  an 
extensive  and  powerful  monarchy,  during  the  Middle  Ages. 
In  the  latter  part  of  the  fourteenth  century  occurred  its 
first  union  with  Lith-u-a'ni-a,  a  large  district  extending  to 
the  Nie'men  and  Dnie'per  rivers.  Soon  after  this,  successful 
wars  were  waged  with  the  Teutonic  Knights,  which  re- 
sulted in  uniting  the  Prussian  provinces  with  Poland 
(1462).  During  the  reign  of  Sigismimd  I.  (1506-1548),  a 
war  was  carried  on  with  the  Eussians,  who  thus  acquired 
Smolensk.  Through  the  wise  and  beneficent  measures  of 
this  sovereign,  Poland  was  much  improved,  and  reached  a 
very  high  degree  of  greatness  and  splendor. 

24.  In  the  next  reign  (Sigismund  II.) ,  occurred  the  final 
union  of  Poland  and  Lithuania  (1569);  and  the  Protestant 

22.  What  other  events  are  mentioned  in  the  reign  of  Frederick  William  III.  ? 
Who  succeeded  him  ?  What  occurred  in  the  reign  of  William  I.  ?  How  did  these 
kings  reign  ? 

23.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  Poland.  By  whom  was  the  kingdom 
much  improved  ? 

24.  When  was  Protestantism  introduced  ?  Who  was  the  first  elected  mon 
arch? 


334  EUROPEAN  STATES.  [1793. 

doctrines  took  a  firm  hold  of  the  higher  classes.  At  the 
close  of  this  reign  (1572),  the  monarchy  was  made  elective; 
and  the  first  king  chosen  was  Henry  of  Valois,  afterward 
Henry  III.  of  France.  This  change  in  the  constitution  of 
the  kingdom  was  very  injurious  to  its  interests,  since  it 
fomented  faction  and  gave  rise  to  repeated  civil  wars. 

25.  The  next  century  was  chiefly  occupied  in  wars  with 
the  two  great  northern  powers,  Sweden  and  Eussia.  Dur- 
ing the  reign  of  John  Cas'i-mer  (1648-68),  a  Swedish  army 
overran  Poland,  took  War'saw  and  Ora'cow,  and  com- 
pelled the  king  to  flee.  The  Poles,  however,  made  a  vigor- 
ous effort  to  preserve  their  independence,  and,  having  ex- 
pelled the  Swedes,  restored  their  sovereign  to  his  throne. 

26.  The  reign  of  John  Sobieski  is  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
in  Polish  history.  He  was  a  great  warrior,  and  saved  his 
country  from  the  Cossacks  and  the  Turks.  His  defeat  of 
the  latter  near  Vienna,  in  1683,  has  already  been  referred 
to.  The  constant  dissensions  and  turbulence  of  the  Polish 
nobles,  however,  frustrated  all  his  efforts  to  improve  and 
strengthen  the  kingdom,  and  prepared  the  way  for  its 
final  dismemberment  and  ruin.  The  last  king  of  Poland 
was  Stanislas  Augustus,  during  whose  reign  occurred  the 
first  partition  (1772),  by  which  Austria,  Eussia,  and  Prus- 
sia divided  most  of  its  dominions  among  themselves,  leav- 
ing to  the  Polish  king  only  a  nominal  authority  over  those 
remaining  to  him. 

27.  Twenty  years  later,  the  war  with  the  Eussians  again 
broke  out;  but  they  were  defeated  by  the  Poles,  under 
their  renowned  leader  Prince  Po-ni-a-tow'sJci,  in  several 
engagements,  notwithstanding  which  Stanislas  submitted 
to  the  second  partition,  by  which  the  Polish  territories 
were  still  further  diminished  (1793).     The  next  year,  the 

25.  How  was  the  next  century  occupied?    What  occurred  during  the  reign  of 
John  Casimer? 

26.  What  is  said  of  John  Sobieski  ?    Who  was  the  last  king  of  Poland  ?    De- 
scribe the  first  partition. 

27.  What  events  preceded  the  second  partition  ?    What  was  done  in  1794  ? 


1862.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  335 

Poles  made  an  ineffectual  effort  to  regain  their  lost  liber- 
ties, under  that  noble  and  illustrious  patriot  Thad'de-us 
Kos-ci-us'ko,  who  had  so  generously  lent  his  sword  to  the 
cause  of  American  freedom,  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

28.  At  first  victorious,  the  brave  Poles  were  soon  obliged 
to  succumb  to  the  overwhelming  masses  of  the  Russians, 
commanded  by  the  fierce  and  relentless  Suwarrow ;  and 
Kosciusko  was  wounded  and  made  a  prisoner  (1794). 
Warsaw  was  soon  after  taken  by  storm ;  and  the  last  relic 
of  Polish  independence  was  destroyed  by  the  third  parti- 
tion (1795).  Stanislas  died  a  broken-hearted  exile  in  St. 
Petersburg  (1798).  Kosciusko,  kept  for  some  time  a  cap- 
tive at  St.  Petersburg,  was  afterward  released ;  and  for 
many  years  wandered  in  America,  France,  and  Switzerland. 
In  the  last-named  country  he  died,  from  the  effects  of  a  fall 
from  his  horse  (1817). 

29.  The  wars  waged  by  Napoleon  I.  against  the  enemies 
of  Poland  excited  new  hopes  in  the  people  of  regaining 
their  independence ;  but  these  were  destroyed  by  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna,  who  gave  some  of  the  Polish  territories  to 
Prussia  and  Austria,  and  formed  of  the  remainder  the 
Kingdom  of  Poland,  under  the  control  of  the  Czar.  After 
the  unsuccessful  insurrection  of  the  Poles  in  1830,  this 
kingdom  was  incorporated  with  the  Russian  empire. 
Another,  but  still  unsuccessful,  insurrection  against  the 
Russian  government,  took  place  in  1862. 

Holland  and  Belgium. 

30.  Holland  and  Belgium,  called  the  Netherlands,  or 
Low  Countries,  constituted,  in  843,  a  part  of  Germany. 
For  several  centuries,  it  was  under  the  rule  of  petty 
princes  ;  and  afterward  constituted  a  part  of  the  Duchy  of 

28.  What  led  to  the  third  partition?    What  is  related  of  Stanislas  and  Kosci- 
usko? 

29.  When  and  how  was  the  kingdom  of  Poland  formed  ?    What  occurred  in 
1830  and  1862? 

30.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  Holland  and  Be'gium. 


336  EUROPEAN   STATES.  [1713. 

Burgundy.  Several  of  its  cities,  as  Ghent,  Antwerp,  Brus- 
sels, and  Mecli'lin,  grew  strong  and  rich  by  their  trade  and 
manufactures.  The  death  of  Charles  the  Bold,  and  the 
marriage  of  his  daughter,  Mary  of  Burgundy,  with  Maxi- 
milian, brought  the  Netherlands,  for  a  time,  under  the  sway 
of  Austria  (1477);  but  they  subsequently  passed,  by  in- 
heritance, to  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  who  was  the  grand- 
son of  Mary  of  Burgundy. 

31.  The  historical  importance  of  these  states  commences 
in  the  reign  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  the  son  and  successor 
of  Charles,  through  the  resistance  made  by  their  spirited 
inhabitants  to  the  tyranny  and  intolerance  of  that  bigoted 
monarch.  Under  their  great  leader,  William  of  Orange, 
surnamed  the  "  Silent,"  the  Seven  United  Provinces  suc- 
cessfully revolted  against  the  cruelties  of  the  Duke  of  Alva, 
viceroy  of  Philip,  and  achieved  their  independence,  William 
becoming  the  first  Stadtholder  (1579).  This  illustrious 
personage  was  assassinated  in  1584,  but  the  United  Prov- 
inces were  presided  over  by  the  Princes  of  Orange  till  the 
French  Eevolution.  The  other  provinces  (Belgium)  con- 
tinued to  belong  to  Spain,  till  they  were  transferred  to 
Austrian  (1713). 

32.  The  Dutch  Kepublic  became,  a  short  time  after  its 
independence,  the  most  formidable  maritime  power  in  the 
world.  The  part  taken  by  it  in  the  great  European  wars, 
and  its  successive  contests  with  Great  Britain,  have  already 
been  related.  During  the  French  Eevolution,  the  National 
Convention  having  declared  war  against  Holland,  the 
country  was  overrun  by  the  French  armies ;  and  the  anti- 
Orange  faction  excited  a  popular  insurrection  which  ex- 
pelled William  V.,  the  last  of  the  Stadtholders,  and  led  to 
the   establishment  of  the   Batavian  Republic,  under  the 

31.  When  and  how  does  the  historical  importance  of  the  Netherlands  com- 
mence ?  How  was  the  independence  of  the  Seven  Provinces  secured  ?  What  is 
said  of  William  the  Silent  ?  How  long  did  the  Princes  of  Orange  preside  over  the 
country  ?    To  whom  did  Belgium  helong  ? 

32.  What  did  the  Dutch  Republic  become  ?  What  happened  during  the  French 
Eevolution  ? 


1865.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  337 

protection  and  control  of  the  French  (1795).     Belgium 
was  made  a  part  of  France. 

33.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  made  his  brother  Louis  king 
of  Holland,  but  afterward  dethroned  him,  and  annexed  the 
country  to  France.  After  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna  reunited  Holland  and  Belgium,  and  thus 
formed  the  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  which  was  placed 
under  one  of  the  Orange  family,  with  the  title  of  William  I. 
This  union  lasted  till  1830,  when  Belgium  successfully  re- 
volted, and  became  a  separate  kingdom,  Leopold,  a  German 
prince,  being  placed  upon  the  throne.  In  1865,  he  was 
succeeded  by  Leopold  II.  Holland  is  now  (1869)  ruled  by 
William  III.,  who  ascended  the  throne  in  1849. 

Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark. 

34.  These  three  countries  were  in  the  Middle  Ages  in- 
habited by  a  Scandinavian  people,  the  descendants  of  the 
Goths  and  other  barbarous  races.  Each  was  governed  by 
its  own  princes  till  the  beginning  of  the  14th  century, 
when  Norway  was  united  with  Sweden.  The  three  coun- 
tries were  formed  into  one  kingdom,  under  the  rule  of 
Margaret,  Queen  of  Denmark,  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
same  century  (1397).  This  union,  however,  was  neither 
effectual  nor  permanent ;  but  the  kings  of  Denmark  con- 
tinued to  claim  and  exercise  some  sway  over  these  countries 
till  1523,  when  Sweden  was  freed  from  the  tyranny  of 
Christian  II.  of  Denmark,  by  the  patriotic  exertions  of  the 
renowned  Gustavus  Vasa. 

35.  Sweden. — This  illustrious  man  was  afterward 
elected  king  of  Sweden,  and,  by  his  wise  and  beneficent 
measures,  established  the  prosperity  of  the  kingdom,  and 
gave  to  this  semi-barbarous  state  an  honorable  place  among 

33.  What  disposition  was  made  of  Holland  by  Napoleon  ?    By  the  Congress  of 
Vienna  ?    What  other  changes  occurred  in  Holland  and  Belgium  ? 

34.  Give  the  history  of  Sweden,  Norway,  andDenmark  to  the  time  of  Gustavua 
Vasa. 

35.  What  is  related  of  Gustavus  Vasa?    Of  Gustavus  Adolphus  ?    Of  Oxen- 
stiern  ? 

15 


338  EUROPEAN   STATES.  [1718. 

the  civilized  monarchies  of  Europe.  His  reign  of  thirty- 
seven  years  (1523-1560)  was  also  signalized  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  Protestantism.  The  next  important  reign  was 
that  of  the  celebrated  Gustavus  Adolphus,  the  hero  of  Lut- 
zen.  His  death,  in  1632,  would  have  been  an  irreparable 
disaster  to  his  country  but  for  the  virtues  and  talents  of 
his  minister  Ox'en-stiern  (stern),  who  administered  the 
government  during  the  minority  of  Chris-ti'na,  daughter 
of  Gustavus. 

36.  Charles  XL,  during  his  long  reign  (1660-1697),  suc- 
ceeded in  enlarging  the  Swedish  territories,  and  obtained 
from  the  Diet  a  decree  giving  to  him  absolute  power.  His 
reign  was  exceedingly  prosperous,  and  the  internal  condi- 
tion of  the  kingdom  was  much  improved.  Charles  XIL, 
called  sometimes  the  "  Madman  of  the  North,"  succeeded. 
His  passion  for  conquest  and  military  glory  plunged  his 
country  in  many  miseries  and  misfortunes.  A  coalition 
formed  against  him  by  Denmark,  Poland,  and  Eussia,  led 
to  the  Northern  War,  in  which  Charles  gained  several  bril- 
liant victories  over  the  Danes  and  Russians ;  and  having 
succeeded  in  dethroning  the  king  of  Poland,  placed  in  his 
stead  Stanislas  (1704). 

37.  The  celebrated  contest  with  Peter  the  Great  fol- 
lowed; and  Charles  invaded  Eussia  with  a  large  army, 
which,  after  suffering  the  most  dreadful  hardships  from 
cold  and  hunger,  was  finally  defeated  at  Pol-ta'va  (1709). 
Charles  took  refuge  in  Turkey,  and  succeeded  in  persuading 
the  Turkish  emperor  to  declare  war  against  Eussia ;  but  he 
afterward  quarrelled  with  the  emperor,  and  was  compelled, 
after  remaining  more  than  five  years  in  Turkey,  to  flee. 
He  returned  to  Sweden  in  1714,  and  still  continued  to 
carry  out  his  ambitious  designs  till  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred during  the  siege  of  a  town  in  Norway  (1718). 

36.  What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Charles  XI.?  What  was  the  character  of 
Charles  XII.  ?  What  led  to  the  Northern  War  ?  What  was  accomplished  in  it  by 
Charles  XII.  ? 

37.  What  other  events  occurred  during  his  reign  ?    When  did  it  end  ? 


1523.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  339 

38.  The  vacillating  policy  of  Gustavus  IV,  during  the 
Napoleonic  wars,  led  to  the  loss  of  Bothnia  and  Finland ; 
and,  in  1809,  he  was  obliged  to  abdicate  in  favor  of  his 
uncle,  Charles  XIII.  This  king  being  without  heirs,  Ber- 
na-dotte',  one  of  Napoleon's  marshals,  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  Crown  Prince  (1810),  and  became  virtually  the 
king.  With  the  title  of  Charles  XIV.  he  formally  ascended 
the  throne  of  Norway  and  Sweden  in  1818,  the  two  coun- 
tries having  been  united  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  His 
reign,  which  was  characterized  by  vigor  and  moderation, 
lasted  until  1844,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Oscar. 
Since  the  death  of  the  latter,  in  1859,  the  kingdom  of  Nor- 
way and  Sweden  has  been  ruled  by  his  grandson  Charles 
XV.  Each  country,  however,  continues  to  have  its  own 
separate  legislature. 

39.  Norway  continued  to  be  united  with  Denmark  till 
1814,  when,  by  the  treaty  of  Kiel  (keel),  the  allied  powers 
compelled  the  latter  to  resign  her  possession  of  Norway 
to  Sweden.  The  union  of  the  two  countries  was  afterward 
confirmed  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  The  people  of  Nor- 
way made  some  resistance  to  this  arrangement;  but  the 
country  being  invaded  by  an  army  under  Bernadotte,  they 
were  reduced  to  submission.  The  constitutional  privileges 
of  the  nation  have,  however,  been  retained;  and  the  condi- 
tion of  the  country,  under  the  Bernadotte  dynasty,  has 
been  one  of  peace  and  prosperity. 

40.  Denmark. — After  the  separation  of  Sweden  and  Den- 
mark (1523),  the  latter  was  governed  by  Frederick  I.,  who 
introduced  the  Lutheran  religion  into  his  dominions.  Dur- 
ing the  next  reign,  Sles'tvich  and  HoV stein  were  annexed  to 
the  Danish  territories.  Under  Christian  IV,  Denmark  took 
an  active  part  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War ;  but  defeat  and 

38.  What  caused  the  loss  of  Bothnia  and  Finland  ?  What  led  to  the  election 
of  Bernadotte  ?  Of  what  countries  was  he  made  king  ?  What  is  said  of  his 
reign  ?    Who  succeeded  him  ?    Who  is  the  reigning  sovereign  ? 

39.  Give  the  history  of  Norway  subsequent  to  1814. 

40.  What  events  are  related  in  the  history  of  Denmark  subsequent  to  the  loss 
of  Sweden  ? 


310  EUROPEAN   STATES.  [1864. 

disaster  were  the  consequence,  and  Christian  was  obliged 
to  submit  to  very  humiliating  conditions  of  peace  (1629). 

41.  During  the  Napoleonic  wars,  Great  Britain,  claiming 
the  right  to  search  foreign  vessels,  took  a  Danish  frigate 
that  had  made  resistance.  This  led  to  a  league  with  Rus- 
sia, Prussia,  and  Sweden,  against  the  naval  power  of  Great 
Britain.  Nelson,  however,  attacked  and  destroyed  the 
Danish  fleet  in  the  harbor  of  Copenhagen,  and  thus  para- 
lyzed the  power  of  the  confederacy  (1801).  The  British 
again  destroyed  the  Danish  fleet  in  1807,  in  consequence 
of  a  threatened  alliance  with  France.  By  the  treaty  of 
Vienna,  Denmark  received  the  Duchy  of  Lau'en-burg 
(1815). 

42.  In  1848,  a  revolt  occurred  in  Sleswick  and  Holstein, 
to  produce  a  separation  of  the  Duchies  from  the  Danish 
crown ;  but  it  was  subdued,  through  assistance  furnished 
by  Austria.  In  1864,  Prussia,  in  alliance  with  Austria, 
compelled  Denmark  to  give  up  these  territories,  and  thus 
confined  her  sway  to  the  peninsula  and  the  adjacent  islands. 
The  marriage,  in  1863,  of  the  English  Prince  of  Wales  to 
Alexandra,  daughter  of  the  Danish  king,  Christian  IX., 
has  a  third  time  allied  Denmark  to  Great  Britain. 

Russia. 

43.  The  ancestors  of  the  Russians  were  the  Slaves,  who, 
at  an  early  period,  formed  settlements  near  the  sources  of 
the  Dnieper,  Dniester,  and  Don  rivers,  and  the  Baltic  Sea. 
Of  these,  Nov-go-rod'  and  Kief  (ke-ef)  were  the  chief.  The 
size  and  influence  of  the  former,  while  a  member  of  the 
Hanseatic  League  in  the  13th  century,  were  so  great,  that 
it  was  called  the  "  Mighty  Novgorod."  It  was  the  metrop- 
olis of  one  of  the  most  extensive  of  the  Russian  states,  oc- 


4 1 .  What  events  occurred  daring  the  Napoleonic  wars  ? 

42.  What  revolt  happened  in  1848?    What  caused  the  loss  of  the  Duchies? 
What  alliance  has  been  formed  with  England  ? 

43.  Who  were  the  ancestors  of  the  Kussians  ?    Where  did  they  settle  ?    Which 
were  their  chief  settlements  ?    What  is  said  of  Novgorod  ? 


1703.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  341 

cupying  a  vast  tract  stretching  from  the   Baltic  to  the 
White  Sea. 

44.  For  several  centuries  Eussia  was  overrun  by  the  Mon- 
gols, from  whom  it  was  emancipated  by  Ivan  III.,  one  of 
the  greatest  of  its  monarchs,  who,  during  his  reign  of  nearly 
half  a  century  (1462-1505),  did  very  much  to  improve  and 
elevate  the  people.  He  had  married  a  niece  of  Constantine 
Palseologus,  and  endeavored  to  introduce  into  his  country 
the  laws,  institutions,  and  arts  of  civilization  peculiar  to 
the  Greek  empire.  During  this  and  the  two  succeeding 
reigns,  the  petty  principalities  were  abolished,  and  Eussia 
assumed  the  character  of  a  consolidated  empire  (1584).  A 
short  time  previous  to  this,  the  conquest  of  Siberia  had 
been  commenced ;  and,  in  1661,  Ir-koutsk'  was  founded. 

45.  Eussia  owes  its  greatness  as  a  European  power  to 
the  talents  and  energy  of  Peter  the  Great,  who  was  one  of 
the  most  extraordinary  personages  described  in  history. 
With  an  inflexible  will,  he  was  dismayed  by  no  difficulty 
and  appalled  by  no  danger.  With  the  spirit  of  an  enlight- 
ened patriot,  he  resolved  to  introduce  among  his  people  the 
useful  arts,  the  civilized  customs,  and  the  beneficent  insti- 
tutions which  he  saw  prevailing  in  other  countries  of  Eu- 
rope. To  accomplish  this,  he  visited  England,  Holland, 
and  other  countries ;  and  even  engaged  himself  as  a  com- 
mon mechanic,  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  arts  which  he 
desired  to  teach  his  people.  In  1703,  the  capital  was  re- 
moved from  Moscow  to  his  new  city,  St.  Petersburg. 

46.  Previous  to  this,  the  war  with  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden 
broke  out ;  and  Peter  was  defeated  with  great  loss  in  the 
battle  of  Narva  (1700).*  Profiting  by  this  experience,  the 
Russian  monarch  reorganized  his  army;  and  when  Charles 

*  Narva  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of  Russia,  near  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 


44.  By  whom  was  Russia  overrun  ?    What  is  said  of  Ivan  m.  ?    What  change 
took  place  in  Russia  ?    What  conquest  was  made  ? 

45.  To  whom  does  Russia  owe  its  greatness  ?  What  is  said  of  Peter  the  Great  ? 

46.  Describe  his  wars  with  Charles  XII.    What  saved  him  from  defeat  by  the 
Turks  ?    When  did  Peter  the  Great  die  ? 


342  EUK0PEA1T   STATES.  [1825. 

invaded  Russia,  in  1707,  he  was  permitted  to  penetrate 
farther  and  farther  into  those  dreary  regions  of  frost  and 
famine,  till,  with  a  small  and  half-famished  remnant  of  his 
great  army,  he  was  surrounded  at  Poltava,  and  entirely  de- 
feated (1709).  Two  years  later,  Peter  allowed  the  Russian 
army  to  be  surrounded  by  the  Turks  near  the  Pruth  (proof) 
river ;  and  was  saved  from  a  terrible  disaster  by  an  artifice 
of  the  Empress  Catharine,  who  bought  off  the  vizier  with 
her  jewels.    Peter  the  Great  died  in  1725. 

47.  Catharine  I,  the  widow  of  the  great  Czar,  succeeded 
him,  ruling  for  two  years.  She  had  originally  been  a  peas- 
ant girl;  but  by  her  prudence,  intelligence,  and  enterprise, 
she  did  much  to  facilitate  the  beneficent  objects  of  her  dis- 
tinguished husband.  Prince  Men'  schi-Tcoff,  the  chief  min- 
ister of  Peter,  had  also  risen  from  a  very  humble  station. 
During  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great 
and  Catharine,  Russia  became  prominent  among  the  nations 
of  Europe,  and  took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  Seven 
Years'  War  (1740-48). 

48.  The  profligate  empress  Catharine  II  (1762-96)  had 
the  celebrated  Po-tem'hin  for  her  minister  and  favorite. 
Wars  were  waged  with  Turkey  and  Poland,  and  the  Crimea 
was  wrested  from  the  former  in  1784.  The  Turks  were 
afterward  severely  defeated  by  the  famous  general  Suwar- 
roiv,  and  compelled  to  submit  to  further  loss  of  territory. 
This  general  also  distinguished  himself  during  the  next 
reign  (Paul)  in  the  wars  waged  against  Napoleon.  Paul 
was  assassinated  in  1801,  and  was  succeeded  by  Alexander 
L,  who  entered  into  the  several  coalitions  formed  against 
Napoleon.    He  died  in  1825. 

49.  The  reign  of  Nicholas  L,  who  was  a  stern  despot,  is 

47.  What  is  said  of  Catharine  I.  ?  Prince  Menschikoff  ?  The  Empress  Eliza- 
beth ? 

48.  What  is  related  of  the  reign  of  Catharine  II.  ?  Of  Suwarrow?  Who  suc- 
ceeded Catharine  II.  ?  What  ended  the  reign  of  Paul  ?  Who  succeeded  him  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Alexander  I.  ? 

49.  What  were  the  chief  events  of  the  reign  of  Nicholas  I.  ?  By  whom  was  he 
succeeded  ?    What  took  place  in  1856  ? 


1865.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  343 


V 


ioJed  for  the  insurrection  in  Poland  (1830) ;  and  the  cruel 
punishments  inflicted  upon  the  unfortunate  Poles  by  the 
remorseless  emperor.  The  crushing  out  of  the  Hungarian 
insurrection  by  the  interference  of  Eussia,  and  the  Crimean 
war,  were  also  events  of  this  reign.  Nicholas  died  while 
the  latter  was  in  progress,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  present 
emperor,  Alexander  II.  (1855).  The  next  year,  the  treaty 
of  Paris  was  concluded,  by  which  Eussia  was  obliged  to 
resign  her  pretensions  to  the  Danubian  principalities,  and 
to  the  unrestricted  navigation  of  the  Black  Sea. 

50.  Alexander's  reign  has,  in  many  respects,  been  mild 
and  beneficent.  Many  important  reforms  have  been  intro- 
duced into  the  empire,  the  greatest  of  which  is  the  abolition 
of  serfdom,  by  which  fourteen  millions  of  people  have  been 
released  from  bondage,  and  made  free  citizens.  The  em- 
peror's severe  measures  against  the  Poles,  after  the  insur- 
rection of  1863-4,  considerably  modified  the  good  opinion 
in  which  he  had  previously  been  held.  During  this  reign, 
Eussia  has  made  considerable  acquisitions  of  territory  in 
Asia,  the  chief  of  which  are  the  regions  of  the  Can' casus 
(1859),  the  valley  of  the  A-mour'  River,  and  the  northern 
portion  of  Tur-kes-tan'  (1865). 

Switzerland. 

51.  The  chief  events  in  the  history  of  Switzerland,  after 
the  establishment  of  its  independence  in  1499,  were  those 
connected  with  the  changes  in  religion  brought  about  by 
the  celebrated  Protestant  preacher  Zivin'gle,  an  associate 
of  Luther  and  Melancthon.  The  Cantons  were  soon  in- 
volved in  a  civil  war  on  account  of  religious  dissensions. 
Zurich,  in  1523,  adopted  the  opinions  of  Zwingle,  and  was 
followed  by  Berne,  and  other  Cantons  in  the  north ;  while 

50.  What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Alexander  II.  ?  What  have  been  its  chief 
events  ? 

51.  What  is  said  of  the  history  of  Switzerland  subsequent  to  1499?  Who  was 
Ulric  Zwingle?  What  involved  the  Cantons  in  civil  war?  What  was  the  result  ? 
Who  was  Calvin  ?    What  is  said  of  his  doctrines  ? 


344  EUKOPEAN  STATES.  [1848. 

. > 

the  forest  Cantons  remained  attached  to  the  Church  of  «£ 
Eome.  In  a  battle  fought  in  1531,  the  latter  were  victo- 
rious, and  Zwingle  was  slain.  Geneva  was  the  residence 
of  John  Calvin,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the 
Protestants ;  and  from  his  preaching  spread  the  doctrines 
which  afterward  characterized  the  Puritans  of  England, 
and  the  people  of  Scotland.  The  death  of  Calvin  occurred 
in  1564. 

52.  The  neutrality  of  Switzerland  was  preserved  during 
the  Thirty  Years'  War;  and  at  its  close,  the  peace  of 
Westphalia  secured  the  independence  of  the  Confederacy, 
by  acknowledging  it  as  a  separate  state.  At  this  period, 
the  Swiss  were  among  the  best  soldiers  in  Europe,  and 
were  employed  in  immense  numbers  by  foreign  states.  In 
1798,  the  French  armies  overran  Switzerland;  and,  in 
1802,  Napoleon,  as  First  Consul,  annexed  three  of  the 
Cantons  to  France,  and  constituted  of  the  others  a  Confed- 
eration dependent  upon  it.  The  Congress  of  Vienna  re- 
stored the  Cantons,  and  re-established  the  republic,  con- 
sisting of  22  Cantons  (1815).  The  Constitution  of  1848 
vests  the  supreme  power  in  a  Federal  Assembly  consisting 
of  two  houses,  whose  place  of  meeting  is  at  Berne. 

Italy. 

53.  Italy  continued  to  be  divided  into  a  number  of  small 
states  until  a  very  recent  period.  Among  these,  the  Duchy 
of  Sa-voy'  became,  in  the  latter  period  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
a  power  of  considerable  importance.  During  the  wars  of 
Louis  XIV.  of  France,  it  took  sides  with  the  allies,  and  was 
rewarded,  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  with  the  island  of  Sicily 
and  other  territories.  The  Kingdom  of  Sardinia  originated 
in  a  treaty  made  between  Savoy  and  Austria  (1720),  by 
which  Sicily  was  exchanged  for  the  island  of  Sardinia,  and 

52.  What  followed  the  peace  of  Westphalia?    What  is  said  of  the  Swiss  sol- 
diers ?    What  changes  have  occurred  since,  in  the  government  of  Switzerland  ? 

53.  What  is  said  of  Italy  in  the  Middle  Ages  ?  What  is  said  of  Savoy  ?  Of  the 
kingdom  of  Sardinia  ? 


1867.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  345 

the  Duke  of  Savoy  was  acknowledged  king.  By  Napoleon 
it  was  stripped  of  much  of  its  territory,  which  was  restored 
by  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  who  also  annexed  to  it  the 
ancient  republic  of  Genoa. 

54.  Charles  Albert  was  a  vigorous  and  enterprising  mon- 
arch ;  and  during  his  reign  (1831-49)  many  reforms  were 
introduced  into  the  government,  in  compliance  with  the 
demands  for  a  more  liberal  policy,  by  the  people.  At  the 
revolutionary  period  of  1848,  the  king  announced  a  new 
constitution,  which  was  hailed  with  much  satisfaction.  An 
insurrection  of  the  Austrian  states  of  Italy  broke  out,  and 
the  king  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  Italian  forces. 
Being  disastrously  defeated,  he  was  compelled  to  abdicate 
in  favor  of  his  son,  Victor  Emanuel  (1849). 

55.  During  the  reign  of  the  latter,  many  changes  have 
taken  place  in  Italy.  Joseph  Gar-i-baV di,  called  by  some, 
from  the  simplicity  of  his  dress,  the  "Hero  of  the  Red 
Shirt,"  landing  in  Sicily,  proclaimed  himself  Dictator  for 
Victor  Emanuel.  Having  stormed  Palermo,  and  defeated 
the  troops  of  the  King  of  Naples,  he  invaded  the  mainland, 
and,  continuing  in  his  victorious  career,  compelled  the  king 
(Francis  IL,  nicknamed  JBombino)  to  flee  (1860). 

56.  Victor  Emanuel  afterward  entered  Naples,  and  was 
acknowledged  king.  Lombardy  had  been  wrested  the  year 
before  from  Austria,  through  the  aid  of  the  French  emperor, 
Napoleon  III.,  who  gained  the  splendid  victories  of  Magenta 
and  Solferino  over  the  Austrian  forces.  As  a  result  of  the 
successful  insurrection  of  1860,  the  states  of  Italy,  except 
Venetia  and  the  Papal  states,  by  general  resolution,  were 
consolidated  into  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  under  the  rule 
of  Victor  Emanuel.  After  the  Six  Weeks'  War  of  1867, 
Venetia  was  also  surrendered  by  Austria,  and  annexed  to 


54.  What  account  is  given  of  Charles  Albert  ?    Who  succeeded  him  ? 

5  8.  What  is  said  of  the  insurrection  under  Garibaldi  ? 

56.  Who  was  acknowledged  king  of  Naples  ?  How  was  Lombardy  annexed  t« 
Italy?  How  wae  the  kingdom  of  Italy  formed?  How  was  Venetia  acquired? 
What  is  now  the  capital  of  Italy  ? 

15* 


346  EUROPEAN   STATES.  [1580 

the  Italian  kingdom,  the  capital  of  which  is  now  at  Flor- 
ence. 

Spaik. 

57.  Charles  V.  of  Germany,  previous  to  his  election  as 
emperor,  inherited  the  throne  of  Spain,  being  the  grandson 
of  Isabella  of  Castile.  His  reign,  which  commenced  at  the 
death  of  Ferdinand  (1516),  lasted  forty  years ;  but  is  chiefly 
occupied  with  the  general  affairs  of  Europe.  Cardinal 
Ximenes  {he-ma' nes),  one  of  the  most  celebrated  personages 
of  his  age,  administered  the  government  till  1517,  with 
great  vigor  and  ability.  Charles  was  succeeded,  on  his 
abdication,  by  Philip  II.  (1556),  who  thus  became  one  of 
the  greatest  potentates  on  earth,  being  ruler  over  Spain, 
the  Netherlands,  Sicily,  Naples,  and  other  parts  of  Italy, 
besides  of  such  parts  of  the  New  World  as  had  been  added 
to  the  dominions  of  Spain  by  the  discoveries  of  Columbus 
and  his  Spanish  successors. 

58.  Philip's  schemes  were  principally  actuated  by  bigotry, 
and  nearly  all  ended  in  utter  failure ;  so  that,  at  his  death 
(1598),  he  left  the  country  despoiled  of  some  of  its  best 
possessions,  impoverished  by  ruinous  wars,  and  greatly 
lowered  in  the  respect  of  foreign  nations.  His  successor 
{Philip  III.)  still  further  weakened  the  kingdom  by  the 
expulsion  of  the  Moors  (1610),  who  had  been  permitted  by 
Ferdinand  to  remain  in  the  country,  on  condition  of  their 
accepting  Christianity.  This  measure  of  Philip  III.,  which 
was  based  on  the  charge  of  hypocrisy  in  the  professed  con- 
version of  the  Moors,  deprived  Spain  of  500,000  of  its  most 
useful  population. 

59.  The  reign  of  Philip  IV.  (1621-65)  was  noted  for  the 
loss  of  Portugal,  which  had  been  annexed  to  Spain  during 
the  reign  of  Philip  II.  (1580).     It  now  re-established  its 

57.  What  is  said  of  Charles  V.  and  his  reign  in  Spain?  Who  was  Cardinal 
Ximenes  ?    What  is  said  of  Philip  II.  ? 

58.  WThat  was  the  character  of  Philip's  schemes  and  their  result?  How  was 
Spain  weakened  by  Philip  III.  ?    WThat  is  said  of  this  measure  ? 

59.  For  what  is  the  reign  of  Philip  IV.  noted  ?    Charles  II.  ?    Philip  V.  ? 


1869.]  EUROPEAN    STATES.  347 

independence  as  a  separate  kingdom  under  the  Duke  of 
Bra-gan'za  (1640).  Philip  IV.  made  the  most  strenuous 
exertions  to  recover  the  lost  province,  and  his  failure  is 
said  to  have  partly  occasioned  his  death.  During  the  next 
reign  {Charles  IL3  1665-1700),  Spain  was  left,  by  the  im- 
becility of  its  government,  a  prey  to  the  other  nations  of 
Europe,  by  whom  it  was  despoiled  of  many  of  its  best  pos- 
sessions. The  placing  of  Philip  V.  upon  the  throne,  by  his 
grandfather,  Louis  XIV.,  led  to  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

60.  The  attempts  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon  I.  to  obtain 
control  of  Spain,  occasioned  the  Peninsular  War,  the  chief 
events  of  which  have  already  been  related.  The  conclusion 
of  peace,  in  1814,  restored  Ferdinand  VII  to  the  throne, 
who  dissolved  the  Cortes,  or  Parliament,  and  established 
an  absolute  rule.  A  revolution  which  broke  out  in  1820, 
compelled  him  to  restore  the  free  constitution  formed  in 
1812,  and  placed  him  under  restraint.  Louis  XVIII.  of 
France,  however,  sending  an  army  into  Spain,  released  him, 
and  restored  his  authority. 

61.  Isabella  succeeded  her  father  in  1833,  but  was  soon 
opposed  by  Don  Carlos,  her  uncle,  who  claimed  the  throne 
on  the  ground  that  Isabella  was  excluded  by  the  Salic  law. 
A  war  of  four  years  followed,  between  the  party  who  sup- 
ported the  government  of  the  queen-dowager,  Chris-ti'na, 
acting  as  regent  for  the  young  queen,  and  the  adherents 
of  Don  Carlos.  Great  Britain  finally  sent  an  army  in  aid 
of  Isabella ;  and  Don  Carlos,  hopeless  of  success,  fled  to 
France.  Isabella's  rule  gave  great  dissatisfaction,  and  sev- 
eral revolutionary  movements  have  occurred,  in  the  last  of 
which,  the  queen  was  deprived  of  the  throne  (1868).  A 
provisional  government  now  exercises  authority  over  the 
country ;  but  a  constituent  Cortes  has  been  elected,  in  which 
the  monarchist  party  is  largely  in  the  ascendant  (1869). 

60.  What  caused  the  Peninsular  War  ?    What  was  done  in  1814  ?    In  1820  ? 

61 .  Give  an  account  of  Isabella's  reign.    How  did  it  end  ? 


348  european  states.  [1750. 

Portugal. 

62.  It  was  during  the  reign  of  Manuel,  surnamed  the 
Great  (1495-1521),  that  Vasco  da  Gama  made  his  success- 
ful voyage  to  India,  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
(1497).  This  was  soon  followed  by  the  accidental  discovery 
of  Brazil,  by  Cabral  (1500),  thus  giving  that  extensive  and 
fertile  region  to  the  Portuguese.  An  unfortunate  expedi- 
tion of  Sebastian  III.  to  Morocco  (1578),  from  which  he 
never  returned,  left  Portugal  without  a  sovereign,  and  occa- 
sioned disorder  and  anarchy, — the  people  constantly  looking 
for  the  return  of  their  king,  of  whose  fate  no  tidings  were 
ever  received. 

63.  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  taking  advantage  of  these  circum- 
stances, seized  upon  the  country  (1580) ;  and  for  sixty 
years  it  was  held  in  subjection  to  the  Spanish  crown. 
During  this  period,  it  suffered  much  from  the  oppressive 
exactions  of  its  conquerors,  being  obliged  to  share  in  the 
taxation  occasioned  by  the  long  and  expensive  wars  waged 
by  the  Spanish  monarchs.  At  last,  it  was  set  free  by  a  rev- 
olution; and  John  IV.,  Duke  of  Braganza,  ascended  the 
throne  (1640).  Long  wars  followed  with  Spain,  which  did 
not  acknowledge  its  independence  till  1668. 

64.  During  the  next  century,  Portugal  remained  In  a 
state  of  inglorious  stagnation,  being  steeped  in  ignorance 
and  bigotry ;  and,  after  being  one  of  the  greatest  maritime 
nations  of  the  world,  was  content  to  become  a  kind  of  com- 
mercial dependent  of  Great  Britain.  Under  the  reign  of 
Joseph  I.  (1750-77),  the  genius  and  enterprise  of  his  great 
minister,  Don  Carvalho  (har-val'yo)  infused  a  temporary 
vigor  in  the  government ;  but  this  was  checked  by  the  ac- 
cession of  his  daughter  Maria,  who  permitted  the  nobles 

62.  What  is  said  of  the  reign  of  Manuel  of  Portugal  ?  How  and  by  whom  was 
Brazil  discovered  ?    What  occasioned  trouble  and  disorder  ? 

63.  To  what  did  these  troubles  lead?  How  long  was  Portugal  under  Spanish 
rule  ?    What  was  its  character  ?    How  and  when  did  it  regain  its  freedom  ? 

64.  What  is  said  of  its  history  during  the  next  century  ?  Of  the  reign  o*"  "Jo- 
seph I.  ? 


1861.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  349 

and  clergy  to  resume  their  destructive  influence.  Her  in- 
sanity led  to  the  appointment  of  her  eldest  son,  John  VI- 
as  regent  (1792). 

65.  The  invasion  of  Portugal  by  the  French,  under  Mar- 
shal Junot,  induced  John  to  abandon  Portugal  and  retire 
to  Brazil  (1807),  where  he  remained  until  1821 ;  although, 
by  the  death  of  his  mother,  he  had  been  acknowledged  king 
in  1816.  His  return  was  occasioned  by  the  breaking  out 
of  a  revolution  in  Portugal,  which  had  for  its  object  the 
establishment  of  a  government  securing  the  rights  of  the 
people.  John  VI.  accepted  the  new  constitution,  and  ac- 
knowledged the  independence  of  Brazil,  the  throne  of  the 
latter  country  being  occupied  by  his  son,  Don  Pedro  (1825), 
with  the  title  of  Emperor. 

66.  On  the  death  of  John  VI.  (1826),  his  son  Don  Pe- 
dro, preferring  the  Brazilian  throne,  resigned  that  of  Por- 
tugal in  favor  of  his  daughter,  Maria  da  Gloria ;  but  his 
brother,  Don  Miguel  (me'gwel),  who  had  previously  op- 
posed the  reforms  in  the  government,  laid  claim  to  the 
throne,  and  obtained  an  acknowledgement  of  his  right  by 
the  Cortes  (1828).  This  led  to  a  dreadful  condition  of 
anarchy,  which  was  terminated  by  Don  Pedro,  with  the 
aid  of  the  British ;  and  Miguel  being  defeated,  Maria  ob- 
tained possession  of  the  throne  (1833).  This  and  the  sub- 
sequent reign  were  characterized  by  great  national  disas- 
ters. The  present  king,  Louis  I,  ascended  the  throne  in 
1861 ;  and  a  better  state  of  things  now  prevails. 

Turkey.     (From  1453  to  the  present  time.) 

67.  Mohammed  II,  the  conqueror  of  Constantinople, 
greatly  enlarged  the  Turkish  territories;  and  his  son, 
Bajazet  II.   (1481-1512),  extended  his  dominions  to  the 

65.  What  followed  Junot's  invasion  of  Portugal?  When  and  why  did  John 
return  from  Brazil  ?  What  course  did  he  adopt  with  respect  to  the  new  constitu- 
tion ?    With  respect  to  Brazil  ? 

66.  What  followed  the  death  of  John  VI.  ?  Who  laid  claim  to  the  throne  ? 
What  was  the  result  ?    What  else  is  related  of  Portugal  ? 

67.  What  is  said  of  Mohammed  II.  ?    Bajazet  II.  ?    Selim  I.  ?    Soliman  ? 


350  EUROPEAN"  STATES.  [1566. 

present  limits  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  adding  besides  a 
part  of  the  region  north  of  the  Black  Sea,  and  portions  of 
Italy  and  Austria.  His  successor,  Selim  I,  a  monarch  of 
great  enterprise  and  ability,  made  conquest  of  Syria  and 
Egypt,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Turkish  naval 
power,  which  so  long  disputed  the  empire  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean with  the  fleets  of  Venice.  The  greatest  power  and 
splendor  were,  however,  attained  by  the  Ottoman  empire 
during  the  reign  of  Soliman,  surnamed  the  Magnificent 
(1520-66). 

68.  This  great  monarch  reduced  the  powerful  Danubian 
fortresses  of  Belgrade,  wrested  the  island  of  Ehodes  from 
its  persevering  and  valiant  defenders,  the  Knights  of  St. 
John,  and,  having  subjugated  Hungary,  marched  to  Vien- 
na, which  he  besieged  for  four  years.  He  also  carried  on  a 
successful  war  with  the  Shah  (emperor)  of  Persia ;  and  his 
fleets  triumphantly  swept  the  Mediterranean  from  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  to  the  Levant.  One  of  his  last  under- 
takings was  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  the  island  of  Malta, 
which  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  had  given  to  the  Knights 
of  St.  John,  after  their  expulsion  from  Rhodes. 

69.  During  the  reign  of  Selim  II  (1566-74),  the  German 
emperor  agreed  to  pay  an  annual  tribute  to  the  Turks  for 
their  surrender  of  Hungary.  The  attempt  to  take  Astra- 
chan*  preliminary  to  the  construction  of  a  canal  between 
the  Don  and  Volga  rivers — a  scheme  projected  by  the 
Turkish  emperor  for  commercial  purposes — aroused  the  hos- 
tility of  the  Russians,  a  people  until  that  time  little 
known  in  Southern  Europe.  Thus  were  commenced  those 
fierce  wars,  which  for  centuries  have  been  waged  by  these 
neighboring  empires.  During  the  reign  of  Selim,  the 
fleets  of  Turkey  received  a  check  by  the  great  naval  defeat 

*  A  city  of  Russia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Volga  River. 


68.  What  conquests  were  made  by  Soliman  ?    Where  was  he  defeated  1 

69.  What  events  occurred  during  the  reign  of  Selim  II.  ? 


1792.]  EUROPEAN   STATES.  351 

sustained  at  Lepanto,*  in  an  action  fought  with  Don  John 
of  Austria  (1571). 

70.  The  subsequent  reigns,  for  more  than  a  century,  pre- 
sent only  a  continuous  series  of  contests  with  Austria,  Po- 
land, and  Eussia,  in  which  the  Ottoman  power  succeeded 
in  extending  its  dominions  from  the  Danube  to  the  Tigris, 
and  from  the  southern  limits  of  Egypt  to  the  falls  of  the 
Dnieper  River.  It  sustained,  however,  several  defeats,  of 
which  that  at  Vienna  by  the  Poles  under  their  king,  John 
Sobieski,  was  the  most  memorable.  The  assistance  given 
to  Charles  XII.,  after  the  battle  of  Poltava,  involved  the 
Turks  in  a  war  with  Peter  the  Great,  to  whom  it  would 
have  proved  a  great  disaster,  had  he  not  been  rescued  by 
the  skilful  artifice  of  the  Empress  Catharine.  A  short 
time  after  this,  the  Morea\  was  taken  from  the  Venetians 
(1714). 

71.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  history  of  Turkey  is 
characterized  by  its  contests  with  Russia,  which  has  proved 
its  most  formidable  foe,  despoiling  it  of  many  of  its  most 
valuable  possessions.  During  a  six-years'  war  (1768-74), 
the  Russians  overran  the  Crimea,  which  they  succeeded  in 
retaining,  notwithstanding  the  most  desperate  efforts  of 
the  Turks  to  regain  it.  While  Catharine  II.  of  Russia  was 
on  the  throne,  the  Turks  were  assailed  by  the  combined 
power  of  Russia  and  Austria,  the  forces  of  the  former  being 
commanded  by  Marshal  Suivarroiv,  the  most  famous  of 
Russian  generals,  and  particularly  noted  for  his  resolution 
and  relentless  ferocity, — qualities  which  he  particularly 
displayed  in  his  contests  with  the  unfortunate  Poles. 
Peace  was  concluded  between  Russia  and  Turkey  in  1792. 

*  Lepanto  is  situated  in  Greece,  on  the  north  coast  of  the  giilf  of  the  same  name. 

t  Morea  is  the  modern  name  of  the  ancient  Peloponnesus,  in  the  southern  part  of  Greece. 


70.  What  do  the  subsequent  reigns  present  ?  What  defeats  did  Turkey  sus 
tain  ?  What  caused  a  war  with  Peter  the  Great  ?  What  is  said  of  it  ?  What  con- 
quest was  made  from  the  Venetians  ? 

7 1 .  What  is  said  of  the  contests  of  Turkey  with  Russia  ?  When  was  the  Crimea 
conquered  ?  What  war  arose  during  the  Empress  Catharine's  reign  ?  What  ia 
said  of  Suwarrow  *    When  was  peace  made  ? 


352  EUROPEAN   STATES.  [1820. 

72.  The  conquest  of  Egypt  and  the  invasion  of  Syria 
by  Napoleon  have  already  been  referred  to.  By  the  aid  of 
the  British,  the  lost  territories  were  regained.  One  of  the 
most  interesting  events  since  that  time,  is  the  successful 
insurrection  of  the  Greeks,  whose  independence  was  se- 
cured by  the  battle  of  Navarino  (1827).  The  wars  waged 
with  the  rebellious  Pacha  of  Egypt,  Meliemet  Ali  (ma' he- 
met  ah'le),  still  further  reduced  the  strength  of  the  empire. 
This  contest  was  terminated  in  1841,  by  the  virtual  surren- 
der of  Egypt  to  Mehemet  Ali,  he  being  made  hereditary 
viceroy.  His  son,  Ibrahim  Pacha  (ib'rah-him  pa-shaiv'), 
succeeded  him  in  1848. 

73.  Eussia  has  repeatedly  taken  advantage  of  the  present 
weakness  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  to  attempt  its  spoliation. 
In  the  Crimean  war,  Turkey  was  successfully  aided  by 
Great  Britain  and  France,  in  opposing  the  schemes  of  con- 
quest of  the  Emperor  Nicholas;  and,  by  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  it  regained  a  portion  of  territory  north  of  the  Dan- 
ube, and  was  released  from  its  ignoble  subservience  to  the 
Russian  empire.  During  the  last  few  reigns,  attempts  have 
been  made  to  introduce  reforms  in  the  government,  and  to 
advance  the  civilization  of  the  people.  The  present  empe- 
ror (Ab'dul  A'ziz)  ascended  the  throne  in  1861,  and  has 
shown  in  his  administration  a  liberal  and  energetic  spirit. 

Greece. 

74.  From  the  capture  of  Constantinople  (1453)  until  a 
recent  date,  Greece  was  under  the  Mohammedan  yoke, 
which  was  made  galling  and  oppressive  to  the  last  degree 
by  the  brutal  and  fanatical  Turks.  In  1820,  the  Greeks 
determined  to  make  a  struggle  for  their  independence;  and 
Mav-ro-cor-da'to  was  proclaimed  president.     His  most  cel- 

72.  What  other  events  are  mentioned  ?    When  was  Egypt  surrendered  ? 

73.  What  caused  the  Crimean  War  ?  What  was  its  result  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
recent  reigns  ? 

74.  How  long  was  Greece  under  the  Mohammedan  rule?  What  is  said  of  it  ? 
What  took  place  in  1820  ?  What  is  related  of  Marco  Bozzaris  ?  For  what  is  Mis- 
Bolonghi  noted  ? 


1862.]  EUROPEAN    STATES.  353 

ebrated  compeer  in  the  dreadful  contest  that  ensued,  was 
Marco  Bozzaris  (bot-sah'ris), — called,  sometimes,  the  "  Le- 
onidas  of  Modern  Greece."  This  heroic  chief  perished  in 
a  night-attack  upon  the  Turkish  camp  (1823),  near  Misso- 
longlii,  one  of  the  chief  centres  of  the  insurrection.  This 
place  also  derives  a  mournful  interest  from  the  death  of 
Lord  Byron,  who  died  there  of  a  fever,  occasioned  by  his 
earnest  efforts  in  behalf  of  Greece  (1824). 

75.  The  fall  of  this  place,  after  a  long  siege,  in  which  its 
brave  defenders  suffered  the  most  dreadful  hardships  from 
famine,  and  which  closed  by  their  captivity,  aroused  the 
sympathy  of  Europe;  and  England,  France,  and  Eussia 
formed  a  league  to  assist  the  brave  Greeks  in  their  unequal 
contest.  The  combined  fleets  of  the  allies  entirely  de- 
stroyed the  Turkish  and  Egyptian  fleets  in  the  harbor  of 
Navarino  (Oct.  20,  1827).  After  this  victory,  Count  Capo 
d'Istria,  a  native  of  the  island  of  Corfu,  was  formally  in- 
stalled as  President  of  Greece.  Its  independence  was  ac- 
knowledged by  the  Turkish  sultan  in  1829. 

76.  Made  a  separate  kingdom  by  the  allied  powers,  its 
first  king  was  Otho,  a  Bavarian  prince  (1832).  His  reign 
was  somewhat  troubled,  by  the  discontent  of  his  subjects 
with  his  German  officials  and  foreign  troops,  and  by  Kus- 
sian  intrigues  for  the  purpose  of  involving  the  little  king- 
dom in  the  insurrections  of  the  neighboring  provinces 
against  Turkey.  Having  abdicated  in.  1862,  he  was  suc- 
ceeded the  following  year  by  Prince  William  of  Denmark, 
who  now  occupies  the  throne  with  the  title  of  George  Z, 
King  of  the  Hellenes* 

*  George  I.  is  a  brother  of  Alexandra,  wife  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  heir-apparent  to  the 
British  throne. 


75.  What  excited  the  sympathy  of  Europe  ?  Who  were  defeated  at  Navarino  ? 
Where  is  Navarino  ?  (See  Progressive  Map,  No.  7.)  Who  was  made  President 
of  Greece  ?    When  was  its  independence  acknowledged  ? 

76.  Who  was  the  first  king  of  Greece?  What  is  said  of  his  reign  ?  By  whom 
was  he  succeeded  ?    When  ? 


354  EUBOPEAtf  STATES. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

A.  D. 

1397.  Union  of  Denmark,  Norway,  and  Sweden. 

1462-1505.  Reign  of  Ivan  III.,  Czar  of  Russia. 

1493.  Accession  of  Maximilian,  Emperor  of  Germany. 

1500.  Discovery  of  Brazil  by  the  Portuguese  navigator,  Cdbral. 

1516.  Accession  of  Charles  1.  of  Spain  (Charles  V.  of  Germany). 

1517.  Commencement  of  Martin  Luther's  preaching. 

1519.  Accession  of  Charles  V.,  Emperor  of  Germany. 

1520.  Accession  of  Soliman  the  Magnificent. 

1523.  Sweden  freed  from  the  yoke  of  Denmark  by  Gustavus  Vasa. 

1529.  Lutherans  called  Protestants  at  Spire. 

1530.  Confession  of  Augsburg  signed. 

1531.  Zwingle  slain. 
1552.  Treaty  of  Passau. 

1556.  Accession  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain. 

1564.  Death  of  John  Calvin. 

1569.  Union  of  Poland  and  Lithuania. 

1571.  The  Turkish  fleet  defeated  at  Lepanto  by  Don  John  of  Austria. 

1579.  William  the  Silent,  the  first  Stadtholder  of  Holland. 

1580.  Portugal  annexed  to  Spain  by  Philip  II. 
1584.  Assassination  of  William  the  Silent. 
1598.  Death  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain. 

1610.  Expulsion  of  the  Moors  from  Spain. 

1618.  Commencement  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

1632.  Battle  of  Lutzen.    Death  of  Gustavus  Adolphus. 

1640.  Portugal  freed  from  the  Spanish  yoke.    Accession  of  John  IV., 

Duke  of  Braganza. 
1648.  Peace  of  Westphalia.    End  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 
1661.  Irkoutsk  founded  by  the  Russians. 
1679.  Defeat  of  the  Swedes  by  William,  the  Great  Elector. 
1683.  Defeat  of  the  Turks  by  John  Sobieski. 
1697.  The  Turks  defeated  by  Prince  Eugene. 
1700.  Defeat  of  Peter  the  Great  at  Nana  by  Charles  XII. 
1703.  The  capital  of  Russia  removed  to  St.  Petersburg. 
1709.  Battle  of  Poltava.    Defeat  of  Charles  XII.  by  Peter  the  Great. 
1714.  The  Morea  conquered  from  the  Venetians,  by  the  Turks. 

1717.  The  Turks  defeated  at  Belgrade  by  Prince  Eugene. 

1718.  Death  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden. 
1725.  Death  of  Peter  the  Great. 

1740.  Accession  of  Frederick  the  Great  of  Prussia. 


EUEOPEAN"   STATES.  355 


1745.  Accession  of  Francis  L,  Emperor  of  Germany. 
1756.  Commencement  of  the  Seven  Years'  War. 
1772.  First  Partition  of  Poland. 
1784.  The  Crimea  ceded  to  Russia  by  the  Turks. 

1793.  Second  Partition  of  Poland. 

1794.  Kosciusko  defeated  and  taken  prisoner. 

1795.  Third  Partition  of  Poland. 

1801.  The  Danish  fleet  destroyed  by  Nelson  at  Copenhagen. 
"     Paul,  emperor  of  Russia,  assassinated. 

1806.  End  of  the  Empire  of  Germany. 

1807.  Prince  John,  Regent  of  Portugal,  flees  to  Brazil. 

"     Second  bombardment  of  Copenhagen  by  the  British. 
1810.  Bernadotte  elected  Crown  Prince  of  Sweden. 
1815.  Switzerland  made  independent  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 
1823.  Death  of  Marco  Bozzaris. 

1825.  Brazil  acknowledged  an  independent  empire,  under  Don  Pedro. 
1827.  Battle  of  Navarino. 

1829.  The  independence  of  Greece  acknowledged. 

1830.  Polish  insurrection. 

"     Belgium  made  an  independent  kingdom  by  a  revolution. 

1832.  Accession  of  Otlio,  first  king  of  Greece. 

"     Poland  incorporated  with  the  Russian  empire. 

1833.  Accession  of  Isabella,  Queen  of  Spain. 

1841.  Mehemet  Ali  made  hereditary  Viceroy  of  Egypt. 

1848.  Revolt  of  Hungary,  under  Kossuth. 

1849.  Accession  of  Victor  Emanuel,  king  of  Sardinia. 
"     Revolt  of  the  Danish  Duchies. 

1855.  Accession  of  Alexander  27.,  emperor  of  Russia. 
"     Fall  of  Sebastopol. 

1859.  The  Caucasus  conquered  by  the  Russians. 
"     Campaign  of  Magenta  and  Solferino. 

1860.  Insurrection  in  Italy,  under  Garibaldi. 

"     "  King  Bomba"  of  Naples  compelled  to  flee. 

1862.  Polish  insurrection. 

1863.  New  kingdom  of  Italy  formed,  under  Victor  Emanuel. 
"     Accession  of  George  I.,  King  of  the  Hellenes. 

1864.  Denmark  deprived  of  the  Duchies  of  Sleswick,  Holstein,  and 

Lauenburg. 
1866.  The  "  Six  Weeks'  War." 

"      Battle  of  Sadowa. 
1868.  Revolution  in  Spain.    Queen  Isabella  dethroned. 


356  EUROPEAN   STATES. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGH 

1.  State  what  you  can  in  relation  to  Martin  Luther 235-237-325-326 

2.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  reign  of  Charles  V.  of  Germany 325-326 

3.  When  did  the  hattle  of  Lutzen  take  place,  and  with  what  result  ? 327 

,  4.  Give  a  statement  of  the  causes  and  events  which  led  to  that  hattle  . . .  326-327 

5.  Describe  the  part  which  Richelieu  took  in  the  "  Thirty  Years1  War"  .297-326-327 

6.  Give  a  connected  account  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War 297-326-327 

7.  Name,  in  order,  the  principal  events  of  the  reign  of  Leopold  1 327-328 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession 269-270-303-3-28 

9.  Give  an  account  of  the  great  "  Seven  Years'  War" 270-303-329 

10.  Name  important  events  of  the  reign  of  Francis  II.  307-309-310-311-312-313-316-329 

11.  Give  the  history  of  the  "  Germanic  Confederation" 329-330 

12.  Give  the  history  of  the  "  North  German  Confederation" 330 

13.  Of  Austria,  after  its  organization  as  a  separate  empire  in  1806 330 

14.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Prussia  up  to  the  year  1462 331 

15.  Give  the  subsequent  history  of  Prussia  up  to  the  year  1701 .  &31 

16.  Give  the  further  history  of  Prussia  to  the  time  of  Frederick  the  Great.  331-332 

17.  Give  the  history  of  Prussia  during  the  reign  of  Frederick  the  Great. ..  332-333 

18.  State  all  the  facts  you  can  in  relation  to  Blucher 315-316-317-332 

19.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  recent  history  of  Prussia 333 

20.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Poland  to  the  reign  of  Sigismund  II... .  333-331 

21 .  Of  subsequent  events,  to  the  reign  of  John  Sobieski 333-334 

22.  Give  the  facts,  as  far  as  you  can,  in  relation  to  Sobieski _. 328-334 

23.  What  occurred  in  Poland  during  the  reign  of  Stanislas  Augustus  ? 334-335 

24.  Give  the  particulars  of  the  further  history  of  Poland 335 

25.  Give  the  history  of  the  Netherlands,  to  the  reign  of  Charles  V . .  336-333 

26.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  subsequent  history  of  the  Netherlands 336-337 

27.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark. .  337 

28.  Name  the  important  facts  in  the  history  of  Sweden 337-338-339 

29.  Name  the  important  facts  in  the  history  of  Norway 337-338-339 

80.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Denmark 337-338-339-340 

81.  Of  Russia,  to  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great 340-341 

32.  Give  the  particulars,  as  far  as  you  can,  in  the  life  of  Peter  the  Great. . .  341-342 

33.  Of  Charles  Xn.  of  Sweden 338-341-342 

34.  Of  Catharine  I.  and  Catharine  II.  of  Russia 342 

35.  Of  Nicholas  I.  of  Russia ■ 342-313 

36.  Of  Alexander  I.  and  Alexander  n.  of  Russia 342-343 

37.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Switzerland 217-219-343-344 

38.  Of  events  in  the  modern  history  of  Italy 344-345-340 

39.  Of  events  in  the  modern  history  of  Spain 346-347 

40.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain 239-291-336-346-348 

41.  Of  events  in  the  modern  history  of  Portugal 348-319 

4?.  Of  events  in  the  modern  history  of  Turkey 351-352 

43.  Of  events  in  the  modern  history  of  Greece 352-353 

44.  Name,  in  order,  important  events  of  the  15th  century. ..  185-203-228-281-322-354 

45.  The  important  events  of  the  16th  century 281-322-323-354 

46.  The  important  events  of  the  17th  century 281-282-323-354-355 

47.  The  important  events  of  the  18th  century 282-283-323-354-355 

48.  The  important  events  of  the  19th  century 383-323-355 

49.  Give  the  names,  as  far  as  you  can,  of  all  the  European  monarchs  of 

modern  times  that  have  died  of  other  than  a  natural  death 231—353 


TABLE  OF  CONTEMPORANEOUS  EVENTS. 


357 


a.d.I            England. 

France. 

Other  Countries. 

14&r 
148£ 
149£ 
149£ 

1 

Charles  VIH. 

Henry  VII. 

Maximilian  of  Germany, 



::: 

Louis  XII. 
Francis  I. 

150!: 
151E 

Henry  VIII. 

151(3 

Charles  V.  of  Germany. 
Soliman  the  Magnificent. 

1520 

1547 

Edward  VI 

Henry  II. 

1552 
155;] 
155( 

1   

Treaty  of  Passau. 
Philip  H.  of  Spain. 

'Mary. 

1558 
155*5 

!  Elizabeth. 

Francis  n. 
Charles  IX. 

1560 

1571 

Battle  of  Lepanto. 

1572 

St.  Bartholomew's  Massa. 

1574 

157*) 

William  the  Silent. 

1589 

Henry  IV. 

Louis  XIII 

1603 
1610 

James  I. 

Moors  expelled  fromSpain 
Thirty  Years'  War  begins 

Battle  of  Lutzen. 
Portugal  independent. 

1618 

1625 
1632 

1640 

1643 

Louis  XrV 

1648 

Peace  of  Westphalia. 

Sobieski  defeats  theTurka 

Battle  of  Narva. 
Battle  of  Poltava. 

1653 
1660 
1683 

CromwelL  Protector. 
Charles  H. 

1685 
1689 
1700 

William  and  Mary. 

1702 
1709 

Anne. 

1714 
1715 

George  I. 

Louis  XV. 

1718 

Death  of  Charles  XII. 
Frederick  the  Great. 

1727 
1740 

1760 
1774 

Louis  XVI. 

1789 

1795 

Third  Partition  of  Poland 

1799 

Napoleon  First  Consul. 
Napoleon  Emperor. 

1804 

1806 

End  of  German  Empire. 

1814 

Louis  XVHI. 
Charles  X. 

1820 
1894 

1895 

Brazil  independent. 
Battle  of  Navarino. 

Isabella  of  Spain. 

1897 

1830 
1833 

WilliamlV 

Louis  Philippe. 

1837 
1848 

Louis  Philippe  dethroned. 

1849 

Victor  Emanuel. 

1852 

Napoleon  HI. 

1855 

Sebastopol  taken. 
Battles  of  Magenta  and 
Solferino. 

j 

1859 

1 ::::::.:::::::: 

358 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


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1792.]  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  359 


section  iv. 

American  History. 

Discoveries  and  Settlements. 

1.  America  was  discovered  in  1492  by  Christopher  Co* 
lumbus,  a  native  of  Genoa  (jen'o-a),  Italy.  With  a  fleet 
of  three  vessels,  supplied  by  Queen  Isabella,  he  set  sail  from 
Spain,  and,  after  a  voyage  of  ten  weeks,  reached  one  of  the 
Bahama  islands,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  San  Salva- 
dor. He  also  discovered  other  islands  belonging  to  the 
group  of  the  West  Indies ;  and  in  another  voyage  he  dis- 
covered the  mainland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  O-ri-no'co 
(1498),  in  South  America;  but  he  was  not  aware  that  he 
had  reached  a  new  continent,  supposing  that  the  lands  dis- 
covered belonged  to  Asia. 

2.  The  mainland  of  North  America  was  first  reached  at 
Labrador,  by  John  Cabot  {kab'iot)  and  his  son  Sebastian, 
while  sailing  under  a  commission  from  Henry  VII.  of 
England  (1497).  The  country  was  called  America,  from 
Amerigo  Vespucci  {ah-ma-re'go  ves-poot'che),  a  Florentine 
navigator,  who,  in  1499  and  1501,  visited  the  eastern  coast 
of  South  America,  and,  on  his  return  to  Europe,  gave  an 
interesting  account  of  his  voyages,  thus  acquiring  the  repu- 
tation of  being  the  first  discoverer  of  the  country. 

3.  Twenty  years  after  Columbus's  first  voyage,  Ponce  de 
Leon  (pon'tha  da  la-on'),  an  aged  Spaniard,  accidentally 

Map  Questions.— (See  Map,  p.  358.)  Where  are  the  Bahama  Islands?  The 
West  Indies?  Where  is  Guanahani,  or  San  Salvador?  Labrador?  Florida? 
Quebec  ?  Acadia  ?  Nova  Scotia  ?  New  Brunswick  ?  Port  Royal  Entrance  ?  St. 
Augustine  ?    Virginia  ?    Cape  Cod  ?    Maine  ?    Jamestown  ? 

1 .  By  whom  and  when  was  America  discovered  ?  Who  was  Columbus  ?  What 
land  was  first  discovered?  What  else  did  Columbus  discover?  What  did  he 
suppose  these  lands  to  be  ? 

2  When  and  by  whom  was  North  America  discovered  ?  Why  was  the  country 
called  America  ? 

3  What  account  is  given  of  the  discovery  of  Florida  ?  Why  was  it  so  called  f 
Give  an  account  of  the  discovery  and  conquest  of  Mexico. 


3G0  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  [1583. 

discovered  Florida,  which  received  its  name  from  the  abun- 
dance of  flowers  with  which  its  forests  were  adorned  (1512). 
Five  years  later,  Cor'dO-va  discovered  Mexico,  and  explored 
the  coast  of  Yu-ca-tan' .  Mexico  was  afterward  conquered 
by  another  Spaniard  named  Cor'tez,  and  became  a  province 
of  Spain  (1521). 

4.  The  belief  being  general  among  the  Spaniards  that 
Florida  abounded  in  riches,  Be  Soto  (da  so' to)  landed  on  its 
shores  in  1539,  and  penetrated  into  the  interior.  During 
his  wanderings,  which  lasted  nearly  three  years,  he  discov- 
ered the  Mississippi  (1541).  Meanwhile,  the  French  had 
sent  out  Verrazzani  (ver-rat-tsah'ne),  who  explored  the 
eastern  coast  of  North  America  (1524) ;  and  James  Cartier 
(car-te-a'),  who,  in  two  voyages,  discovered  the  gulf  and 
river  of  St.  Lawrence  (1534-5). 

5.  The  Huguenots  desiring  a  place  of  refuge,  at  first  at- 
tempted a  settlement  at  Port  Royal  entrance  (1562),  in  the 
region  afterward  named  Carolina  (in  honor  of  the  French 
king,  Charles  IX.) ;  and  two  years  later  on  the  banks  of  the 
St.  John's  River,  Florida.  Both  attempts  were  unsuc- 
cessful. The  year  after  (1565),  the  Spaniards  made  a  set- 
tlement in  Florida,  at  St.  Augustine,  having  previously  put 
the  French  settlers  to  death  with  barbarous  cruelty. 

6.  In  1583,  an  unsuccessful  expedition  was  made  by  Sir 
Humphrey  Gilbert,  sailing  from  England  under  a  patent 
granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth ;  and  the  next  year  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  dispatched  two  vessels  to  the  new  world,  under 
Am'idas  and  Barlow,  who  visited  the  islands  near  the  coast 
of  North  Carolina,  and  on  their  return  gave  so  glowing  an 
account  of  the  country,  that  Elizabeth  named  the  region 
discovered  Virginia,  as  a  memorial  of  her  unmarried  state. 

7.  Two  unsuccessful  attempts  were  afterward  made  to  es- 


4.  What  account  is  given  of  De  Soto's  expedition  ?    Verrazzani's  ?    Cartier's  ? 

5 .  Where  did  the  Huguenots  attempt  to  settle  ?    With  what  results  ?    When 
and  by  whom  was  St.  Augustine  settled  ? 

6.  What  voyages  were  made  by  the  English  ?    Why  was  the  country  called  Vir- 
ginia ? 


1623.]  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  361 

tablish  a  colony  on  Roanoke  Island  (1585-7) ;  and  an  at- 
tempt farther  north  was  made  by  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  who 
discovered  Cape  Cod  (1602),  bnt  failed  to  effect  a  settlement. 
Martin  Pring  the  following  year  explored  the  coast  and 
large  rivers  of  Maine.  In  1606,  King  James  I.  divided  the 
territory  claimed  by  the  English  into  North  and  South  Vir- 
ginia, and  granted  the  former  to  the  Plymouth  Company, 
the  latter,  to  the  London  Company.  The  first  permanent 
settlement  under  this  grant  was  made  at  Jamestoivn,  in 
1607,  by  an  expedition  sent  out  by  the  London  Company. 

8.  Virginia  was  thus  the  first  English  colony  success- 
fully planted  in  ^"orth  America.  The  want  of  industrial 
habits  among  the  settlers  at  Jamestown  at  first  greatly 
impeded  its  prosperity,  and  brought  it  at  one  time  to  the 
verge  of  ruin  (1610).  New  emigrants,  however,  arrived; 
and  its  affairs  being  managed  by  the  virtuous  and  prudent 
Lord  Delaware  (appointed  governor  in  1609),  it  soon  began 
to  assume  a  flourishing  condition.  Virginia  afterward  be- 
came a  royal  province,  the  London  Company  being  dis- 
solved by  the  king  (1624). 

9.  Massachusetts  was  first  settled  in  1620,  at  Plymouth, 
oy  English  Puritans,  who,  during  the  reign  of  James  I., 
emigrated  to  America  to  find  that  religious  liberty  of  which 
they  were  deprived  in  their  own  country.  After  the  acces- 
sion of  Charles  L,  another  company  of  emigrants  settled  at 
Salem  (1628) ;  and  two  years  afterward  Boston  was  settled, 
principally  by  Puritans  (1630).  These  two  settlements 
belonged  to  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony. 

10.  New  Hampshire  was  first  settled  in  1623,  at  Lit- 
tle Harbor,  near  Portsmouth,  and  at  Dover,  by  English 
emigrants  sent  out  by  Ferdinand  Gorges  (gor'jez)  and  John 

7.  What  other  attempts  at  settlement  were  made  hy  the  English  ?  What  is  said 
of  Martin  Pring  ?  How  was  the  territory  divided  hy  James  I.  ?  What  was  the 
first  settlement  made  ? 

8.  What  is  said  of  the  early  history  of  Virginia  ?  When  and  how  did  it  become 
a  royal  province  ? 

9.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  Plymouth.  Of  Salem.  Of  Boston. 
What  were  the  first  settlements  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  ? 

1 0.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  New  Hampshire. 

16 


362  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  [1614. 

Mason,  to  whom  this  region  had  been  granted,  under  the 
name  of  Laconia.  The  name  Neiv  Hampshire  was  given 
to  it  in  1629.  From  1641  to  1680,  this  colony  was  united 
to  Massachusetts,  from  which  it  was  not  permanently  sepa- 
rated until  1741. 

11.  Connecticut  was  settled  in  1633,  by  a  company 
of  persons  from  Plymouth,  at  a  place  called  Windsor  {win'' 
zer).  Other  settlements  were  made,  by  emigrants  from 
Massachusetts,  a  short  time  afterward,  the  principal  one 
being  that  at  Hartford  (1635-6).  These  settlements 
formed  at  first  the  Connecticut  Colony.  About  the  same 
time,  a  colony  was  planted  at  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut 
River,  which  was  called  Saydroolc.  A  third  colony  was 
established  in  1638,  which  received  the  name  of  New 
Haven.  These  three  colonies  subsequently  formed  the 
colony  of  Connecticut  (1665). 

12.  Rhode  Island  was  settled  by  Roger  Williams,  who 
had  been  banished  from  Massachusetts  because  of  his  de- 
nunciation of  the  religious  intolerance  practised  there,  as 
well  as  for  certain  opinions  entertained  by  him  with  respect 
to  civil  matters.  The  settlement  was  made  in  1636,  at 
Providence.  The  next  year  a  company  of  emigrants  left 
Boston  on  account  of  religious  persecution,  and  settled  on 
the  island  of  Rhode  Island,  which  was  purchased  from  the 
Indians.  These  two  settlements  were  united  by  a  charter 
in  1644. 

13.  New  York,  at  first  called  Neiv  Netherlands,  was 
settled  in  1614  by  the  Dutch,  who  built  a  fort  on  Man-hat'- 
tan  Island,  for  the  purpose  of  trading  with  the  Indians. 
Their  attention  had  been  directed  to  this  spot  by  the  dis- 
covery (in  1609)  of  the  Hudson  River,  by  Henry  Hudson , 
an  English  navigator,  in  the  service  of  the  "  Dutch  East 

1 1.  What  were  the  first  settlements  made  in  Connecticut?  What  other  colo- 
nies were  planted  ?    What  did  they  afterward  form  ? 

1 2.  What  account  is  given  of  the  early  history  of  Rhode  Island  ? 

13.  Bvwhom  was  New  York  first  settled?  What  led  to  it?  What  was  its 
name  at  first  ?  When  did  its  colonization  commence  ?  WTiat  settlements  were 
made  ? 


1738.]  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  363 

India  Company."  On  this  discovery  the  Dutch  claimed 
the  whole  region  from  Cape  Cod  to  the  southern  shore  of 
Delaware  Bay.  The  actual  colonization  of  the  country  did 
not  commence  until  1623,  when  two  settlements  were 
made — one  on  Manhattan  Island,  called  New  Amsterdam, 
and  the  other  at  Albany,  called  Fort  Orange. 

14.  Four  governors  ruled  in  succession,  the  last  and  most 
noted  of  whom  was  Peter  Stuyvesant  (sti've-sant),  during 
whose  administration  (1664)  New  Amsterdam  was  taken 
by  the  English ;  and  New  Netherlands  accordingly  became 
an  English  colony,  with  the  name  of  New  York,  being  so 
called  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  York,  to  whom  Charles  II. 
had  granted  the  territory.  In  1673,  during  a  war  between 
England  and  Holland,  the  Dutch  regained  their  former 
possessions ;  but,  after  a  period  of  fifteen  months,  returned 
them  to  the  English. 

15.  New  Jersey.  —  The  Dutch,  who  included  New 
Jersey  in  the  province  of  New  Netherlands,  established  a 
trading-post  at  Bergen  as  early  as  1622 ;  but  the  coloniza- 
tion of  the  country  did  not  commence  till  1664,  when  a 
settlement  was  made  at  Elizabethtown  (now  Elizabeth)  by 
emigrants  from  Long  Island.  Previous  to  this,  however, 
this  portion  of  New  Netherlands  had  been  sold  by  the 
Duke  of  York  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret, 
and  was  named  New  Jersey  in  honor  of  the  latter,  who  had 
been  governor  of  the  island  of  Jersey  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel. The  whole  territory,  in  1682,  became  the  property  of 
William  Penn  and  other  Quakers ;  but  in  1702,  being  given 
up  by  the  proprietors,  it  formed,  with  New  York,  a  royal 
province,  and  thus  continued  till  1738,  when  it  became  a 
separate  province. 

16.  Maryland  was  settled  under  a  charter  granted  by 
Charles  I.  to  Ce'cil  Calvert,  Lord  Baltimore,  who  wished  to 

14.  How  many  governor?  ruled  ?  Who  was  the  most  noted  ?  What  occurred 
durin<r  Stuyvesant^s  rule?  Why  was  the  country  called  New  York?  What  hap- 
pened" in  1673? 

1 5.  What  was  the  first  settlement  made  in  New  Jersey  ?  Why  was  it  so  called  f 
Give  a  sketch  of  its  history. 


364  AMEK1CAK   HISTORY.  [1638. 

provide  an  asylum  for  Eoman  Catholics,  who  were  then 
persecuted  in  England.  It  was  named  Maryland  in  honor 
of  Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of  King  Charles.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  in  1634,  at  a  place  which  was  called  St. 
Mary's,  under  the  direction  of  Leonard  Calvert,  brother  of 
the  proprietor.  Free  toleration  was  granted  to  settlers  of 
every  Christian  denomination.  Upon  the  death  of  Cecil 
Calvert,  his  son  Charles  became  proprietor  of  the  province, 
of  which  he  retained  possession  until  deprived  of  it  by  King 
William  (1691).  In  1715,  the  proprietor's  rights  were  re- 
stored to  his  infant  heir,  the  fourth  Lord  Baltimore;  and 
Maryland  remained  a  proprietary  government  till  the  Rev- 
olution. 

17.  Pennsylvania. — Although  small  settlements  had 
been  previously  made  by  the  Swedes  on  both  sides  of  the 
Delaware  River,  the  permanent  settlement  of  Pennsylvania 
dates  from  the  founding  of  Philadelphia,  in  1682,  by  Wil- 
liam Penn,  a  distinguished  Quaker.  Penn  had  obtained  a 
grant  of  the  country  from  Charles  II.,  with  a  view  to  found 
a  colony  where  civil  and  religious  liberty  might  be  enjoyed, 
and  where  the  people  might  dwell  together  in  peace.  His 
conduct  toward  both  the  Indians  and  the  Swedish  settlers 
was  characterized  by  remarkable  uprightness.  With  the  for- 
mer he  made  a  treaty,  and  paid  them  for  their  lands ;  to  the 
latter  he  gave  assurances  of  protection  in  every  civil  and 
religious  right.  His  descendants  continued  to  administer 
the  government  till  the  Revolution. 

18.  Delaware.  —  This  territory  was  first  settled  by 
Swedes,  in  1638,  and  named  New  Sweden.  Subsequently, 
Governor  Stuyvesant  subjected  it  to  the  authority  of  Hol- 
land (1655),  to  which  it  continued  to  belong  till  1664,  when 
it  became  the  property  of  the  Duke  of  York.     By  him  it 


1 6.  What  account  is  given  of  the  settlement  of  Maryland  ?    What  was  granted 
to  all  settlers  ?     Give  the  subsequent  history  of  the  colony. 

17.  By  whom  and  where  was  Pennsylvania  first  settled?    Who  was  William 
Penn  ?     What  course  did  he  pursue  ?    What  else  is  related  of  this  colony  ? 

18.  Give  a  brief  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  Delaware. 


1605.]  AMERICAN  HISTORY.  365 

was  granted  to  William  Penn,  under  the  name  of  "  The 
Territories ;"  and  continued  to  be  connected  with  Pennsyl- 
vania, although  haying  a  separate  Assembly,  until  the 
Revolution. 

19.  North  and  South  Carolina. — The  first  perma- 
nent settlement  in  this  tract  was  made  in  1650,  by  emi- 
grants from  Virginia,  who  settled  near  the  present  village 
of  Eden-ton.  In  1670,  a  colony  was  planted  on  the  western 
bank  of  the  Ashley  River ;  but  was  soon  after  removed  to 
the  present  site  of  Charleston.  In  1729,  Carolina  was  sold 
to  the  king  of  England,  and  separated  into  North  and 
South  Carolina.  From  that  time  they  were  royal  provinces 
till  the  Revolution. 

20.  Georgia. — This  part  of  the  country  was  granted  by 
the  English  king,  George  II.,  to  General  Oglethorpe  (o'gl- 
thorp)  and  others,  who  desired  to  provide  an  asylum  for 
their  destitute  countrymen.  In  honor  of  the  king  it  was 
called  Georgia.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1733,  at 
Savannah.  Oglethorpe  defended  the  settlers  against  the 
hostile  attacks  of  their  Spanish  neighbors ;  but  the  people, 
afterward,  becoming  dissatisfied  with  the  government  of 
the  trustees,  the  latter  relinquished  their  rights  to  the 
crown,  and  Georgia  became  a  royal  province  (1752). 

21.  French  Colonies. — The  first  permanent  French 
settlement  in  America  was  made  by  De  Monts  {da  mong) 
a  wealthy  Huguenot,  who,  having  obtained  a  grant  from 
the  French  king,  Henry  IV.,  of  an  extensive  region  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  planted  a  settlement 
on  the  present  site  of  An-nap'o-lis,  Nova  Scotia  (1605). 
To  this  place  he  gave  the  name  of  Port  Royal,  and  to  the 
whole  territory  that  of  A-ca'di-a.  At  the  close  of  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession  (called  in  American  history 
Queen  Anne's  War),  this  region,  including  Nova  Scotia, 

19.  What  account  is  given  of  the  settlement  of  North  and  South  Carolina  ? 

20.  What  led  to  the  settlement  of  Georgia  ?    Give  its  subsequent  history. 

21.  What  was  the  first  permanent  French  settlement?    How  was  it  made 
Give  the  subsequent  history  of  Acadia  and  Port  Royal. 


366  AMERICAN  HISTORY.  [1500. 

New  Brunswick,  and  some  of  the  adjacent  islands,  was 
given  up  to  the  English  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  (1713). 
Port  Royal  was  then  named,  in  honor  of  Queen  Anne,  An- 
napolis. 

22.  Canada,  originally  called  New  France,  was  first  perma- 
nently settled  at  Quebec,  by  the  French,  under  Champlain, 
in  1608 ;  and  continued  in  their  possession  until  1760,  when, 
by  the  successful  expedition  of  General  Wolfe,  in  the  pre- 
vious year,  it  was  surrendered  to  the  English,  whose  pos- 
session of  it  was  confirmed  by  the  treaty  of  Paris  (1763). 
By  this  treaty,  the  French  ceded  to  Great  Britain  nearly  all 
her  American  possessions  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and 
thus  put  an  end  to  those  boundary  disputes,  about  which 
the  war,  called  the  "  French  and  Indian  War,"  had  been 
waged  for  more  than  six  years  (1754-60). 

23.  Louisiana  was  visited  by  La  Salle,  who  discovered 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River  in  1691 ;  and  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  at  settlement  was  made  by  I'ber-ville,  in 
1699.  It  was  named  after  Louis  XIV.,  who  made  a  grant 
of  it  in  1712;  and  was  subsequently  purchased  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi company  of  John  Law,  after  whose  failure  it  was 
restored  to  the  crown.  In  1762,  it  became  the  property  of 
Spain,  by  which  it  was  retained  until  1800,  when  it  was 
given  back  to  the  French  government,  then  under  the  con- 
trol of  Napoleon.  Louisiana  at  that  time  comprised  nearly 
all  the  territory  included  between  the  Mississippi  River  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains;  and,  in  1803,  this  immense  tract 
was  ceded  by  France  to  the  United  States  for  $15,000,000. 

24.  Discovery  and  Colonization  in  South  Amer- 
ica.— In  1500,  Cabral,  a  Portuguese  navigator,  reached  the 
coast  of  Brazil,  and  took  possession  of  the  country  for  the 
crown  of  Portugal,  although  it  had  been  visited  by  one  of 

22.  Wnen  and  by  whom  was  Canada  settled  ?    How  and  when  was  it  conquered 
by  the  British  ? 

23.  What  is  said  of  the  early  history  of  Louisiana?  Why  was  it  so  called? 
Give  its  subsequent  history.     What  was  its  extent  ? 

24.  What  is  said  of  the  discovery  of  Brazil  ?    Of  the  Amazon  Kiver  ? 


PROGRESSIVE  MAP  XV  8. 


i\         t\        o-v 


1541.]  AMERICAN"   HISTORY.  307 

the  companions  of  Columbus  a  short  time  previously.  Set- 
tlements were  afterward  made  along  the  coast  by  the  Por- 
tuguese, in  whose  possession  the  country  continued  until 
its  independence  was  acknowledged  in  1835,  The  Amazon 
River  was  first  explored  by  a  Spaniard,  named  Orellana 
(o-rel-yah'nah),  in  1539. 

25.  In  1520,  Magellan,  a  Portuguese' navigator  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Spain,  having  discovered  the  strait  which  now  bears 
his  name,  crossed  the  Pacific  Ocean  (so  named  by  him), 
but  was  killed  at  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands.  The  voy- 
age was,  however,  continued  after  his  death ;  and  one  of 
the  ships  reached  Spain  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, — thus 
completing  the  first  voyage  ever  made  round  the  world 
(1522). 

26.  In  1513,  a  Spaniard  named  Bal-oo'a  crossed  tho 
Isthmus  of  Darien,  and  obtained  a  view  of  the  ocean  lying 
beyond.  He  then  turned  to  the  southward  and  penetrated 
many  miles  into  the  country.  Subsequently,  Francisco 
Pi-zar'ro,  a  brave  but  cruel  leader,  who  had  accompanied 
Balboa  in  the  previous  expedition,  sailed  from  Panama  with 
a  company  of  less  than  200  men,  and  landed  on  the  western 
coast  of  Peru — the  wealthiest  and  most  powerful  state  in 
America  at  the  time  of  its  discovery.  By  means  of  the 
basest  treachery  and  the  most  revolting  cruelties,  Pizarro 
succeeded  in  effecting  the  conquest  of  the  country,  although 
the  unfortunate  natives  defended  their  liberties  with  admi- 
rable spirit  and  valor  (1533).  The  monster,  Pizarro,  was 
afterward  assassinated  (1541). 

27.  Peru  became,  after  Pizarro's  conquest,  the  principal 
seat  of  the  Spanish  empire  in  America;  and  Lima  (le'mah), 
its  capital,  rose  to  a  very  high  degree  of  magnificence.  It 
received  from  Pizarro  the  appellation  of  the  City  of  the 
Kings.      Chili  (chil'le),  which  originally  belonged  to  the 


25.  What  account  is  given  of  Magellan's  voyage  ? 

26.  What  was  done  by  Balboa  ?    By  Pizarro  ?    What  is  said  of  Pizarro? 

27.  What  account  is  given  of  Peru?    Of  Lima?    Of  Chili? 


3G8  AMERICAN"  HISTORY.  [1824. 

Peruvian  empire,  was  conquered  by  Almagro  and  Val- 
div'i-a,  two  of  the  successors  of  Pizarro,  the  latter  of  whom 
founded  Santiago  (sahn-te-ah'go)  in  1541.  Southern  Chili 
was  so  bravely  defended  by  the  Indians,  that  it  resisted  for 
centuries  the  rule  of  the  invaders. 

28.  Venezuela  (ven-e-zwa'Mi)  was  so  called  by  Vespucci 
and  Ojeda  (o-ha'dah)',  the  latter  one  of  the  companions  of 
Columbus,  who,  near  the  Lake  of  Maracaybo  (ma7i-rah-Mr- 
bo),  discovered  an  Indian  village  built  on  piles  in  the  water. 
Hence,  they  named  it  Venezuela,  or  Little  Venice  (1499). 
The  interior  of  the  country  was  not  conquered  till  the  mid- 
dle of  the  next  century.  The  Rio  de  la  Plata  was  explored 
in  1530,  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  then  in  the  service  of  Spain ; 
and,  in  1580,  the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres  (bo'nus  a'riz)  was 
founded  by  the  Spaniards. 

29.  Thus,  nearly  all  South  America,  except  Brazil,  fell 
into  the  possession  of  Spain,  and  was  retained  under  her 
rule  until  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  when,  by 
a  series  of  revolutions,  commencing  in  Chili,  this  extensive 
region  was  wrested  from  her,  and  formed  into  independent 
states.  Peru  was  the  last  to  secure  her  independence,  which 
was  acknowledged  in  182(5. 

30.  The  most  prominent  individual  connected  with  these 
movements  was  the  patriot  BoTi-var,  in  honor  of  whom 
the  republic  of  Bo-liv'i-a  received  its  name.  Nine  states 
now  occupy  the  territory  formerly  included  in  the  several 
Spanish  viceroyalties  of  South  America:  Peru,  Bolivia, 
Ecuador  (ek-ivali-dore'),  Co-lom'bia,  Venezuela,  Cliili,  Tfie 
Argentine  Republic,  Paraguay  {pah-rah-givi'),  and  Uru- 
guay (oo-roo-gwi').  These  states,  since  their  formation, 
have  been  under  republican  governments,  but  have  been 
very  much  disturbed  by  internal  dissensions  and  civil  war. 


2  8 .  What  is  said  of  Venezuela  f    Of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  ?    Buenos  Ayres  ? 

29.  How  long  did  these  territories  remain  under  the  Spanish  government? 
When  did  Pern  become  independent ! 

30.  Who  was  Bolivar  ?    What  states  were  formed  ?    What  is  said  of  them  ? 


1773.]  amekican"  history.  369 

The  United  States. 

31.  The  expenses  which  Great  Britain  had  incurred  in 
the  French  and  Indian  War  greatly  increased  her  national 
debt;  and  the  British  ministry,  asserting  that  this  had 
been  done  in  defending  their  American  possessions,  pro- 
posed to  lessen  the  burden  by  taxing  the  colonies.  In  pur- 
suance of  this  proposition,  the  Stamp  Act  was  passed  in 
1765;  the  effect  of  which  was  to  excite  a  great  storm  of 
indignation  throughout  the  colonies,  the  people  of  which 
opposed  all  measures  of  taxation,  on  the  ground  that  they 
had  no  representatives  in  the  British  Parliament. 

32.  A  change  having  occurred  in  the  British  ministry, 
the  act  was  repealed  in  1766 ;  but  the  next  year,  the  at- 
tempt to  tax  the  colonies  was  renewed,  by  the  passage  of 
an  act  levying  duties  on  glass,  paper,  tea,  etc.  This  measure 
met  with  decided  opposition  from  the  colonists,  particularly 
in  Boston,  to  which  General  Gage  ordered  two  regiments 
to  overawe  the  inhabitants  (1770).  This  greatly  exasper- 
ated the  people,  and  led  to  the  affray  called  the  "  Boston 
Massacre,"  in  which  the  soldiers  fired  upon  the  populace, 
killing  three  men  and  wounding  others  (1770). 

33.  Parliament,  wishing  to  conciliate  the  people,  revoked 
all  the  duties  except  that  on  tea ;  but  as  the  people  were 
contending  for  the  principle  of  "  no  taxation  without  rep- 
resentation," the  concession  was  without  avail.  Some  of 
the  tea  sent  over  was  returned ;  and  no  one  would  purchase 
that  which  was  landed.  At  Boston,  a  party  of  men,  dis- 
guised as  Indians,  boarded  the  ships,  broke  open  the  chests 
of  tea,  and  emptied  their  contents  into  the  water  (1773). 

34.  The  next  year,  delegates  from  all  the  thirteen  colonies, 
except  Georgia,  met  at  Philadelphia,  and  formed  the  "First 

3 1 .  What  led  to  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act  ?    What  was  its  effect  ? 

32.  When  was  it  repealed?    What  other  law  was  passed  ?    What  was  the  re- 
sult ?    What  was  the  "  Boston  Massacre  ?" 

33.  What  conciliatory  measure  was  adopted  hy  Parliament?    What  was  its 
effect  ?    What  was  done  with  the  tea  ? 

34.  What  body  met  at  Philadelphia  ?    What  were  its  proceedings  ?    Who  wert 
the  "  Minute-men  ?" 

16* 


370  AMEKICAN   HISTORY.  [1775 

Continental  Congress."  A  declaration  of  rights  was  then 
adopted,  and  a  suspension  of  all  commercial  intercourse 
with  Great  Britain  recommended.  Meanwhile,  Massachu- 
setts had  been  preparing  for  a  hostile  conflict  with  the 
mother  country,  and  militia,  called  "  minute-men,"  were 
trained  so  as  to  be  ready  at  a  minute's  notice. 

35.  The  Revolutionary  War. — The  great  conflict 
commenced  at  Lexington  (April  19,  1775),  where  a  detach- 
ment of  British  troops,  sent  by  General  Gage  to  seize  the 
American  stores  at  Concord,  attacked  and  dispersed  a  small 
body  of  militia  collected  to  oppose  them.  The  stores  were 
destroyed,  but  the  British,  on  their  return,  were  attacked 
by  the  American  militia,  in  large  numbers,  and  with  great 
difficulty  made  good  their  retreat  to  Boston.  The  patriots 
wishing  to  prevent  the  British  from  assuming  offensive  op- 
erations, erected  fortifications  on  Breed's  Hill,  near  Boston. 
This  brought  on  a  battle,  in  which  the  British  troops  suc- 
ceeded in  dislodging  the  Americans  from  their  position, 
but  only  after  the  third  attack ;  so  bravely  did  the  patriot 
militia  stand  their  ground.  This  conflict  is  known  in  his- 
tory as  the  "Battle  of  Bunker  Hill"  (June  17,  1775). 

36.  Meanwhile,  a  general  Congress  of  the  thirteen  colo- 
nies, in  session  at  Philadelphia,  resolved  on  war;  and,  hav- 
ing decided  to  raise  an  army  of  20,000  men,  elected  George 
Washington,  one  of  the  delegates  from  Virginia,  commander- 
in-chief  (June  15).  This  illustrious  man  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, February  22d,  1732,  and  consequently  was  in  his 
44th  year  when  he  received  this  appointment.  He  had  pre- 
viously gained  great  distinction  as  a  military  commander 
in  the  French  and  Indian  War;  while  his  patriotism, 
prudence,  and  sterling  worth  of  character,  commended  him 
to  the  universal  confidence  of  his  countrymen. 

37.  In  order  to  prevent  the  use  of  Canada  by  the  British 

35.  Where  and  when  did  the  Revolutionary  War  commence  ?  Describe  the  battle 
of  Lexington.    The  battle  of  Bunker  or  Breed's  Hill. 

36.  What  was  done  by  Congress?  Where  and  when  was  Washington  born? 
What  is  said  of  him  ? 


1776.]  AMERICAN    HISTORY.  371 

* 

as  a  place  of  rendezvous  and  supply,  Generals  Montgomery 
and  Benedict  Arnold  were  sent  by  different  routes  to  attack, 
and,  if  possible,  take  Quebec.  The  assault  was  made,  but 
failed,  Montgomery  being  slain,  and  Arnold  severely  wound- 
ed (Dec.  31, 1775).  By  erecting  fortifications  on  Dorchester 
Heights,  near  Boston,  Washington  compelled  the  British 
to  evacuate  this  city  (March  17,  1776) ;  after  which  an  un- 
successful attack  was  made  by  the  latter  upon  Charleston, 
South  Carolina  (June  28),  which  was  defended  by  a  fort 
of  palmetto-wood  erected  on  an  island  in  the  harbor,  and 
garrisoned  by  troops  under  the  command  of  'the  gallant 
Colonel  Moultrie  (mole'tre),  wiiose  name  was  afterward 
given  to  the  fort. 

38.  This  was  soon  followed  by  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence, adopted  by  Congress  July  Uh.  In  the 
mean  time,  the  British  had  been  collecting  a  large  army, 
partly  consisting  of  Hessian  mercenaries;  and  on  the  27th 
of  August,  General  Howe,  the  British  commander,  attacked 
and  defeated  the  Americans  at  Brooklyn,  Long  Island. 
By  this  victory  the  British  gained  possession  of  New  York, 
and  soon  after  succeeded  in  compelling  Washington  to 
retreat  across  the  Hudson  River  and  through  New  Jersey, 
into  Pennsylvania.  The  patriots  were  greatly  dispirited  by 
this  series  of  disasters ;  but  their  hopes  were  revived  by  a 
bold  stroke  of  Washington,  who,  early  on  the  morning 
after  Christmas  day,  crossed  the  Delaware,  and  suddenly 
attacking  a  body  of  Hessians  stationed  at  Trenton,  com^ 
pelled  them  to  surrender  (Dec.  26). 

39.  The  next  year  General  Howe,  failing  to  draw  Wash- 
ington into  an  engagement  in  New  Jersey,  conveyed  his 
troops,  by  means  of  the  fleet  of  his  brother,  Lord  Howe,  to 


37.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  to  Canada.  What  led  to  the  evacuation 
of  Boston  !    What  city  was  next  attacked  ?    How  was  it  defended  ? 

38.  What  occurred  July  4th?  What  account  is  given  of  the  battle  of  Long 
Island  ?    What  was  the  result  ?    What  led  to  the  battle  of  Trenton  ? 

39.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Chad's  Ford?  What  was  its  resxilt?  Where  is 
Chad's  Ford  ?  (Map,  p.  372.)  Where  did  Washington  attack  the  British,  and  witt 
what  result  ? 


372 


AMERICAN   HISTORY. 


[1777 


Chesapeake  Bay,  at  the  head  of  which  they  disembarked, 
and  marched  toward  Philadelphia.  At  Chad's  Ford,  on 
Brandywine  Creek,  their  passage  was  disputed  by  Wash- 
ington ;  but  the  latter  was  defeated  with  considerable  loss 
(Sept.  11,  1777).     Two  weeks  afterward,  Philadelphia  fell 


TJlTKIlDPAIVr 


into  the  hands  of  the  British.  On  the  4th  of  October  fol- 
lowing, Washington  made  a  vigorous  attack  on  the  British 
army  stationed  at  Germantoivn,  near  Philadelphia;  but, 
although  at  first  successful,  he  was  finally  repulsed. 

40.  In  the  mean  time,  General  Burgoyne,  with  an  army 
of  ten  thousand  men,  British  and  German  troops,  Canadians 
and  Indians,  invaded  the  State  of  New  York  from  Canada, 
with  the  design  of  effecting  a  junction  with  another  army 
from  the  city  of  New  York,  so  as  to  cut  off  Washington's 
communication  with  the  Eastern  States.    At  first,  Burgoyne 


40.  Give  an  account  of  Burgoyne's  invasion.    Where  was  he  defeated  ?    What 
followed  ? 


1779.]  AMERICAN  HISTORY.  373 

met  with  some  success,  capturing  Ticonderoga,  and  com- 
pelling the  American  forces  to  retreat  to  the  Mohawk ;  but 
a  detachment  of  his  army  having  been  defeated  at  Benning- 
ton (August  16),  the  Americans,  under  General  Gates,  ad- 
vanced to  Bern' is  Heights,  where  a  severe  battle  was  fought, 
by  which  Burgoyne  found  his  march  to  Albany  effectually 
checked  (Sept.  19).  A  few  weeks  afterward,  a  second  bat- 
tle occurred  near  the  scene  of  the  previous  one,  and  the 
British  were  driven  back  (Oct.  7).  In  this  battle,  called 
the  Battle  of  Saratoga,  Benedict  Arnold,  who  afterward 
turned  traitor,  greatly  distinguished  himself.  It  was  soon 
followed  by  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  to  General  Gates,  at 
Saratoga  (Oct.  17). 

41.  Benjamin  Franklin  and  others  had,  in  1776,  been 
sent  to  France  to  solicit  aid,  and  this  brilliant  success  at 
Saratoga  decided  the  negotiations  then  set  on  foot. 
France  acknowledged  the  independence  of  the  United 
States ;  and  an  alliance  was  concluded  between  the  two 
nations,  in  pursuance  of  which  a  French  fleet  was  sent  to 
assist  the  Americans  (April,  1778).  The  British,  under 
the  command  of  General  Clinton,  evacuated  Philadelphia ; 
and  on  their  retreat  through  New  Jersey,  were  attacked  by 
Washington  at  Monmouth,  where  a  protracted  but  indecisive 
engagement  took  place  (June  28,  1778).  This  year,  to 
compensate  for  their  loss  of  Philadelphia,  the  British  took 
Savannah. 

42.  With  the  aid  of  the  French  fleet,  the  Americans, 
under  General  Lincoln,  made  a  vigorous  effort  to  regain 
possession  of  Savannah,  but  were  repulsed  with  great  loss, 
the  gallant  Polish  officer,  Count  Pulaski,  being  among  the 
slain  (Oct.  9,  1779).  The  next  year,  the  Americans  expe- 
rienced another  severe  disaster  in  the  loss  of  Charleston, 


41.  How  was  the  alliance  with  France  Drought  ahout  ?  What  led  to  the  battle 
of  Monmouth  ?    What  was  the  result  ?    What  city  was  taken  ? 

42.  Where  were  the  French  and  Americans  defeated  ?  Who  was  slain  ?  When 
and  how  was  Charleston  taken  ?  What  was  the  result?  What  partisan  leaders 
distinguished  themselves  ? 


374  AMERICAN  HISTORY.  '  [1781. 

which  was  captured  by  General  Clinton,  after  a  long  siege 
(May  12).  General  Lincoln  and  six  thousand  prisoners, 
thus  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  This  victory  vir- 
tually delivered  South  Carolina  to  the  British ;  but  the 
brave  partisan  leaders,  Marion,  Sumter,  Pickens,  and 
others,  carried  on  a  harassing  warfare  against  them,  and 
thus  kept  alive  the  spirit  of  freedom  in  the  South. 

43.  General  Gates,  appointed  to  succeed  Lincoln,  having 
allowed  himself  to  be  disastrously  defeated  by  the  British 
general,  Cornwallis,  near  Camden  (Aug.  16,  1780),  Wash- 
ington sent  General  Greene  to  the  South,  to  check  the 
progress  of  the  enemy.  This  officer,  by  his  skilful  general- 
ship, obtained  considerable  advantage  over  the  British ; 
and,  although  not  absolutely  victorious  in  the  battles  that 
were  fought,  he  succeeded  in  greatly  impairing  the  strength 
of  the  enemy  (1781). 

44.  Cornwallis  having  retreated  into  Virginia,  occupied 
Yorktoivn,  where  he  was  attacked  by  the  combined  French 
and  American  forces,  while  a  French  fleet,  under  Count  de 
Grasse  (gras),  blockaded  the  city  by  water.  After  a  severe 
cannonade  of  two  days,  Cornwallis  was  compelled  to  sur- 
render his  entire  army  prisoners  of  war  (Oct.  19,  1781). 
This  brilliant  victory  virtually  ended  the  war,  and  was  the 
cause  of  great  rejoicing  throughout  the  country.  Great 
Britain  was  obliged  to  suspend  hostilities ;  and  on  the  3d 
of  September,  1783,  acknowledged  the  independence  of  the 
United  States. 

45.  In  1781,  the  permanent  union  of  the  states  was  ef- 
fected by  the  ratification  of  the  Articles  of  Confedera- 
tion; but  the  general  government  thus  established  was 
soon  found  to  be  very  inefficient,  Congress  having  no 
power  to  raise  money  and  pay  the  debts  incurred  by  the 


43.  Where  was  Gates  defeated  ?    Who  succeeded  him  in  the  command  ?    What 
was  done  by  General  Greene  ? 

44.  What  led  to  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  ?    What  was  the  result  ? 

45.  What  was  done  in  1T81  ?    What  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  5 
When  and  how  did  it  go  into  operation  ? 


PROGRESSIVE  MAPS,  N?  9. 


East  of  The  Mississippi 
AT  THE  CLOSE/vREVOLUTION 


1800.]  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  375 

war.  Accordingly,  a  national  convention  was  held  at 
Philadelphia,  with  "Washington  as  president;  and  after 
four  months'  deliberation,  the  Constitution  was  adopted 
(Sept.  17,  1787).  After  being  ratified  by  eleven  of  the 
thirteen  states,  though  not  without  great  opposition,  it 
went  into  operation ;  and  Washington  was  inaugurated  the 
first  President  of  the  United  States,  at  New  York  (April 
30,  1789). 

46.  Washington's  Administration.— (1789-1 797.)— 
Through  the  judicious  management  of  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton, Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  public  finances  were 
soon  placed  in  a  good  condition,  and  the  credit  of  the 
country  was  established.  Rhode  Island  and  North  Carolina 
joined  their  sister  states  in  the  union ;  and  Vermont,  the 
first  new  state,  was  admitted  (1791).  Two  other  states 
were  also  admitted,  during  this  administration — Kentucky 
(1792)  and  Tennessee  (1796).  The  Indians  north  of  the 
Ohio  were  reduced  to  submission  by  the  victory  at  the 
Mau-mee',  gained  by  General  Wayne  (1794). 

47.  John  Adams's  Administration.  (1797-1801.) 
— Washington  having  declined  a  nomination  for  a  third 
term,  John  Adams  was  elected  to  succeed  him.  The  neu- 
tral position  taken  by  the  United  States  in  the  war  between 
England  and  France,  gave  great  offence  to  the  French 
Directory;  and  war  being  threatened,  defensive  measures 
were  adopted,  Washington  again  receiving  the  appointment 
of  commander-in-chief.  Hostilities,  however,  had  scarcely 
commenced,  when  a  treaty  of  peace  was  negotiated  with 
Napoleon  Bonaparte,  who  had  become  First  Consul  (1800). 
Washington  died  the  year  previous  at  Mt.  Vernon  (Dec.  14, 
1799).  In  1800,  the  capital  was  removed  from  Philadelphia 
to  the  city  of  Washington. 

48.  Jefferson's    Administration.      (1801-1809.)  — 

46.  By  whom  was  the  financial  condition  of  the  country  improved?     What 
were  the  other  events  of  Washington's  administration  ? 

47.  What  events  of  interest  occurred  during  Adams's  administration  ?    Where 
was  the  capital  located  ? 


376  AMERICAN"  HISTORY.  [1812. 

Ohio,  the  seventeenth  state,  was  admitted  in  1802 ;  and 
the  French  province  of  Louisiana,  a  vast  region  extending 
from  the  Mississippi  Eiver  to  the  Bocky  Mountains,  was 
bought  from  France  for  fifteen  millions  of  dollars  (1803).* 
The  United  States,  by  this  purchase,  secured  the  free  nav- 
igation of  the  Mississippi  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  During 
the  wars  waged  by  the  European  powers  against  Napoleon, 
the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United  States  suffered  greatly 
in  consequence  of  the  French  emperor's  "  Continental 
System,"  and  the  blockade  of  France  by  the  fleets  of  Great 
Britain.  The  latter  also  claimed  the  right  to  search  Amer- 
ican vessels,  and  impress  all  sailors  of  English  birth  found 
on  board;  and,  in  pursuance  of  this  claim,  the  frigate 
Chesapeake  was  fired  into  and  boarded,  and  four  alleged 
deserters  from  British  service,  three  of  whom,  it  was  after- 
ward proved,  were  Americans,  were  seized  (1807). 

49.  Madison's  Administration.  (1809-1817.)  — 
This  outrage  and  others  of  a  similar  character,  finally  in- 
duced Congress  to  declare  war  against  Great  Britain  (1812). 
The  year  before,  the  important  victory  of  Tip-pe-ca-noe' 
was  gained  over  the  hostile  Indians  of  the  northwest  by 
General  Harrison.  These  Indians,  incited  by  British 
emissaries,  and  led  on  by  the  noted  chief  Te-cum'seh,  had 
begun  to  form  a  formidable  confederacy;  and,  in  the  ensu- 
ing war,  they  fought  on  the  side  of  the  British.  The  first 
year  of  the  war  (1812)  was  characterized  by  disasters  to  the 
Americans,  on  land ;  the  whole  of  Michigan  Territory  being 
lost  by  the  surrender  of  General  Hull,  at  Detroit  (August 
16).  On  the  ocean,  however,  several  brilliant  victories, 
gained  by  Captain  Hull,  Commodore  Decatur,  and  others, 
retrieved  the  honor  of  the  country. 

*  The  Western  limits  were  not  clearly  defined.  The  United  States  government  afterward 
claimed  to  the  Pacific. 


48.  Who  succeeded  Adams?  How  long  was  he  in  office?  What  state  was 
admitted?  What  territory  was  purchased?  What  injured  the  commerce  of  the 
country  ?    What  caused  difficulty  with  Great  Britain  ? 

49.  When  was  war  declared  ?  What  victory  was  gained  by  Harrison  ?  What  ia 
said  of  the  year  1812? 


1814.] 


AMERieA^   HISTORY. 


37? 


50.  In  1813,  Commodore  Perry  gained  a  splendid  victory 
on  Lake  Erie,  over  a  British  fleet,  every  vessel  of  which 
was  compelled  to  surrender  (September  10).  His  dispatch 
to  General  Harrison  contained  the  well-known  words,  "We 
have  met  the  enemy,  and  they  are  ours."     This  event  was 

soon  followed  by  the 


Battle  of  the  T/iames, 
in  which  Harrison 
entirely  defeated  the 
British  under  Proctor, 
and  the  Indians  under 
Tecumseh,  the  latter 
being  shot  in  the 
engagement  (October 
5).  By  these  victo- 
ries, Michigan  Terri- 
tory was  recovered, 
and  the  war  on  the 
western  frontier  ter- 
minated. 

51.  The  year  1814  is 
memorable  for  the  de- 
feat of  the  British  at  Chippewa  (chip'pe-waw)  and  Lundy's 
Lane,  near  Niagara  Falls  (July  5  and  25),  in  the  latter  of 
which  battles  General  Scott,  afterward  so  famous,  particu- 
larly distinguished  himself.  Meanwhile,  General  Jackson 
had  subdued  the  hostile  Indians  in  Alabama ;  and  had  taken 
Pensacola,  a  Spanish  port,  the  authorities  of  the  town  hav- 
ing allowed  the  British  to  fit  out  expeditions  there  against 
the  United  States.  The  principal  disaster  of  this  year  was 
the  capture  of  the  city  of  Washington  by  a  force  under 
General  Boss  (August  24).  The  capitol,  with  its  library, 
the  president's  house,  and  other  buildings,  were  burned, 

50.  What  victory  was  gained  by  Perry?  By  Harrison?  What  was  the  effect 
of  these  victories  ? 

o  1 .  For  what  is  181 4  memorable  ?  Where  are  Chippewa  and  Lnndy's  Lane  ?  (See 
Map.)  What  was  done  by  Jackson  ?  What  disaster  occurred?  What  was  the  result? 


'678  AMEKICA^   HISTORY.  [1821 

and  the  British  then  hastily  retreated.    An  unsuccessful 
attempt  was  made  soon  afterward  to  take  Baltimore. 

52.  One  of  the  most  important  events  of  the  war  was  the 
xepulse,  by  General  Jackson,  of  a  large  force  of  the  British 
at  New  Orleans,  where  2,000  of  the  British,  including  their 
commander,  General  Paheriliam  (pak'n-am),  were  slain 
(January  8,  1815).  The  next  month,  the  joyful  tidings 
reached  the  United  States  that  a  treaty  of  peace  had  been 
signed  at  Ghent  in  December  of  the  previous  year,  the 
great  European  war  having  been  concluded  by  the  fall  of 
Napoleon.  The  points  of  dispute  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain  were,  however,  left  undecided. 
The  other  important  events  of  this  administration  were  a 
successful  expedition  against  Algiers,  by  Commodore  De- 
catur, and  the  admission  of  two  new  States  (Louisiana,  in 
1812,  and  Indiana,  in  1816). 

53.  Monroe's  Administration  (1817-1825).— Mad- 
ison's successor  in  the  presidency  was  James  Monroe,  of 
Virginia,  in  the  first  year  of  whose  administration,  General 
Jackson  was  sent  to  repress  the  hostile  attacks  of  the  Sem- 
inoles  (sem'i-nolz),  a  tribe  of  Indians  living  in  Florida. 
Finding  that  the  savages  had  been  instigated  to  their  hos- 
tilities by  persons  in  Florida,  Jackson  marched  into  that 
province  and  seized  the  fort  at  St.  Marks,  and  the  city  of 
Pensacola.  This  having  led  to  difficulties  with  Spain,  the 
latter  finally  ceded  Florida  to  the  United  States  (1821). 

54.  Five  new  states  were  admitted  during  this  adminis- 
tration :  Mississippi  (1817),  Illinois  (1818),  Alabama  (1819), 
Maine  (1820),  and  Missouri  (1821).  A  very  exciting  con- 
troversy preceded  the  admission  of  Missouri,  the  states  of 
the  North  opposing  its  admission  as  a  slave-state,  while 
those  of  the  South  desired  such  admission.   At  length  a  bill 


52.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  New  Orleans.    When  was  peace  made? 
What  did  it  fail  to  decide  ?    What  other  events  occurred  ? 

53.  Who  succeeded  Madison  ?    What  led  to  the  acquisition  of  Florida  ? 

54.  What  new  states  were  admitted  ?    What  was  the  "  Missouri  Compromise  ?" 
What  other  events  occurred  ?    What  is  meant  by  the  "  Monroe  doctrine  ?" 


1837.]  AMEBIC  AIT   HISTORY.  3  79 

known  as  the  "  Missouri  Compromise"  was  passed,  by  which 
it  was  declared  that,  with  the  exception  of  Missouri,  slavery 
should  be  prohibited  in  the  territory  north  of  the  parallel 
30°  30',  and  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  independence  of 
the  South  American  republics  was  acknowledged  by  the 
United  States  government ;  and  in  1823  Monroe  declared 
that  the  American  continents  "are  henceforth  not  to  be 
considered  as  subjects  for  future  colonization  by  any 
European  power."  This  is  known  as  the  "  Monroe 
Doctrine." 

55.  John  Quincy  Adams's  Administration 
(1825-9.)— This  administration  was  one  of  peace,  and  under 
it  the  nation  made  rapid  increase  in  population  and  wealth. 
On  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  American  independence,  by  a 
singular  coincidence,  occurred  the  deaths  of  the  two  ven- 
erable ex-presidents,  John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson 
(July  4th,  1826).  Adams  was  succeeded  by  Andrew  Jack- 
son, of  Tennessee. 

56.  Jackson's  Administration  (1829-1837)  was  char- 
acterized by  great  vigor  and  resolution.  He  vetoed  the  bill 
to  recharter  the  United  States  Bank ;  and  when  the  people 
of  South  Carolina,  dissatisfied  with  the  tariff  law  of  1828, 
refused  to  obey  it,  and  threatened  to  secede  from  the 
Union,  he  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  that  the  military 
power  of  the  government  would  be  called  into  requisition  to 
enforce  the  laws.  A  "  compromise  bill,"  subsequently  passed 
by  Congress,  restored  quiet.  The  attempt  to  remove  the 
Seminoles  from  Florida  to  lands  west  of  the  Mississippi  was 
met  with  determined  opposition  by  many  of  the  tribe  under 
their  chief,  Osceola  (os-e-o'la7i) ;  and  a  fierce  war  ensued, 
which  lasted  for  several  years.  Osceola  was  finally  seized, 
and  sent  to  Fort  Moultrie  (1837),  and  the  Indians,  two 
months  afterward,  were  entirely  defeated  by  Col  Zacliary 

55.  What  is  said  of  John  Q.  Adams's  administration?  What  interesting  coin- 
cidence is  referred  to  ?    By  whom  was  Adams  succeeded  ? 

56.  What  was  the  character  of  Jackson's  administration  ?  What  measures  did 
he  adopt  ?    What  war  hroke  out  ?    Describe  it. 


380 


AMERICAN   HISTORY. 


[1845 


Taylor.  Their  hostilities,  however, were  not  entirely  repressed 
till  1842. 

57.  Van  Buren's  Administration  (1837-1841).— 
Jackson  was  succeeded  in  the  presidency  by  Martin  Van  Bu- 
ren,  of  New  York.  His  term  of  four  years  is  chiefly  memora- 
ble for  a  disastrous  monetary  revulsion,  by  which  commerce 
and  manufactures  were  prostrated,  and  the  mercantile  classes 
of  the  people  were  involved  in  general  bankruptcy  (1837). 
The  Canadian  rebellion  enlisted  the  sympathies  and  engaged 
the  active  co-operation  of  many  of  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States ;  but  a  proclamation  issued  by  the  president  was 
successful  in  preventing  any  improper  interference  in  the 
affairs  of  Canada. 

58.  Harrison's  and  Tyler's  Administrations 
(1841-1845). — Van  Buren's  successor  in  office  was  William 
Henry  Harrison,the  "hero  of  Tippecanoe  and  the  Thames;" 

but  the  new  president 


59.    Polk's   Administration 


died  just  one  month 
after  his  inaugura- 
tion, and  the  vice- 
president,  John  Tyler, 
became  president. — 
Texas,  which  had  re- 
volted from  Mexico, 
and  set  up  a  gov- 
ernment of  its  own 
(1836),  applied  to  be 
annexed  to  the  United 
States ;  and  three  days 
before  the  expiration 
of  his  term  of  office, 
the  president  signed  a 
bill  for  its  annexation. 
(1845-1849).— Tyler's 


57.  What  is  related  of  Van  Buren's  administration? 

58.  Who  succeeded  Van  Buren  ?    How  did  Tyler  become  President  ?    What  la 
related  of  Texas  i 


1847.] 


AMEBIC  AN-   HISTORY. 


381 


successor  in  office  was  James  K.  Polk.  On  the  fourth  of 
July,  1845,  the  legislature  of  Texas  having  approved 
the  "  annexation  bill"  passed  by  Congress,  Texas  be- 
came one  of  the  United  States.  This  led  to  a  war  with 
Mexico,  she  not  having  acknowledged  the  independence 
of  her  revolted  province.  Hostilities  were  commenced  in 
1846,  near  the  Eio  Grande  (re'o  grahn[da),  to  which  General 
Taylor  had  been  sent  to  protect  the  new  state  from  Mexican 
invasion.  Having  defeated  the  Mexicans  in  two  battles, 
he  took  possession  of  Mat-a-mo'ras,  and  marching  to  the 
strongly  fortified  city  of  Monterey  {mon-ta-ra')  compelled  it 
to  capitulate  (Sept.  24). 

60.  In  another  expedition  under  Gen.  Kearny  (kar'?ie), 
the  Americans  gained  possession  of  New  Mexico ;  and  a 
party  under  Captain  Fre-mont',  entered  California,  and 
defeated  the  Mexicans  in  several  skirmishes.  The  conquest 
of  this  important  territory  was  afterward  completed  by 
means    of    the    fleet 


under  Commodores 
Slote  and  Stockton, 
assisted  by  Fremont 
and  General  Kearny 
(1847).  Taylor's  last 
engagement  in  Mex- 
ico was  the  battle  of 
Buena  Vista  (owa'nah 
vees'tali),  in  which  he 
defeated  an  army 
under  Santa  Anna 
nearly  four  times  as 
numerous  as  his  own, 
driving  the  Mexicans 
in  disorder  from  the 
field  (Feb.  23, 1847). 


SCOTT'S 
CAMPAIGN 


5  9-.  Who  succeeded  Tyler  ?    What  caused  a  war  with  Mexico  ?    How  were  hos- 
tilities commenced  ?    What  was  done  by  Taylor  ? 
60.  How  was  California  conquered  'i    What  occurred  at  Buena  Vista  ? 


382  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  [1853. 

61.  With  a  view  to  "conquer  a  peace,"  General  Scott  was 
ordered  to  proceed  against  the  capital  of  Mexico  (1847). 
Landing  his  army  near  Vera  Cruz,  he,  with  the  aid  of  the 
fleet,  compelled  this  strongly  fortified  city  to  surrender,  and 
then  marched  into  the  interior.  Having  defeated  Santa 
Anna  at  the  mountain  pass  of  Cerro  Gordo  (sdr'ro  gor'do), 
and  captured  in  succession  all  the  strong  posts  by  which 
the  capital  was  defended,  Scott  entered  it  in  triumph  (Sept. 
14).  On  the  second  of  February  following,  a  treaty  of  peace 
was  signed,  by  which  all  the  territory  north  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  together  with  the  whole  of  New  Mexico  and 
California,  was  relinquished  to  the  United  States,  the 
latter  agreeing  to  pay  to  Mexico  $15,000,000,  and  to 
assume  her  debts  to  American  citizens,  to  the  amount  of 
$3,000,000. 

62.  Taylor's  and  Fillmore's  Administrations 
(1849-1853). — Polk  was  succeeded  by  Zachary  Taylor,  the 
hero  who  had  achieved  such  brilliant  victories  in  the  war 
with  Mexico.  Gold  having  been  discovered  in  California, 
thousands  of  emigrants  from  all  parts  of  the  world  rushed 
thither ;  and  so  rapidly  did  the  territory  become  populated, 
that  in  the  fall  of  1849  it  contained  a  sufficient  number  of 
settlers  to  constitute  a  state,  and,  accordingly,  applied  for 
admission.  The  application  met  with  violent  opposition 
from  the  southern  states,  because  the  constitution  of  the 
proposed  state  excluded  slavery  ;  but  a  compromise  having 
been  effected  through  the  efforts  of  Henry  Clay,  California 
was  admitted  as  a  free  state  (1850).  Meantime,  General 
Taylor  died  (July  9,  1850),  and  was  succeeded  by  the  vice- 
president,  Millard  Fillmore. 

63.  Pierce's  Administration  (1853-1857).— During 
tl*a  administration  of  Franklin  Pierce,  the    successor  of 

61.  Give  an  account  of  Scott's  expedition.    What  was  the  result  ? 

62.  Who  succeeded  Polk?  What  occurred  in  California?  Why  was  its  admis- 
sion opposed  ?  How  and  when  was  it  admitted  ?  How  and  when  did  Fillmore 
become  President  ? 

63.  What  controversy  was  continued  during  Pierce's  administration?  'What 
again  excited  the  slavery  question  ? 


I860.]  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  383 

Fillmore,  the  controversy  between  the  slaveholding  and 
non-slaveholding  sections  of  the  Union  was  renewed,  the 
one  being  in  favor  of,  and  the  other  opposed  to,  the  exten- 
sion of  slavery  into  the  territories.  This  question,  supposed 
to  have  been  settled  by  the  compromise  of  1850,  was  again 
excited  by  the  passage  of  a  bill  for  the  organization  of 
Kansas  and  Nebraska  as  territories,  the  bill  containing  a 
clause  by  which  the  "  Missouri  Compromise"  was  repealed, 
and  the  question  of  permitting  or  excluding  slavery  was 
left  to  be  determined  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  territories 
(1854). 

64.  No  sooner  had  the  bill  passed,  than  emigrants  from 
both  sections  of  the  Union  began  to  pour  into  Kansas, 
those  from  the  North  being  determined  to  make  it  a  free 
state,  while  those  from  the  South  were  equally  resolved 
that  slavery  should  be  permitted  within  it.  With  such 
undue  zeal  was  this  strife  maintained,  that  frequent  colli- 
sions took  place,  in  which  blood  was  shed.  While  these 
things  were  in  progress,  Pierce  was  succeeded  in  office  by 
James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania. 

65.  Buchanan's  Administration  (1857-1861).— 
The  slavery  question  continued  to  be  the  prominent  topic 
of  discussion  during  this  administration ;  and  the  feeling 
of  opposition  prevailing  in  the  South  against  the  North, 
was  greatly  intensified  by  "John  Brown's  raid," — an  attempt, 
by  seizing  the  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry,  to  capture  and 
liberate  a  large  number  of  slaves.  The  undertaking  failed ; 
and  several  of  those  engaged  in  it,  including  Brown  him- 
self, were  tried  and  hung.  Kansas  was  not  admitted  until 
1861,  when  it  came  in  as  a  free  state. 

66.  The  election,  in  the  fall  of  1860,  of  Abraham  Lincoln, 


64.  What  led  to  civil  war  in  Kansas  ?    Who  succeeded  Pierce  ? 

65.  What  question  was  continued  ?  How  were  the  bitter  feelings  of  the  South 
intensified?  What  was  "John  Brown's  raid?"  What  was  its  result?  When 
was  Kansas  admitted  ? 

66.  What  caused  a  violent  outbreak  at  the  South  ?  What  was  done  at  Charles- 
ton ?  What  events  followed  this  ?  What  property  was  seized  by  the  insurgents  ? 
What  forts  were  retained  by  the  government  ? 


384 


AMERICAN  HISTORY. 


[13  19. 


±J 


1861.]  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  385 

the  candidate  of  the  Republicans  (the  party  opposed  to  the 
further  extension  of  slavery),  occasioned  a  violent  outbreak 
in  the  South;  and  in  South  Carolina,  a  convention  was 
called,  which  met  at  Charleston,  and  passed  an  ordinance 
declaring  that  the  State  had  seceded  from  the  Union  (Dec. 
20).  This  was  soon  followed  by  the  passage  of  similar 
secession  ordinances  in  six  other  states:  Mississippi,  Flor- 
ida, Alabama,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  and  Texas ;  and  a  con- 
gress of  delegates  from  the  insurgent  states  met  at  Mont- 
gomery, Alabama,  and  having  adopted  a  constitution, 
assumed  the  title  of  the  "  Confederate  States  of  America," 
and  elected  Jefferson  Davis,  president  (Feb.  9).  Forts,  ar- 
senals, navy-yards,  and  other  property  belonging  to  the 
general  government,  within  the  Confederate  states,  were 
seized,  Fort  Pickens,  near  Pensacola,  Fort  Sumter,  near 
Charleston,  and  Fortress  Monroe,  near  the  entrance  to 
Chesapeake  Bay,  being  nearly  all  that  remained  to  the 
United  States. 

67.  Lincoln's  Administration.— The  Great  Civil 
War.  (1861-1865.) — In  this  sad  and  distracted  condi- 
tion were  the  affairs  of  the  country  when  Lincoln  en- 
tered upon  the  office  of  president.  One  of  the  first  acts 
of  the  Confederates,  after  his  inauguration,  was  the  bom- 
bardment and  capture  of  Fort  Sumter  ;  and  this  was  soon 
followed  by  the  passage  of  secession  ordinances  in  Virginia, 
Tennessee,  Arkansas,  and  North  Carolina.  The  excite- 
ment consequent  upon  these  events  throughout  the  North, 
was  intense.  Troops  were  at  once  called  for  by  the  presi- 
dent; and  a  large  army  was  soon  collected  near  Wash- 
ington, under  General  Scott,  to  oppose  the  Confederate 
army  stationed  at  Manassas  Junction,  a  few  miles  distant. 
Near  this  spot,  on  the  21st  day  of  July,  occurred  the  first 
great  conflict  of  the  war — the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  in  which 


67.  How  was  the  war  of  the  rebellion  brought  on?    What  led  to  the  battle  of 
Bull  Run  ?    What  was  its  result  ? 

17 


386  AMERICAN  HISTORY.  [1862. 

the  Union  forces  were  defeated,  and  fled  panic-stricken 
from  the  field. 

68.  General  McClettan  was  then  called  to  take  the  chief 
command;  and  an  immense  army  was  collected  at  Wash- 
ington, with  the  purpose  of  invading  Virginia,  and  cap- 
turing Eichmond,  the  capital  of  the  Confederate  States. 
This  army  did  not  set  out  until  April,  1862.  Meanwhile 
an  active  warfare  had  been  carried  on  in  Missouri,  with 
varying  success;  the  Federal  navy  had  been  greatly  in- 
creased and  strengthened;  and  by  means  of  it,  strong 
positions  in  North  and  South  Carolina  were  wrested  from 
the  Confederates.  The  capture  of  Roanoke  Island,  and  of 
Fort  Pulaski,  near  Savannah,  still  further  strengthened 
the  Union  cause. 

69.  The  remarkable  victory  gained  by  the  "  Monitor" 
over  the  powerful  ram,  Virginia,  near  Norfolk ;  the  victo- 
ries of  General  Pope  on  the  Mississippi ;  and  the  capture, 
by  General  Grant,  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  on  the 
Cumberland  and  Tennessee  Rivers,  were  important  events 
of  the  winter  of  1861-2  and  the  following  spring.  The 
taking  of  New  Orleans  by  the  fleet  under  Far'ra-gut  and 
Porter,  aided  by  a  military  force  under  General  Butler,  was 
a  still  more  valuable  conquest  (April  25). 

70.  These  great  victories  were  counterbalanced  by  the 
ill  success  of  McClellan,  who  had  attempted  to  reach  Eich- 
mond by  the  peninsula  between  the  York  and  James  Eivers. 
Having  arrived  within  a  short  distance  of  the  city,  he  was 
suddenly  attacked  by  the  Confederates  at  Fair  Oaks,  where 
a  bloody,  but  indecisive  contest  took  place  (May  31).  A 
movement  of  McClellan's  to  change  his  base  of  operations 
to  the  James  Eiver,  brought  on  a  series  of  destructive  bat- 
tles, lasting  through  seven  days  (June  25-July  1),  the  re- 

68.  Who  took  the  command  ?  What  was  collected  ?   For  what  purpose  ?   What 
events  occurred  in  the  West  and  South  ? 

69.  What  other  important  events  occurred  during  the  winter  of  1861-2  and  the 
following  spring '!    What  important  city  was  captured  ?    How  ? 

70.  What  was  done  by  McClellan  ?  Where  was  a  great  battle  fought?  What 
was  its  result  ?    What  battles  followed  ? 


1863.]  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  387 

suit  of  which  was  to  leave  the  Union  army  in  a  very  weak- 
ened condition. 

71.  Taking  advantage  of  this,  the  Confederates,  under 
General  Lee,  marched  toward  Washington ;  but  were  con- 
fronted by  the  armies  of  Gen.  Banks  and  Gen.  Pope.  These 
were  defeated,  the  latter  in  the  Second  Battle  of  Bull  Run 
(Aug.  29th  and  30th) ;  and  Lee  crossed  the  Potomac  intc 
Maryland.  Meanwhile,  McClellan  had  been  recalled  from 
the  James ;  and  having  assumed  the  command  of  the  army 
in  Maryland,  defeated  the  Confederate  general,  Lee,  in  the 
great  battle  of  Antietam  (an-te'tam)  (Sept.  17).  Lee  ai 
once  retreated  across  the  Potomac;  but  McClellan  made 
no  pursuit,  and  in  November  was  superseded  by  Burnside. 

72.  A  dreadful  repulse  of  the  Union  army  at  Fredericks- 
burg soon  followed  (Dec.  13);  and  Burnside,  at  his  own 
request,  was  superseded  by  Gen.  Hooker.  The  latter,  how- 
ever, was  defeated  in  the  great  battle  of  Chancellor  sville 
(May  2d  and  3d,  1863),  which  was  followed  by  another  in- 
vasion by  the  Confederate  army  under  Lee,  who  at  this 
time  penetrated  into  Pennsylvania.  At  Gettysburg,  how- 
ever, a  dreadful  conflict  of  three  days  occurred  (July  1st, 
2d,  and  3d),  the  result  of  which  was,  that  Lee  was  com- 
pelled to  retreat. 

73.  In  the  mean  time,  General  Grant  having  gained  a 
series  of  victories  over  the  Confederate  forces  in  the  south- 
west, succeeded  in  taking  Vicksburg,  after  a  siege  of  several 
months  (July  4) ;  and  Port  Hudson  having  soon  afterward 
surrendered  to  Gen.  Banks,  the  Mississippi  was  completely 
opened.  Gen.  Rosecrans  (roz'krants),  who,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year,  had  gained  an  important  victory  over  a 
large  Confederate  army,  under  Gen.  Bragg,  at  Mur'frees- 
bo-ro    (Jan.  2,  1863),  was   attacked   near  Chick-a-mau'ga 

7 1 .  What  was  then  done  by  General  Lee  ?   What  victories  did  he  gain  ?   Where 
was  he  defeated  ?    By  whom  was  McClellan  superseded  ? 

72.  What  disasters  ensued '?     Where  was  Lee  defeated  ?    With  what  result  ? 

73.  How  was  the  Mississippi  opened?    What  victory  did  Rosecrans  gain? 
Where  was  he  defeated  '!    How  was  Bragg  driven  into  Georgia  ? 


388  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  [1865. 

Creek  by  Bragg,  and  compelled  to  fall  back  (Sept.  20) 
The  timely  arrival  of  Hooker  and  Grant,  the  latter  of 
whom  took  the  command,  enabled  the  Union  army  to  gain 
a  decided  victory,  after  a  three  days'  conflict;  and  Bragg 
was  driven  back  into  Georgia  (Nov.  25). 

74.  Gen.  Grant,  having  been  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  all  the  armies  of  the  Union,  arranged,  rrt  the 
spring  of  1864,  two  campaigns — one  against  Richmond, 
under  his  own  direction,  and  the  other  against  Atlanta, 
under  General  Sherman.  The  latter,  by  a  series  of  masterly 
movements,  compelled  the  Confederates  to  retreat,  and 
finally  succeeded  in  taking  Atlanta  (Sept.  2),  which  hav- 
ing destroyed,  he  made  his  memorable  march  through 
"Georgia  to  the  sea-coast,  and  occupied  Savannah  (Dec.  21). 
Meanwhile,  Gen.  Tlwmas,  who  had  been  left  by  Sherman 
with  a  considerable  force  in  Tennessee,  attacked  the  Con- 
federate army  under  Hood,  and,  after  a  battle  of  two  days, 
routed  it  with  great  slaughter  (Dec.  16). 

75.  In  Virginia,  Gen.  Grant  had  in  the  mean  time  en- 
countered the  Confederate  army  under  Lee ;  and  after  a 
series  of  terrific  battles,  compelled  it  to  retreat  toward 
Richmond ;  but  Grant  having  transferred  his  army  to  the 
south  bank  of  the  James,  Lee,  whose  movements  had  been 
conducted  with  consummate  skill,  occupied  Petersburg, 
and  thus  compelled  the  Unionists  to  lay  siege  to  that  city 
(June).  This  siege  lasted  until  the  following  April,  when, 
by  a  skilful  movement,  Grant  compelled  its  evacuation; 
and  both  Petersburg  and  Richmond  were  occupied  by  the 
nation's  victorious  troops  (April  3,  1865). 

76.  Gen.  Sheridan,  distinguished  for  his  brilliant  victo- 
ries over  the  Confederate  forces  in  the  Shenandoah  valley, 
was  ordered  to  pursue  the  retreating  army  of  Lee;  and  so 

74.  What  campaigns  were  planned  in  the  spring  of  1805?    What  was  accom- 
plished hy  General  Sherman  ?    By  General  Thomas  ? 

75.  Describe  Grant's  campaign  in  Virginia.     When  and  how  was  Richmond 
taken? 

76.  What  was  done  by  Sheridan  ?    By  Sherman,  after  leaving  Savannah  ? 


1865.]  'AMERICAN   HISTORY.  389 

vigorously  was  the  order  obeyed,  that  in  less  than  a  week, 
Lee,  being  overtaken  and  surrounded,  was  compelled  to 
surrender  to  Gen.  Grant  (April  9).  Meanwhile,  Sherman 
had  continued  his  victorious  march  from  Savannah.  Pass- 
ing through  South  Carolina,  he  occupied  Columbia,  com- 
pelled the  evacuation  of  Charleston  and  Fort  Sumter ;  and, 
entering  North  Carolina,  defeated  the  Confederafes  in  two 
battles  (March). 

77.  The  surrender  of  Lee  was  soon  followed  by  that  of 
the  other  Confederate  generals,  and  the  great  civil  war  was 
at  an  end,  having  been  brought  to  a  close  by  the  most  per- 
severing and  gigantic  efforts  ever  put  forth  by  any  nation. 
Through  all  disasters  and  discouragements,  the  patriotic 
and  high-minded  president  had  resolutely  striven  to  save 
the  integrity  of  the  country,  and  had  won  the  esteem  and 
affection  of  all  by  his  conscientious  devotion  to  this  noble 
cause.  On  the  first  of  January,  1863,  he  had  issued  his 
memorable  emancipation  proclamation,  giving  freedom  to 
all  the  slaves  in  the  states  then  in  rebellion,  excepting 
in  such  portions  as  were  occupied  by  the  national  troops. 
By  this  more  than  three  millions  of  slaves  were  declared 
free. 

78.  Having  been  re-elected  president  in  the  fall  of  1864, 
he  had  served  but  a  few  weeks  of  his  second  term,  when,  in 
less  than  one  week  after  Lee's  surrender,  he  was  assassinated 
by  a  desperado  acting  in  sympathy  with  the  Confederate 
cause  (April  14).  The  intelligence  of  this  sad  event  filled 
every  loyal  heart  throughout  the  land  with  sorrow  and 
dismay,  and  for  several  weeks  all  the  great  cities  throughout 
the  North  were  draped  in  badges  and  emblems  of  mourning. 
The  funeral  cortege  was  followed  by  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  the  citizens  of  the  republic,  as  it  wended  its  way  from 
the  capital  to  Springfield,  the  former  home  of  the  deceased 

77.  How  (lid  the  rebellion  end?    What  is  remarked  of  President  Lincoln? 
What  proclamation  did  he  issue  in  January,  1863 ?    What  was  its  effect? 

78.  When  and  by  whom  was  Abraham  Lincoln  assassinated?    What  was  the 

result  ? 


390  AMEBIC  AN   HISTORY.  [1869 

president, — thenceforth  to  be  rendered  sacred  as  his  burial- 
place. 

79.  Johnson's  Administration  ( 1865  - 1869).— 
Andrew  Johnson  became  president  by  the  death  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  April  15.  The  assassin  of  the  late  president  was 
pursued,  and  refusing  to  surrender,  was  shot.  Most  of  his 
accomplices  were  apprehended,  and,  after  trial,  were  hung 
Jefferson  Davis,  president  of  the  late  Confederacy,  who  had 
fled  to  Georgia,  was  arrested ;  but,  after  a  long  confinement 
in  Fortress  Monroe,  was  released.  A  resolution  of  Congress 
proposing  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  abolishing 
slavery,  having  been  approved  by  the  requisite  number 
of  states,  slavery  was  declared  to  be  abolished  (Dec.  18th, 
1865).  At  this  time  the  national  debt  amounted  to  about 
$2,700,000,000. 

80.  Notwithstanding  the  veto  of  the  president,  the  "  re- 
construction act"  was  passed,  admitting  the  states  recently 
in  rebellion  to  their  former  participation  in  the  govern- 
ment, on  the  adoption  of  republican  constitutions,  and  the 
election,  by  the  suffrages  of  both  white  and  black  citizens, 
of  representatives,  who  had  not  been  concerned  in  the 
rebellion.  Under  this  law,  most  of  the  states  have  formally 
returned  to  their  allegiance,  and  are  now  (1869)  represented 
in  Congress.  During  the  year  1867,  Nebraska  was  admitted 
into  the  Union,  and  the  territorial  possessions  of  the  United 
States  were  increased  by  the  purchase  of  Eussian  America, 
to  which  the  name  Alaska  was  given.  In  the  fall  of  1868, 
General  Grant  and  Schuyler  Colfax  were  elected  president 
and  vice-president,  respectively,  of  the  United  States. 


19.  Who  succeeded  Lincoln  in  the  presidency?  What  was  done  with  the  assas- 
sin of  the  President,  and  his  accomplices  ?  With  Jefferson  Davis  ?  How  was 
slavery  abolished  ?    What  did  the  national  debt  amount  to  ? 

80.  What  was  the  "  reconstruction  act  V  How  was  it  passed  ?  What  were  its 
chief  provisions  ?  What  has  resulted  from  it  ?  What  new  state  was  admitted  in 
1867  ?  What  territory  was  purchased  ?  Who  were  elected  President  and  Vice- 
President  iu  1868  ? 


1825.]  AMEBIC  AN  HISTORY.  391 


Mexico. 

81.  Mexico  was  inhabited,  previous  to  the  discovery  of 
America,  by  a  race  called  the  Aztecs,  and  had  risen  to  a 
condition  of  considerable  civilization  and  splendor.  It  had 
its  orators  and  poets,  its  sculptors  and  architects  ;  and  th 
mighty  ruins  which  still  greet  the  traveller  amid  the 
overgrowing  forests,  attest  the  genius  and  enterprise  of  its 
inhabitants.  As  already  stated,  this  great  nation  was 
subdued  by  a  few  Spaniards  under  Cortez,  a  bold  and  un- 
scrupulous leader,  and  became  a  Spanish  province  (1521). 

82.  It  thus  remained  for  three  centuries ;  but  bitter 
dissensions  grew  up  between  the  Spaniards  and  the  Creoles 
and  mixed  races,  and  the  government  was  frequently 
threatened  with  insurrection.  This  was  particularly  the 
case  during  the  troubles  in  Spain  occasioned  by  the  Penin- 
sular war;  but  the  viceroy  succeeded  in  crushing  the  various 
chiefs  who  sprang  up,  and  preserved  the  government  from 
overthrow  (1811). 

83.  The  revolutionary  movement,  however,  soon  com- 
menced again ;  and  Iturbide  (e-toor'be-tha)  became  emperor 
in  1822,  but  in  consequence  of  a  tyrannical  abuse  of  power 
was  obliged  to  abdicate.  This  was  followed  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  independence  of  Mexico  (1824),  which  was 
soon  acknowledged  by  all  the  principal  foreign  nations 
except  Spain  (1825).  A  government  was  then  organized 
on  the  plan  of  that  of  the  United  States;  but  its  benefits 
were  entirely  prevented  by  the  ceaseless  intrigues  of  the 
military  leaders,  each  ambitious  to  acquire  the  supreme 
authority,  and  constantly  plotting  revolution  to  overturn 
the  established  government. 

8 1 .  By  whom  was  Mexico  inhabited  previous  to  the  discovery  of  America  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  Aztecs  ?    By  whom  was  Mexico  subdued  ? 

82.  How  long  did  it  remain  a  province  of  Spain?  What  dissensions  arose? 
When  were  there  insurrections  ?    How  were  they  subdued  ? 

8  3.  Who  became  emperor  in  1822  ?  What  followed  ?  When  was  the  independ- 
ence of  Mexico  acknowledged  by  foreign  nations  ?  What  government  was  organ- 
ized ?    How  were  its  benefits  prevented  ? 


392  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  [1867. 

84.  Prominent  among  these  was  Santa  Anna,  whoso 
remarkable  career  presents  a  singular  series  of  vicissitudes. 
Repeatedly  made  president  or  dictator,  he  has  as  often  been 
deposed  and  driven  into  exile.  During  the  war  with  the 
United  States  (1846-7),  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  experienced  a  succession  of  disastrous  defeats, 
resulting  in  the  total  prostration  of  the  Mexican  republic 
to  the  power  of  the  United  States. 

85.  Since  his  final  deposition  and  banishment  in  1855, 
Mexico  has  been  a  constant  scene  of  strife  and  anarchy ; 
imd  during  the  civil  war  waged  by  the  rival  chiefs  Miramon 
(me'rah-mon)  and  Juarez  (hwah'rez),  such  acts  of  flagrant 
injustice  were  committed  against  foreigners,  that  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Spain  sent  fleets  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  to  enforce  satisfaction.  The  allied  forces  were 
about  to  proceed  against  the  capital,  when  a  treaty  was 
entered  into  with  the  provisional  government  of  Mexico  by 
all  the  allies  except  France  (1862). 

86.  In  April,  1862,  the  French  emperor  declared  war 
against  Mexico,  then  under  the  government  of  Juarez,  and 
having  sent  a  considerable  force  there,  captured  Puebla 
(1863),  and  compelling  Juarez  to  flee,  took  possession  of 
the  country.  He  then  invited  the  Archduke  Maximilian, 
brother  of  the  emperor  of  Austria,  to  take  the  imperial 
throne  of  Mexico,  which  was  accepted  in  1864.  It  was, 
however,  soon  overturned  by  an  insurrectionary  movement 
under  Juarez,  who,  gaining  possession  of  the  emperor, 
caused  him  to  be  shot  (June  19,  1867).  Since  then,  the 
country  has  continued  under  the  rule  of  that  successful 
popular  leader. 

Central  America. 

87.  Central  America,  like  Mexico,  was  formerly  inhabited 

84.  Who  was  prominent  among  the  Mexican  leaders  ?    What  is  said  of  Santa 
Anna? 

85.  What  led  to  the  interference  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Spain?    What 
Meaty  was  made ? 

86.  What  was  done  hy  the  French  emperor?    Who  was  made  emperor  of 
Mexico  ?    How  and  by  whom  was  he  deposed  ?    What  followed  ? 


1762.]  AMERICAN"   HISTORY.  393 

by  the  Aztecs,  the  massive  ruins  of  whose  cities  still  aston- 
ish the  traveller  amid  its  luxuriant  tropical  forests.  It  was 
subdued  by  the  Spaniards  soon  after  the  conquest  of  Mexico, 
and  remained  in  their  possession  until  1821,  when  it  became 
a  part  of  the  dominions  of  the  Mexican  emperor  Iturbide. 
After  his  fall  (1823)  the  five  states  of  Guatemala  (gwah-te- 
mali'lali),  Hondu'ras,  Nicaragua  (nik-a-rali'gwah),  San 
Salvador,  and  Costa  Eica  (re'Jcah),  formed  a  federal  union, 
with  the  title  of  the  "  United  States  of  Central  America." 
In  1839  the  union  was  dissolved,  and  the  states  became 
independent  republics.  Belize  {ba-leez'),  since  1783,  has 
been  in  the  undisputed  possession  of  Great  Britain,  and 
the  Mosquito  Kingdom  is  an  independent  Indian  state 
under  British  protection. 

The  West  Indies. 

88.  These  islands  were  discovered  by  Columbus  in  his 
first  voyage  (1492),  Guanaliani,  or  San  Salvador,  being  the 
first  spot  of  the  new  world  on  which  he  landed.  His  dis- 
covery of  these  islands  gave  to  the  Spaniards  the  exclusive 
right  which  they  claimed  to  their  possession.  All  the  larger 
islands  were  soon  colonized  by  them ;  and  such  was  their 
harsh  and  cruel  treatment  of  the  mild  and  inoffensive 
aborigines,  that  the  latter  soon  became  almost  extinct. 
Their  places  as  slaves  were  then  supplied  by  the  unfortu- 
nate negroes,  kidnapped  from  their  homes  in  Africa.  The 
smaller  islands,  left  uninhabited,  became  places  of  shelter 
for  the  pirates,  called  Buccaneers,  who  swarmed  in  the 
Caribbean  (car-ib-be'an)  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
made  navigation  subject  to  great  peril  and  disaster. 

89.  Cuba,  still  in  the  possession  of  Spain,  was  attacked  in 
1762  by  the  British  ;  and  Havana  was  taken  at  the  point 

87.  By  whom  was  Central  America  formerly  inhabited  ?  By  whom  was  it  sub- 
dued ?  What  happened  in  1821  ?  In  1823?  When  was  the  union  dissolved  ?  What 
is  said  of  Belize  ?  Of  the  Mosquito  kingdom  ? 

88.  Who  discovered  the  West  Indies  ?  Which  of  them  were  colonized  by  tho 
Spaniards  ?  What  was  their  treatment  of  the  natives  ?  Who  were  the  Buccaneers  ? 

1.* 


394  AMERICAN   HISTORY.  [1803. 

of  the  bayonet.  It  was,  however,  given  back  the  next  year 
Sir  Francis  Brake  distinguished  himself  for  several  success- 
ful attacks  on  the  Spanish  possessions  in  the  West  Indies, 
particularly  Porto  Rico.  Jamaica  was  colonized  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1509 ;  and  by  means  of  the  enforced  labor  of 
the  Indians,  and  subsequently  of  the  negroes,  great  quanti- 
ties of  sugar,  cotton  and  other  rich  products,  were  raised. 
It  was  taken  by  an  expedition  under  Admiral  Penn  and 
Gen.  Venables,  sent  out  by  Cromwell  in  1655.  In  1834,  the 
slaves  were  emancipated  by  the  British  government,  but 
were  bound  as  apprentices  to  their  former  masters.  In 
1865,  a  negro  insurrection  broke  out,  but  was  put  down  by 
the  prompt  and  terribly  severe  measures  of  Governor  Eyre 
{Ire). 

90.  Hayti  (lia'tee),  or  His-pan-i-o'la  {Little  Spain)  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1492,  and  remained  the  undis- 
puted property  of  Spain  until  1697,  when  the  western  part 
of  the  island  was  surrendered  to  France.  The  latter  part 
attained  a  high  degree  of  prosperity,  while  the  Spanish  set- 
tlements languished  and  declined.  In  1790,  the  population 
of  the  island  was  estimated  at  550,000,  a  large  part  of  whom 
were  negro  slaves.  During  the  French  revolution  (1794), 
the  negroes  found  an  heroic  champion  in  one  of  their 
number  named  ToussaintL'  Ouverture  {too' sang  loo'ver-ture), 
who  contended  for  a  long  time,  with  great  success,  against 
the  white  oppressors  of  his  race,  finally  proclaiming  him- 
self Emperor  of  Hayti,  in  imitation  of  Napoleon.  At  last 
taken  prisoner  by  the  French,  he  was  sent  to  France,  and 
was  confined  in  prison,  where  he  died  after  ten  months' 
captivity  (1803). 

91.  The  sad  fate  of  this  man,  the  greatest  and  noblest 


89.  By  whom  was  Cuba  attacked  in  1762  ?  What  was  done  by  Drake  ?  Give  a 
cketch  of  the  history  of  Jamaica. 

90.  By  whom  was  Hayti  discovered  ?  What  happened  in  1773?  What  was  the 
population  in  1790  ?    Give  the  history  of  Toussaint  L'Ouverture. 

9 1 .  What  is  remarked  of  his  fate  ?  When  was  the  Hay tien  Republic  estab- 
lished ?  The  Republic  of  St.  Domingo  ?  Who  was  Soulouque  ?  What  title  did  he 
assume  ?    When  did  he  abdicate  ? 


1859.]  AMERICAN   HISTORY.    *  395 

of  the  negroes  mentioned  in  history,  has  reflected  undying 
disgrace  upon  Napoleon  I.,  by  whom  he  was  thus  cruelly 
treated  for  following  his  example,  but  with  a  much  more 
patriotic  devotion  to  his  country  and  his  race.  After  many 
years  of  trouble  (1822),  the  Haytien  Republic  was  estab- 
lished, to  which  the  Spanish  portion  of  the  island  was 
annexed.  In  1844,  the  inhabitants  of  the  latter,  by  a 
successful  insurrection,  formed  themselves  into  a  separate 
republic,  under  the  name  of  St.  Domingo.  A  few  years 
afterward  (1849),  Soulouque  (soo-look'),  the  president  of  the 
Haytien  republic,  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  subju- 
gate St.  Domingo;  but  the  next  year  he  succeeded  in 
making  himself  emperor  of  Hayti,  with  the  title  of  Faustin 
I.  In  1859,  however,  he  was  compelled  to  abdicate,  and  the 
republic  was  restored. 


396  AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

A.  D. 

1492.  Discovery  of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus. 

1497.  Mainland  of  North  America  reached  by  John  Cabot. 

1498.  Mainland  of  South  America  reached  by  Columbus. 

1499.  Voyage  of  Vespucci  and  Ojecla. 

1500.  Coast  of  Brazil  reached  by  Cabral. 

1512.  Discovery  of  Florida  by  Ponce  de  Leon. 

1513.  Pacific  Ocean  first  seen  by  Balboa. 
1519-22.  Voyage  of  Magellan. 

1521.  Conquest  of  Mexico  by  Cortes. 

1524.  Coast  of  North  America  explored  by  Verrazzani. 

1530.  Rio  de  la  Plata  explored  by  Sebastian  Cabot. 

1533.  Conquest  of  Peru  by  Pizarro. 

1534.  Gulf  and  river  of  St.  Lawrence  discovered  by  Cartier. 
1539.  Amazon  River  explored  by  Orellana. 

1541.  Mississippi  River  discovered  by  De  Soto. 

"      Santiago,  Chili,  founded  by  Valdivia. 
1565.  St.  Augustine,  Florida,  founded  by  the  Spaniards. 
1580.  Buenos  Ayres  founded  by  the  Spaniards. 
1585.  First  English  Colony  on  the  island  of  Roanoke. 
1605.  Port  Royal,  Acadia,  settled  by  De  Monts. 

1607.  Virginia  (I.)  settled  at  Jamestown  by  the  English. 

1608.  Quebec  settled  by  the  French  under  Champlain. 

1609.  The  Hudson  River  discovered  by  the  Dutch  under  Hudson. 
1614.  New  York  (II.)  settled  by  the  Dutch  at  New  Amsterdam. 
1620.  Massachusetts  (III.)  settled  by  the  Puritans  at  Plymouth. 
1623.  New  Hampshire  (IV.)  settled  by  the  English. 

1630.  Boston  settled  by  the  English. 

1633.  Connecticut  (V.)  settled  by  emigrants  from  Massachusetts. 

1634.  Maryland  (VI.)  settled  by  the  English  Catholics. 
1636.  Rhode  Island  (VII.)  settled  by  Roger  Williams. 
1638.  Delaware  (VIII.)  settled  by  the  Swedes. 

1650.  North  Carolina  (IX.)  settled  by  emigrants  from  Virginia. 
1664.  New  Netherlands  taken  by  the  English. 

"     New  Jersey  (X.)  settled  by  the  English  at  Elizabethtown. 
1670.  South  Carolina  (XL)  settled  by  the  English. 
1682.  Pennsylvania  (XII.)  settled  by  the  Quakers  under  Penn. 
1691.  Mouth  of  the  Mississippi  discovered  by  La  Salle. 
1710.  Port  Royal  taken  by  the  English,  and  named  Annapolis. 

1732.  George  Washington  born  in  Virginia,  (February  22). 

1733.  Georgia  (XIII.)  settled  by  the  English  at  Savannah. 


AMERICAN   HISTORY.  397 

1754.  Commencement  of  the  French  and  Indian  "War. 

1759.  Quebec  taken  by  the  English.    Death  of  General  Wolfe. 

1763.  Treaty  of  Paris.     Canada  given  up  to  the  English. 

1765.  Passage  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

1773.  The  tea  thrown  overboard  at  Boston. 

1774.  The  First  Continental  Congress  met  at  Philadelphia. 

1775.  Battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker  Hill. 
"  Montgomeiy  slain  at  Quebec. 

1776.  Declaration  of  American  Independence  (July  4th). 
"  Battles  of  Long  Island  and  Trenton. 

1777.  Battles  of  Chad's  Ford  and  Germantown. 

"     Surrender  of  Burgoyne  at  Saratoga  (October  17th). 

1778.  American  independence  acknowledged  by  France. 
"     Battle  of  Monmouth. 

1779.  Repulse  of  the  Americans  and  French  at  Savannah. 

1780.  Charleston  taken  by  the  British. 

"     Gates  defeated  by  Cornwallis  at  Camden. 
"     Treason  of  Benedict  Arnold. 

1781.  Greene's  Campaign  in  the  South. 

N      Surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown  (October  19th). 
1783.  Independence  of  U.  S.  acknowledged  by  Great  Britain. 
1787.  Constitution  of  U.   S.  adopted  by  the  Convention  at  Phila- 
delphia. 
1789.  Washington  (I.)  the  first  President  of  the  United  States. 
1791    Vermont  admitted  into  the  Union. 
1792.  Kentucky  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1796.  Tennessee  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1797.  John  Adams  (II.)  President  of  the  United  States. 

1799.  Death  of  Washington. 

1800.  Capital  of  U.  S.  removed  from  Philadelphia  to  Washington. 

1801.  Thomas  Jefferson  (III.)  President  of  the  United  States. 
1803.  Louisiana  purchased  from  France. 

"     Death  of  Toussaint  L'Ouverture  in  prison  in  France. 
1809.  James  Madison  (IV.)  President  of  the  United  States. 

1811.  Victory  over  the  Indians  at  Tippecanoe  by  General  Harrison. 

1812.  War  declared  by  the  United  States  against  Great  Britain. 
"      Surrender  of  Detroit  by  General  Hull. 

1813.  Perry's  victory  on  Lake  Erie. 

"     Victory  at  the  Thames  by  General  Harrison. 

1814.  Battles  of  Chippewa  and  Luncly  Lane. 

"     The  city  of  Washington  taken  by  General  Ross. 
"     Treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Ghent. 


398  AMERICAN   HISTORY. 

1815.  Victory  over  the  British  at  New  Orleans  by  Jackson. 

1817.  James  Monroe  (V.)  President  of  the  United  States. 

1820.  Passage  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  bill. 

1826.  Independence  of  Peru  acknowledged  by  Spain. 

1825.  John  Quincy  Adams  (VI.)  President  of  the  United  States. 

"     Independence  of  Mexico  acknowledged. 
1829.  Andrew  Jackson  (VII.)  President  of  the  United  States. 
1835.  War  with  the  Seminoles  in  Florida. 
1837.  Martin  Van  Buren  (VIII.)  President  of  the  United  States. 

"     Defeat  of  the  Seminoles  by  Taylor. 

1841.  William  Henry  Harrison  (IX.)  President  of  the  United  States. 
"     John  Tyler  (X.)  President  of  the  United  States. 

1842.  The  war  with  the  Seminoles  terminated. 

1845.  James  K.  Polk  (XI.)  President  of  the  United  States. 
"     Texas  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1846.  Commencement  of  war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

1847.  Victory  over  Santa  Anna  by  Taylor  at  Buena  Vista. 
"     The  city  of  Mexico  taken  by  General  Scott. 

1848.  Treaty  of  peace  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

1849.  Zachary  Taylor  (XII.)  President  of  the  United  States. 

1850.  Death  of  President  Taylor. 

"     Millard  Fillmore  (XIII.)  President  of  the  United  States. 
i     "     California  admitted  into  the  Union. 

"      Soulouque  (Faustin  I.)  Emperor  of  Hayti. 

1853.  Franklin  Pierce  (XIV.)  President  of  the  United  States. 

1854.  Passage  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  bill. 

1857.  James  Buchanan  (XV.)  President  of  the  United  States. 

1859.  Abdication  of  Soulouque,  Emperor  of  Hayti. 

1860.  Secession  ordinance  passed  by  South  Carolina. 

1861.  Secession  ordinances  passed  by  ten  other  States. 

"     Abraham  Lincoln  (XVI.)  President  of  the  United  States. 
"     Beginning  of  the  great  war  of  the  Rebellion. 
"     First  battle  of  Bull  Run. 

1862.  New  Orleans  taken  by  the  Unionists. 

"     The  Seven  Days'  battles  under  McClellan. 

"     Defeat  of  the  Union  army  at  Bull  Run. 

"     Victory  over  the  Confederates  at  Antietam  by  McClellan. 

u     War  declared  against  Mexico  by  France. 

1863.  Emancipation  proclamation  issued  by  President  Lincoln. 
"     Victory  gained  by  Rosecrans  at  Murfreesboro. 

"     Defeat  of  the  Unionists  at  Chancellorsville. 

"     Defeat  of  the  Confederates  under  Lee  at  Gettysburg. 


AMERICAN   HISTORY.  309 


1863.  Vicksburg  taken  by  General  Grant. 

1864.  Campaign  of  Grant  in  Virginia.    Petersburg  besieged. 
"     Atlanta  taken  by  General  Sherman. 

"     Battle  of  Nashville.    Confederates  defeated  by  Thomas. 

1865.  Surrender  of  General  Lee.    End  of  the  Rebellion. 
"     Assassination  of  President  Lincoln. 

"     Andrew  Johnson  (XVII.)  President  of  the  United  States. 
"     Slavery  abolished  throughout  the  United  States. 

1867.  Reconstruction  Bill  passed  by  Congress. 

"     The  Emperor  Maximilian  shot  in  Mexico. 

1868.  Election  of  General  Grant  and  Schuyler  Colfax,  President  and 

Vice-President  of  the  United  States, 


400  AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

FAG* 

1.  What  important  voyages  were  made  to  America  in  the  15th  century  ?  227-234-3.")9 

2.  What  important  voyages  were  made  in  the  16th  century  ?  360-361 

3.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  colonial  history  of  Virginia 361 

4.  Of  Massachusetts 361  5.  Of  New  Hampshire....         361 

6.  Of  Connecticut 362  7.  Of  Rhode  Island 362 

8.  Of  New  York  362-363  9.  Of  New  Jersey 363 

10.  Of  Maryland 363-364         11.  Of  Pennsylvania 364 

12.  Of  Delaware 364-365         13.  Of  Georgia 365 

14.  Of  North  and  South  Carolina . .  360-365         15.  Of  Louisiana  366 

16.  What  French  colonies  were  established  in  America  ?  365-366 

17.  What  did  the  Portuguese  accomplish  in  America  ? 360-367 

18.  Who  was  Pizarro,  and  what  did  he  accomplish  ? 367-  368 

19.  What  else  was  accomplished  for  Spain  in  South  America  ? 368 

20.  In  what  wars  did  the  British  colonies  of  America  suffer  ? 270-301 

21.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  causes  of  the  Revolutionary  war 369-370 

22.  What  military  events  took  place  before  Independence  was  declared  ? . .  370-371 

23.  Give  an  account  of  those  that  occurred  in  Massachusetts 370-371 

24.  Give  an  account  of  the  other  events  of  the  year  1775 370-371 

25.  What  events  of  importance  took  place  in  1776  ?  371-373 

26.  Describe  the  battle  of  Long  Island  and  Washington's  retreat  to  Penna.         371 

27.  What  were  the  important  events  of  1777  ? 371-372-373 

28.  Describe  Washington's  contests  with  General  Howe 371-372 

29.  Give  an  account  of  the  invasion  and  surrender  of  Burgoyne 372-373 

30.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  1778 373 

31.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  1779 373 

32.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  1780 373-374 

33.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  1781,  and  close  of  the  war 374 

34.  What  is  said  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  and  the  Constitution  ?. . .  374-375 

35.  Give  an  outline  of  the  events  of  Washington's  administration 375 

36.  Of  John  Adams's 375  37.  Of  Jefferson's 375-376 

38.  What  were  the  causes  of  the  second  war  with  England  ? 376 

39.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  military  events  previous  to  1813  376 

40.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  military  events  of  1813 376 

41.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  military  events  of  1814 377-378 

42.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  naval  events  of  the  war 376-377-275 

43.  What  were  the  important  events  of  Monroe's  administration  ? 378-379 

44.  Of  John  Q.  Adams's  ? 379  45.  Of  Jackson's? 379-^380 

46.  Of  Van  Buren's  ? 380  47.  Of  Tylers? 380 

48.  Give  the  cause  and  commencement  of  the  Mexican  war 380-381 

49.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  1846 381 

50.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  1847 381-382 

51.  When  was  a  treaty  made,  and  what  were  its  terms  ? 382 

52.  What  were  the  events  of  Taylor's  and  Fillmore's  administration  ? 382 

53.  Of  Pierce's? 382-383  54.  Of  Buchanan's ? 383-3*4 

55.  Relate  the  causes  which  led  to  the  "  Great  Civil  War" 384-385 

56.  What  did  the  Confederates  do  before  the  inauguration  of  Lincoln  ? —         385 

57.  What  afterward  occurred  before  McClellan  took  command  ? 385 

5S.  Give  an  account  of  McClellan's  movements 385-3S6-387 

59.  Give  an  account  of  the  operations  in  Missouri 386 

60.  Give  an  account  of  the  operations  in  Louisiana 386 


AMERICAN"    HISTORY-  401 

PAGE 

61.  Give  an  account  of  Lee's  operations  previous  to  1865 —     386-387 

62.  Give  an  account  of  Burnside's  operations 387 

63.  OfPope's 387           64.  Of  Hooker's. 387 

65.  Of  Banks's 387          66.  Of  Rosecrans's 387 

67.  Of  Grant's 386-387-388           68.  Of  Sheridan's 388 

69.  Of  Sherman's 388-389           70.  Of  Thomas's 388 

71.  What  were  the  closing  events  of  the  war  ? 389 

72.  What  had  President  Lincoln  done  in  reference  to  the  slaves  ? 389 

73.  What  can  you  state  of  Lincoln's  character,  acts,  and  death  ?  389 

74.  Name  the  principal  events  of  Johnson's  administration 390 

75.  Give,  as  far  as  you  can,  the  history  of  slavery  in  the  U.  S 379-383-389-39C 

76.  By  whom  was  Johnson  succeeded  in  the  Presidency  ? 390 

77.  Give  the  history  of  Mexico  previous  to  the  discovery  of  America 391 

78.  Its  subsequent  history  to  the  establishment  of  its  independence 391 

79.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  career  of  Santa  Anna 381-382-392 

80.  What  treaty  was  made  by  Mexico  in  1862  ? 392 

81.  What  circumstances  led  to  the  making  of  the  treaty  ? 392 

82.  Give  the  subsequent  history  of  Mexico 392 

83.  Give  the  history  of  Central  America  previous  to  1821 392-393 

ft4.  Give  the  subsequent  history  of  Central  America 393 

85.  What  can  you  state  of  Belize  and  the  Mosquito  kingdom  ? 393 

86.  What  events  in  the  life  of  Columbus  can  you  mention  ?  359-367-368-393 

87.  By  what  right  does  Spain  hold  many  islands  of  the  West  Indies  ? 393 

88.  What  account  can  you  give  of  the  Buccaneers  ? 393 

89.  What  history  can  you  give  of  the  Island  of  Cuba  ? 393-394 

90.  State  all  the  facts  you  can  in  relation  to  Jamaica 394 

91.  Give  the  history  of  Hayti,  or  Hispaniola 394-395 

92.  Give  the  facts  in  relation  to  Toussaint  L'Ouverture 394-395 

93.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  most  prominent  facts  in  American 

history  of  the  15th  ceniury 396 

94.  Name,  in  order,  those  of  the  16th  century 396 

95.  Name,  in  ordei,  those  of  the  17th  century 396 

96.  Name,  in  order,  those  of  the  18th  century 396-397 

97.  Name,  in  order,  those  of  the  19th  century 397-398 


INDEX 


A. 


PAGE 


Abbasides  (db-bas'e-dZz) 152 

Abbe  de  Pleu'ry 302 

Abd-el-Ka'der 319 

Ab'dul  A'ziz 352 

Ab-er-crom'bie,  Sir  Ralph 273 

Aboukir  (aboo-keerr) 310 

A'bra-ham . . .     26 

A-bu'be-ker 150 

Ab-ys-sin'i-a 280 

A-ca'di-a 365 

Ac-ar-na'ni-a 34 

A-chse'an  League 59 

Achaia  (a-ka'yah) 34 

Achaia,  a  Roman  province 61 

Achillea  (a-kil  >lez) 34 

Acre  {a'ker) 208,  210,  310 

Act  of  Conformity 240 

Actium  (ak'she-urri) 100 

Adams,  John 375,  379 

Adams,  John  Quincy 379 

Ad'di  -son 267 

A-dol'phus.  King  of  the  Goths 125 

Adolphus,  Gustavus 327,  338 

A'dri-an Ill,  112 

A-dri-an-o'ple 123,  139 

A-dri-at'ic,  Wedding  the 222 

j33gean  (e-ge'ari)  Sea 31,  39 

^E^os-pot'a-mos 45,48 

JS'li-a  Cap-i-to-li'na 112 

^E-mil'i-us 80,  84 

^E-o'li-ans,  Migration  of 35 

iE'qui-ans 71 

Aetius  {a-e'she-us) . .  126 

^E-to'li-a 34 

iE-to'li-an  League. . . , 59 

Af-ghan-is-tan' 278 

Afri-ca 11, 125 135, 153,  227,  393 

A-gath'o-cles 78 

Age  of  Despots 38 

Agesilaus  (a-jes-e-la'us) 48,  49 

Agincourt  (afin-court) 179, 199 

A7gis 56,  59 

Agnadello  (an-yah-del'lo) 287 

A-gra'ri-an  Laws 70,  86 

A-gric'o-la 110 

Ag-ri-gen'tum 61 

Ag-rip-pi'na 107 

A-has-u-e'rus 32 

Ah'ri-man 33 

Aix-la-Chapelle  (akes  lah  sha-pel')  145 
270,  303,  329 

Ak'bah 151 

Alabama  (al-ah-bah'mah) . .  377,  378,  385 

Al'a-ric 124,125 

A-las'ka 390 

Albany  {awl'ba-ne) 363 

Al-be-marle',  Duke  of 259 

Albert  I 217,219 


PAGE 

Albert  n 218 

Albert,  Prince 278,  280 

Albigenses  (al-be-jen'sdz) 191, 192 

Albigeois  (al'be-zhwah) 191 

Al'bo-in 134 

Alcibiades  (al-se-bf 'ah-dez) 45 

Alciun  (al'kwin) 145 

A-lep'po 138 

Al-ex-an'der  the  Great 51,  53,  54, 55 

Alexander  II.  of  Russia 343 

Alexander  III.,  King  of  Scotland...  171 

Alexander  VI.,  Pope 286 

Alexander  Se-ve'rus 116 

Al-ex-an'dri-a 53,  84, 96, 115, 135,  309 

Al-fon'so  II.  of  Aragon 285 

Al-fon'so  III.  of  Portugal 227 

Alfonso  VI.  of  Portugal 227 

Alfonso  X.  of  Portugal 225 

Alfred  the  Great 157 

Al-ge'ri-a,  Conquest  of 319 

Algiers  {al-jeerz')... 378 

Al-ham'bra  227 

Ali  (ah'le) ....: •. ...  150 

Al-le-man'ni 143 

A11i-a  River 73 

Al'ma 279 

Almagro  (al-mah'gro) .   368 

Al  Mansur  {man-soor') 152 

Alps 80,214,  310 

Alsace  (al-sahsO 297 

Altai  (al-ti0 134 

Al'torf 217 

Alva,  Duke  of 336 

Alyattes  (a-le-at'tez) ,. .    17 

A-mal'fl 224 

A-ma'sis 21 

Am'a-zon 367 

America 270,  359 

America,  North,  147,  234,  241, 258,  271  270 

359 
America,  South.. .  234,  359,  366,  367,  368 
Amerigo  Vespucci  (ah-ma-re'goves-poot'- 

che) a59,  368 

American  Colonies 269,  272,  361 

Am'i-das 360 

Amiens  (am'e-enz),  Treaty  of. . .  273,  311 

A'mir-al-ma 151 

Am'mon 31 

A-moor'  River 343 

Am-phic-ty-on'ic  Council 51,  62 

Am-phip'o-lis 44,  50 

Am'ster-dam 300 

Am'u-rath 139 

An'cus  Martius  (mar'she-us) 68 

An'gles 147 

Anjou  (ahn'joo) 1S7 

An-nap'o-lis 365,  366 

Anne,  Queen  of  England...  263,  265,  266 
Anne  ol  Austria 29b 


404 


IXDEX. 


PAGE 

Anne  Boleyn  (an  bid' en) 235,  236,  237 

Anne,  Duchess  of  Brittany 285,  286 

Anne  of  Clevee 237 

An'son,  Commodore 26S 

Antalcidas  (an-tal' se-das) ,.    48 

Antietam  {an-te'tam) 387 

An-tig'o-nus 57,  58 

Antigonus  Do'son 60 

Antigonus  Go-na'tas 59 

An'ti-och,  founded  by  Seleucus 58 

An-ti'o-chus  the  Great 83,  93 

An-tip'a-ter 51,  56,  57 

Antoinette,  Marie  {an-twah-net')  304,  308 

An-to-ni'nus  Pi'us 112 

Antoninus,  Marcus  Au-re'li-us. .  112,  113 

An'to-ny,  Mark 98,  99,  100 

Ant'werp 336 

A-pol'lo,  Oracle  and  Temple  of 63 

Ap'pi-us  Clau'di-us 72 

A-pu'li-a 223 

Aquitaine  (ak-we-tain') 143 

Ar-a-bel'la  Stuart 245 

A-ra'bi-a 23,  24,  55,  150 

Ar'a-go 319 

Ar'a-gon 193,  224,  225 

A'ram  26 

A-ra'tus  of  Sicyon  (sish'e-on) 59,  60 

Arbela  (ar-be'lah) 54 

Ar-ca'di-a 34 

Ar-ca'di-us 124,  131 

Archangel  (ark-an'gel) 239 

Archimedes  (ar-ke-rne'dez) 78,  81 

Archon's  (ar'kons) 37 

Ardesher  (ard-e-sher') 116 

A-re-op'a-gus 37 

Argentine  {ar-j en-teen')  Republic 368 

Argo 35 

Ar'go-lis 34,  36 

Ar-go-naut'ic  Expedition 35 

Ar'gos 36,  45,  48,  77 

Aristides  (ar-is-tl' dez) 41 ,  42,  43 

Ar-is-to-bu'lus 93 

Aristobulus  II 93 

Aristotle  (ar'is-tot-el) 51 

Aries  (arO 146 

Ar-ma'da,  Invincible 241 

Ar-me'ni-a 92,  96 

Ar-min'i-us 105 

Arnold,  Benedict 371,  373 

Arnold  of  Winkelried  (win'kel-reed)  219 

Artaphernes  (ar-tah-pher'nez) 39 

Artaxerxes  I.  (ar-tax-erx'ez) 32,  43 

Artaxerxes  II 46 

Arthur,  King 148 

Arthur,  Prince 167,  234 

Artois  (ar'twah),  Count  of 318 

As'ca-lon 207 

Ascham,  Roger  (as'kam) 238 

As'dru-bal 81 

Ash'dod 26 

Ashley  River. 365 

Ash'ur 14 

Asia  (a'she-ah) 11,  136,  222 

Asia  Minor 17,  84 

As'ke-lon 26 

As-mo-nte'an  Dynasty 93 

As'pern,  Battle  of 313 

As-syr'i-a 14 

Assyrians 17 


PAGE 

As-tra-chan'  (-kan)  or  As-tra-can' 350 

Astrology 23 

Astronomy 152,  255 

As-tu'ri  as 225 

Astyages  (as-W  ah-jez) '.    17 

Ath'el-stan 157 

Ath'ens 37 

Ath'os,  Mt 39 

At-lan'tic "25,  146 

Atlantic  Cable 280 

At'ta-lus 83,  84 

Attica  (at'te-kah) 34,  37.  41 ,  44 

Attila  {at'te-lah) 125,  126,  220 

Augsburg  (ougs'boorg) 214,  326 

Augustan  Age  of  England 267 

Augustan  Age  of  French  Literature  302 

Au'gustine,  St 360 

Au-gus'tus 104,  105 

Au-gus'tu-lus,  Rom'u-lus 127 

Au-re'li-an 119,  120 

Au-re'li-us,  Marcus 112,  113 

Aus'ter-litz 3 1 1 

Aus-tra'si-a  (she-ah) 143 

Austria 217,  296,  312,  3:30 

Austrian  Succession,War  of,  269,  303,  328 

Avars  (a-varz') 133,  1:34,  145 

Avignon  (ah-ven' yong) .. .   .  192,194,225 
Az'tecs 391,  393 

B. 

Ba'bel H 

Bab'y-lon 13 

Bab-v-lo'ni-a 12 

Ba'con 244,  246 

Bac'tri-a 54 

Baden  {bah' den) 330 

Bag'dad 136,  152,  153 

Bailly  (bahl-ye') 305 

Baj  'a-zet 139 

Bajazet  II 349 

Bal-ak-la'va 279 

Bal-bi'nus 117 

Bal-bo'a 367 

Baldwin,  Count  of  Flanders. . . .  138,  209 

Ba'li-ol,  John 171,  172 

Baltic 176 

Baltimore 378 

Banks,  General 387 

Ban'nock-burn 173 

Bar-ba'does 259 

Barbaric  Monarchies,  Map  of.. facing  131 
Bar-ba-ros'sa,  Frederick,  208, 215,  216,  221 

Barbarossa,  the  Pirate 325 

Barebone,  Praise-God 255 

Bar'low 360 

Bar'net 1 82 

Ba'silll 136 

Bastile  (bahs-teel') 305 

Batavian  Republic 336 

Ba-va'ri-a 218,  269,  330 

Bay'ard,  Chevalier 287,  288,  2*9 

Beauharnais  (bo-ar-na')  Hortense....  320 

Beck'et,  Thomas  a 163,  164,  165 

Bel  or  Be'lus 12 

Belgium  (bel'je-um) 301,  335 

Bel-grade' 328,  350 

Bel-i-sa'ri-us 132,  133 

Belize  (ba-leez') 39.3 

Bel-shaz'zar 14 


INDEX. 


40; 


PAGE 

Be'mis  (or  Bem'is)  Heights 373 

Ben'e-dek,  Marshal 330 

Ben-e-ven'tum 76 

Ben-e-ven'to 224 

Bengal  {ben-gawl') 271 

Ben-ha'dad 26 

Ben'ning-ton 373 

Beresina  (ber-e-ze'na) 315 

Ber'gen 216,  363 

Berkley,  Lord 363 

Ber-lin',  or  Ber'lin 312,  330 

Ber-na-dotte' 339 

Berne 344 

Be-ro'sus 14 

Ber'tha 188 

Bihle,  English 237,  247 

Bi-thyn'i-a .  84,  139 

Black  Prince..  174,  175,  197, 198,  225,  226 

Blackheath 177 

Blake,  Admiral 254,  255,  256 

Blanche  of  Castile  (kas-teel') 192 

Blenheim  {Men' hime) 266,  328 

Blucher  {bloo'ker) 316,  332 

Boeotia  (be-o' she-ah) 34,  59 

Bo-he'mi-a 218 

Bo'he-mond,  Count  of  Tarentum 207 

Bo-les'las 331 

Bolevn,  Anne  (bid' en,  an) . .  235,  236,  237 

BoUhgbroke  (bul'ing-bruk) 207 

Bol'i-var 368 

Bo-liv'i-a 368 

Bo'na-parte,  Napoleon,  273,  274,  275,  309- 
317,  375,  376. 

Bonaparte,  Jer-ome' 312 

Bonaparte,  Joseph 311,313 

Bonaparte,  Louis  Napoleon,  311,  320,321, 
337,  345 

Bon'i-face  VIII.,  Pope 183,  184 

Book  of  Common  Prayer 238 

Bordeaux  (bar-do') 194 

Bor'gi-a,  Caesar 2S6 

Borodino  (bor-o-de'no) 314 

Borussi  (bo-roos'sl) 331 

Bo-rys'the-nes 134,  136 

Bos'po-rus 32,  136 

Bos'ton 361,  362,  369,  371 

Bos'worth  Field 184 

Both'ni-a 339 

Bouillon  (boo-eel-yong'),  Godfrey  of. .  207 

Boulogne  (boo-lone') 320 

Bour'bon,  the  Constable  of 288,  289 

Boyne,  Battle  of  the 264 

Bozzarris  (bot-sar'ris) 353 

Brad'dock,  General 270 

Brad'shaw 253,  258 

Bra-gan'za 346,  347 

Bragg.  General 3S7,  388 

Bran'den-burg 331 

Bran'dy-wine  Creek 372 

Bras'i-das 44 

Brazil  (brah-zeeV) 313,  349,  366,  368 

Breed's  Hill 370 

Brem'en 216,  314 

Bren'nus 59,  73 

Britain 25,  94,  107,  110, 114,  147 

Brit'ta-ny 187 

Brooklyn 371 

Brougham  (broo'am) 276 

Brown,  John 383 


PAGH 

Bruce,  Robert 171,  172,  173 

Bruges  (broo'jis,  or  broozhe) 216 

Brun-du'si-um  (-zlte-um) 95 

Brussels a36 

Bru'tus,  Junius 68 

Brutus,  Marcus 97,  99 

Buccaneers 393 

Bu-chan'an,  George 247 

Buchanan,  James 383 

Buckle  (buck' el) 281 

Buena  Vista  (bwa'nah  Tees' tah) 381 

Buenos  Ayres  (bc/nus  a'riz) 368 

Bulgarians 133,  151,  206 

Bull  Run 385,387 

Bulwer  (bul'wer) 281 

Bunker  Hill 370 

Bun'yan,  John 262 

Bnrgoyne(bur-goin'), General,  272,372.373 

Bur'gun-dy 143,  146,  187 

Burke,  Edmund 273 

Burns 276 

Burnside,  General 387 

Bute,  Lord 271 

Butler,  Samuel 262 

Butler,  General 386 

By'ron,  Lord 276,  277,  353 

Byz'an-tine  Empire 131 

Byzantium  ipe-zan' she-um) 42, 122 

C. 

Cabal,  the  259 

Cab'ot,  John  234,  359 

Cabot,  Sebastian 234,  359,  368 

Ca-bral' 348,  366 

Cabul  (kah-booV) 278 

Cade,  Jack 181 

Ca-de'sia  (she-ah) 150 

Cadiz  (ka'diz) 25 

Caesar,  Julius 93,  94,  95,  96,  97,  98,  99 

Caesars,  the  Twelve Ill 

Cairo  (ki'ro)  153,  309 

Ca-la'bri-a 223 

Calais  (kal'is) 174,  196,  239,  291 

Ca'led 150 

California 381,  382 

Ca-lig'u-la,  Caius 106, 108, 110,  114 

Cal'vin  344 

Cam-by'sSs  21,  24,  29,  31 

Cam'den 374 

Ca-mil'lus 72,  74,  75 

Cam-pa'ni-a 83,110 

Campbell,  Sir  Col'in 279 

Campo  Pormio,  Treaty  of 309 

Canada. . .  270,  278,  303,  366,  371,  372,  380 

Ca-na'ries 25 

Cannae  (kan'ne) 80,  81 

Cannes  (kan) 316 

Cannon 154,  174 

Ca-nos  sa 215 

Can-ton' 280 

Ca-nute' the  Great 159 

Cap'et,  Hugh  (or  kapet) 147, 187 

Capetian  Dynasty 147 

Ca'po  d'Is'tri-a 353 

Cap-pa-do  cia  (she-ah) 84, 118 

Ca'pre-ae  106,108 

Capu-a 81,91 

Car-a-cal'la 115 

Ca-rac'ta-cus. 10? 


406 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Cardinal  de  Retz  (rdtz) 299 

Car-ib-be'an  Sea 393 

Ca-ri'nus 120 

Carlisle  {kar-FUe') 172 

Car'lo-man 144 

Car-lo-vin'gi-an  Dynasty 144,  220 

Car-lyle' 281 

Car-o-li'na 360 

Caroline  of  Brunswick 276 

Carr,  Robert 246 

Car'te-ret,  Sir  George 363 

Car'thage,  29,  77,  78,  79,  80,  81,  82,  85,  86 

126,  151 

Car-tha-sje'na 268 

Cartier  (kar-te-a') 360 

Cas'pi-an 16,  31,  94 

Cas-san'der 57,  58 

Cas'si-mer,  John 334 

Cassius  {kash'e-us) 94,  97,  98,  99 

Cassins,  Spurius 70 

Castile  {cos-ted') 225,  227 

Catharine  de'  Medici  (med'e-che).  290,  292, 

293,  294 

Catharine  of  Ar'a-gon 234 

Catharine  I.  of  Russia 342,  351 

Catharine  II.  of  Russia 342,  351 

Cat'i-llne 93 

Ca'to 97 

Cau'ca-su8 343 

Cau'dme  Forks 75 

Cavaliers 250 

Cawn-pore' 279 

Caxt'on,  William 183 

Cecil  (ses'il),  Lord  Burleigh 240 

Cecrops  (se'krops) 37 

Cel-ti-be'ri-a, (note)    86 

Cel-ti-be'ri-ans 86 

Central  America 392 

Cer'ro  Gor'do 382 

Chad's  Ford 372 

Chaldea  (kal-de'ah) 12 

Chaldees  (kal-dez) 13 

Champagne  (sham-pan.' y a) 187 

Champlain  (sham-plane') 366 

Chancellor  de  THopital  (lo'pe-tat). . . .  292 

Chancellorsville 387 

Charlemagne  (shar'le-mahn)  144, 145, 146. 
148,  152,  213,  220,  221 

Charles  Albert,  of  Savoy 345 

Charles  the  Bold 201,  202,  219 

Charles  the  Fat 146 

Charles  the  Simple 146,  160 

Charles  the  Pretender . . . .  269,  270 

Charles  I.  of  England 247, 299 

Charles  II.  of  England,  253,  254,  257,  300, 

363,  3(54 

Charles  II.  of  Spain 301 

Charles  IV.  of  France 174,  196 

Charles  IV.  of  Bohemia 218 

Charles  V.  of  France 198 

Charles  V.  of  Germany,  235,  2S8,  289,  290, 
291,  325,  346,  350 

Charles  VI.  of  France 198,  199 

Charles  VI.  of  Germany 269,  328 

Charles  VII.  of  France 199,  200,  201 

Charles  VIII.  of  France 285,  286 

Charles  IX.  of  France 292,  293,  360 

Charles  X.  of  France 318 

Charles  XI.  of  Sweden 338 


PAGR 

Charles XII.  of  Sweden....  338,  341,  351 

Charles  XIII.  of  Sweden 339 

Charles  XIV.  of  Sweden 339 

Charles  XV.  of  Sweden 339 

Charles  of  Anjou 193,  224 

Charles  of  Valois  (val-wah') 195 

Charles,  Archduke  of  Austria 313 

Charleston 365,  371,  373,  385,  389 

Chartists 278 

Chatham,  Earl  of 271, 272 

Chaucer  (chau'ser) .-. 176 

Chesapeake  Bay 372,  3S5 

Chesapeake,  the  Frigate 376 

Che  v'y  Chase,  Ballad  of 1 78 

Chick-a-mau'ga 387 

Chili  (che'le) 367,  368 

China 138,  222,  280 

Chinese  Tartary 137 

Chip'pe-wa 377 

Chceronea  (ke-ro-ne'ah) 51 

Christ 9,  105,  123 

Christian  II.  of  Denmark 337 

Christian  IV.  of  Denmark S26,  339 

Christian  IX.  of  Denmark. 340 

Christianity 148,  165,  331 

Christians,  Persecution  of,  107,  112,  113, 
117,  121 

Christina  (k?is-ti'nah) 3:58 

Christina  of  Spain 340 

Chronology 9 

Church,  English 236 

Church,  Greek 137 

Church,  Romish 137,  236,  249 

Chrysostom  (kris'os-tam) 131 

Cicero  (sis>e-ro) 93,  98,  99 

Cilicia  (se-lishfe-ah) 111,118 

Cimon  (si'mon) 43 

Cim'bri-ans  (sim-) 88,  89 

Cin-cin-na'tus 71 

Cinna  (sin'nah) 90 

Cis-al'pine  Gaul 89 

Cisalpine  Republic ■. 309 

Citium  (sish'e-um) 43 

Clairvaux  (clare-vo') 208 

Clar'en-don 163 

Clarendon,  Constitutions  of 164 

Clau'di-us 106, 107,  109,  119 

Clay,  Henry 382 

Cle-ar'chus  (-kus) 46 

Clement,  the  Assassin  of  Henry  III.  294 

Clement  V.,  Pope 194 

Clement  VII.,  Pope 235,  290 

Cle-om'e-nes 59,  60 

Cle'on 44,  45 

Cle-o-pat'ra 96,  99,  100 

Cler-mont' 206 

Clifford,  Rosamond 166 

Clinton,  George 373,  374 

Clisson  (kles'song),  Oliver 195 

Cllve,  Lord 271 

Clon'tarf 165 

Clo-til'da 143 

Clo'vis 143 

Clusium  (Jdu'she-um) 73 

Clyde  (kUde)  River 115 

Cly'tus 54 

Cnidus  (ni'dus) 48 

Cob'ham,  Lord 179 

Cod,  Cape 361,363 


INDEX. 


40? 


PAGE 

Cod-o-man'nus 33 

Co'drns 37 

Colbert  (kol-bare') 299 

Colchis  (kol'kis) 96 

Cole'ridge 276 

Colfax  (kdl'fax),  Schuyler  (ski'ler)...  390 
Coligny  (ko-leen-ye'),  Admiral . . .  292,  293 

Cologne  (ko-lone') 216 

Col-la-ti'nus 68 

Co-lom'bi-a 368 

Col-os-se'um 109,  110 

Co-los'sus  of  Rhodes 150 

Co-lum'bi-a 389 

Columbus,  Christopher.. ..  227,  234,  359, 
367,  368,  393 

Com'mo-dus 113 

Commonwealth,  English 253,  254 

Com-ne'nus,  Manuel 208 

Con'de,  the  Great 299,  300 

Confederation  of  the  Rhine 328 

Confederation,  North  German 330 

Connecticut  (con-net'e-cut) 362 

Co'non 45,  48 

Con'rad  of  Franconia 213 

Conrad  II.  of  Germany 214 

Conrad  III.  of  Germany 208,  215 

Con'stance,  Council  of 218 

Constance,  Peace  of.  216 

Con'stan-tine 121,  122 

Constantine  Palteologus 139 

Constantinople.  122, 132, 133, 135. 136, 137, 
138, 139, 151,  206,  209,  222,  349,  352 

Con-stan'tius  (she-us) 121,  122 

Co-pen-ha'gen 273,  340 

Cor-cy'ra  (c  like  s) . 44 

Cor'day,  Charlotte 308 

Cor'do-va 152 

Cordova,  the  discoverer  of  Mexico. .  360 

Cor'fu 353 

Cor'inth 38,44,48,51,61 

Cor-i-o-la'nus 71 

Co-ri'o-li 71 

Corn  Laws,  Repeal  of 278 

Cornwall 233 

Corn-wal'lis,  Lord. : 272,  374 

Cor-o-ne'a 48 

Cor'si-ca 303 

Cor'tez 360,391 

Co-run'na,  Battle  of 274 

Cos'sacks  334 

Cos-so'va 139 

Costa  Rica  (kos'tah  re'kah) 393 

Covenant,  Scottish 249,  251 

Covenanters 254 

Cov'er-dale  (kuv-) 238 

Cow'per  276 

Cra'cow 334 

Cran'mer 236,  238,  239 

Cras'sus 91,  92,  94 

Crat'er-us 56,  57 

Crecy  {kres'e) 174,  196 

Cre-mo'na 109 

Cri-me'a 351 

Crim'e-an  War 279,  343,  352 

Crcesns  (kre'sus) 18,  29,  39 

Crom'well,  Minister  to  Henry  VIII. .  237 
Cromwell,  Oliver. . .  252,  253,  254, 258,  331 

Cromwell,  Richard 257 

Cro'ton 61 


PAGB 

Cro-to'na 223 

Crusades. . .  137, 161, 166, 170, 189, 205,  216 

Ctesiphon  (tes'e-fon) Ill,  115,  152 

Cu'ba 393 

Cul-lo'den 270 

Cumse  (ku'me) 61 

Cumberland,  Duke  of.. .  269,  270,  271,  277 

Cumberland  River 386 

Cu-nax'a 46 

Cur'few  Bell 161 

Cu'ri-us  Den-ta'tus 76 

Cush 12 

Cyaxares  (si-ax' a-Hz) 16,  17,  29 

Cyn-os-ceph'a-ke,  or  Cyn-o-ceph'a-le 

(sin-) 60,  83 

Cy'prus 42,  43,  150 

Cy-re'ne 61 

Cyrenaica  (si-re-na'e-kah)  61 

Cyrus  the  Great. . .  14, 17, 18,  25,  28,  31,  39 

Cyrus  the  Younger 46,47 

Cyzicus  (siz'e-kus) 62 

D. 

Dacia  (da'she-ah) 119,  1 34 

Dacians Ill 

Dal-ma'tia  (-she-ah) 120,121,122 

Da-mas'cus.  .26, 135, 138, 150, 151,  208,  209 

Dam-i-et'ta 209 

Dan'do-lo 222 

Danes , 157,  158,  159 

Dan'ton 308 

Dant'zic 216 

Danube. .  .32,  59,  111,  119, 123, 134,  351,  352 

Darien,  Isthmus  of 268,  367 

Da-ri'us  Hys-tas'pes 32,  38,  39 

Darius  Cod-o-man'nus 33,  53,  54,  115 

Darnley,  Lord  242 

Da'tis 39 

Dau'phin-y 196 

David,  king  of  Israel 26,  29 

David,  king  of  Scotland. . .    173,  174,  175 

Davis,  Jefferson 385,  390 

De-ca'tur  376,378 

De-cem'virs 72 

Decius  (def she-us) 117 

Dej'o-ces 17 

Delaware 364 

Delaware  Bay  . .  363 

Delaware  River 364,  371 

Delaware,  Lord 361,  364 

Delhi  (del'le)   279 

De  Leon,  Ponce  (dala-dn',  pon'tha).  359 

De'li-um        44 

Del'phi 50,  59,  62,  63 

Delta  of  the  Nile 22 

De-me'tri-us  Pha-le're-us 57 

Demetrius  Po-li-or-cert6s 57,  58,  59 

De  Monts  (da  mong) 365 

De  Mont'fort,  Simon .  191 

De-mos'the-ngs  51,56,99 

Denmark,  146, 147, 148, 158, 263.302,337.339 

De  Quincey 281 

De  Ruyter  (ri'ter) 255,  259 

Der'went  River 160 

Deseze  (duh-saz') 308 

De  So'to 360 

Dettingen  (def  ting -en)  269 

De  Witt 300 

Diaz  (de'az),  Bartholomew 22"! 


408 


INDEX. 


Dickens . 
Dictator 
Dido 


PAGE 

..  281 

. .     69 

..     25 

114 


PAGi 

Edward  the  Elder *°J 

E--al'i-te,  Philip  148,151 

Egbert . . . . .  ■ ■  • -•  •  •  •  •  •  —  •  —  J^gg  ,)3  ,,3 

Egypt,  11, 14, 15,  1^;^  150,  305),  352 

Egyptians,  civilization  of 22 

Eilau  (i'low) °2(. 

Ek'ron "   -<  -t  *• 

El-a-gab'a-lus *Jg 

gj™ .'."&5.816 

££*£  of  QuiOTue'^X^n),  MB,  UK 

El'i-ot,  Sir  John a?*!^ 

EllLabeth'of  Engird;  MB.'  247,  292,  360 

Elizabeth  of  Russia •»» 

Elizabethtown.... 2£ 

El-len-bor'ough,  Lord ^ 

Embalming 115 

|m'e-ea ;;;  ^ 

England  (i«,Vto"^;  »8;  1^^2,353,  360 

English  Justinian •     ' 

E-pam-i-non'das *»i  jjj 


Did'i-us  Ju-li-a'nus 2;0 

Dieskau  (de-es-ko  ) •  •  •  •  •  •  ■ ■  •  .,-.;<:  ;>:>0 

Di'et,  German        . . .  •  -  -  213, 32b,  3g,  gu 

Di-o-cle'ti-an  (-*te-an-) ^  x~* 

Dionysius  (di-o-msh  e-us —  ^ 

Dnieper  (ne'per)  . '  ;340 

Dniester  (nees'ter) n.^ 

Doge  of  Venice 1(J1 

Domes'day  Book. .  -  . . . 1(j  m 

Domitian  (do-mish'e-an) ...  "«<  £i 

Don  Carlos •    •  • o.s 

Don  Carvalho  {kar-val'yo) g* 

Don  Miguel  {jm'gwd) —  °£ 

Don  River......-- *  ggg 

Don  nel-son,  Fort  . ™? 

Dor'ches-ter  Heights •  •   ^ 

Do  ri-ans 34 

D°ris ;;.;'.'.'.  ns 

Douglas m 

Dover 37 

Dra'co ; 241  ,  , 

Drake,  Sir  Francis 315    Eph'e-sus £J 

Dres'den 104  I  Eph'o-ri ja  a4B8"76,  95 

E-Pi'ru*  v  Vil._. ^'      '  . .'  8,  105 


Dru'sus 26-2 

Dry'den " '  ^5  I  Era,  Christian 

Dublin ;••;•,; 302 

Dubois  (du-bwah') jgj 

Du  Guesclin  {ga-Uang') 1»S  » 

Du-il'li"- 


121 


Dumourier  (dt^'-re-a')  .  •  •  •••  ^  gj 

Dun'bar ....'256,258 

Dnn'kirk.  .....••••   '070 

DuQuesne  (fame)... 2.)3 

Durazzo  (doo-rat'zo) J*J 

Dur'ham...   • 2W 

Dutch  Republic *w 

Earl  of  Essex....  .^ 214,251,205 

Earl  of  Lind'say '*.".'.  9ffl 


Earl  of  Mar  . . 

Earl  of  Richmond • •  •  ££  23g 

l(ll«5S*:.:::::ma:aS 


Earl  of 


14S 


East  Anglia 222 

East  Indies 34 

East  Locris ^  152 

E'bro fil  32  54  55 

Ec-bata-na 14'      '     ^3 

Eck  muhl ■  •        • 3^0 

Ecuador  (ek-wah-dor') g» 

E  den-ton 207,  208 

E  des-sa 251 

lg^Nante^^:::::^,3oi,33i 

Edinburgh  {ed'in-WT-ro) 251,  269 

Edmund  Ironside —9, 194 

Edward  I. W  196 

Edward  II. ^  ^  m  m 

Edward  III '  181  232,  233 

EdwardlV xo  '       '  183 

Edward  V. ^  m  240 

ISd  th'e  Confe8soV.V::...159, 160, 161 


Era  of  Martyrs ■.  3n 

Erie,  Lake 15 

E'sar-had'don 14g 

Essex 244 

Essex,  Earl  of • •  "   ..„ 

Eth'el-red,  the  Unready 70  73 

E-tru'ria '  75 

E-trus'cans •  •  ••  •  •  •  ■ •  •  •  'W 'A.   29 

E-thi-o'pi-a 11,  15>  21,  23,  -J4,  *j 

Euboea  (u-be'ah) ^  131 

Kpe  .te.b:  11,54,  142,  152, 153,  »£,  flg 

Europe,  Central  and  Southern .'  213 

European  States ^ 

Eu-ry-bi'a-des 43 

Eu-rym'e-don .'  47,  62,  125 

Eux'ine '        1TO 

i^r!SeofRaWna-:.Vi34;i44-,221 

Eyre  (Ire),  Governor «g 

E-ze'ki-el 2^ 

E'zi-on-ge'ber 32 

Ez'ra 


Fa'b-i-us  Max'i-mus 80^ 

Faineants  (fa-na-wgr) g* 

Fairfax,  Lord 252 

Fairfax,  Sir  Thomas «• 

Fair  Oaks.  Battle  of «2? 

Falkirk  (fawl'kirk) ... . .  •  •  •  • ^' 

Falkland \fawk>land),  Lord gi 

Faroe  (/a'ro)  Islands ^ 

Far'ra-gut,  Admiral ** 

Fat'i-mites,  Kingdom  of 1^ 

Faus-ti'na 04^ 

Fawkes,  Guy  (/aw*,  gnu) v  **» 


IXDEX. 


409 


PAGE 

Fer'di-nand  the  Catholic 226,  286 

Ferdinand  II.  of  Germany 326,  327 

Ferdinand  VII.  of  Spain 318,  347 

Ferdinand  of  Bohemia 326,  327 

Feudal  System 153 

Fill'more,  Mil'lard 382 

Fin'land 331 

Firearms,  commencement  of  use  of,  174 
(note),  232 

Fish'er,  Bishop 236 

Flanders. . .  187, 194, 199, 202,  265, 266, 300 

Flemings 194,  199 

Fleu'ry,  Abbe  de 302 

Fleury,  Cardinal 302 

Flod'den  Field,  Battle  of 235 

Flor'ence 346,  359 

Florence,  First  Duke  of 290 

Florida 360,  378,  379,  385 

Fontenaille  (fon-te-nel') 145,  213,  220 

Fontenoy  (fon-ta-nwah1) 269 

Foth'er-m-gay  Castle 242 

Fox 273 

France. . .  143,  187,  244,  285,  352,  360,  373, 
375,  376,  392 

Franche  Comte  {fransh  kong'ta) 300 

Francis  I.  of  France 288,  325 

Francis  I.  of  Germany 328 

Francis  II.  of  France 242,  291 

Francis  II.  of  Austria 329 

Francis  of  Lorraine 328 

Francis,  Duke  of  Guise  (gweez) 291 

Fran-co/ni-an  Emperors  of  Germany  214 

Frank'fort 241,  329 

Franklin,  Benjamin 373 

Franks 142,  209,  213,  221 

Franks,  Sa'li-an 143 

Frederick  Barbarossa 208, 215 

Frederick,  Elector-palatine 326 

Frederick  of  Austria 218 

Frederick  of  Bohemia 326 

Frederick  the  Great  (of  Prussia) 271, 

329,  332 

Frederick  I.  of  Denmark 339 

Frederick  II.  of  Germany 209,  216 

Frederick  III.  of  Germany 219 

Frederick  HI.  of  Prussia 332 

Frederick  William,  the  Great  Elector  331 

Frederick  William  I.  of  Prussia 332 

Frederick  William  HI.  of  Prussia...  332 
Frederick  William  rv.  of  Prussia. . .  333 

Fredericksburg,  Battle  of 387 

Fre-mont',  John  C 381 

French  and  Indian  War 366 

Friedland  (Jreed'land)  Battle  of 312 

Fro'bish-er 241 

Fronde,  Civil  War  of 299 

Fu'ri-us  Ca-mMus 72 

G. 

Ga'des 25 

Gaeta  {gah-a'tah) 320 

Gage,  General 369,  370 

Ga4a'tia  (she-ah) 59,  84 

Gal'ba 108 

Ga-le'ri-us 121 

Gal-li-e'-nus 118, 119 

Gama  (ghah'mah).  Vasco  da 227 

Gar-i-bal'di 320,345 

Gas'co-ny 187 

l8 


PAGE 

Gas'ton  de  Foix  (fwah).  287 

Gaston,  Duke  of  Orleans 293 

Gates,  General 273,  373,  374 

Gath 26 

Gau-ga-me'la 54 

Gaul 88,  94,  97,  125, 126,  143, 147 

Gauls 59,75,94 

Ga'za 53 

Gelon  {je'lon) 78 

Ge-ne'va 241,  344 

Genoa  {jen'o-ah) 211,  222,  345,  359 

Genseric  (jeti'ser-ik) 126 

Geoffrey  {jef're) 166, 167 

George  I.  of  England 267 

George  I.  of  Greece 353 

George  II.  of  England 269,  365 

George  III.  of  England 271,  275 

George  IV.  of  England 276,  277 

George,  Prince  of  Denmark : . . .  263 

Georgia 268,365,385,388 

Gepidae  (jep'e-de) 134 

Ger-man'i-cus 105,  106 

Ger'man-town 372 

Germany,  105,  134,  144, 146,  188,  213,  287, 

325 

Germanic  Confederation 329 

Gesler  (ghes'ler) 217 

Geta  (Je'tah) 115 

Gettysburg  (ghet-) 387 

Ghent  275,336,378 

Ghib'el-llnes 215,  220 

Gibbon,  a  distinguished  historian. . .  276 

Gibraltar  {jib-rawl' ter) 151,  266 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey 360 

Girondists  (zhe-rond'ists) 307,  308 

Glencoe,  Massacre  of 264 

Glen'dow-er,  Owen 178 

God'frey  of  Bouillon  (boo-eel-yong'),  207, 

221 

Godwin,  Earl 159 

Gon-zal'vo  of  Cordova 2S7 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of,  223,  227,  241,  269, 

348,  367 

Gor'di-an 117,  119 

Gordon,  Lady 233 

Gorges  (gor'jez),  Ferdinand 361 

Go'shen,  the  Land  of 20 

Gos'nold,  Bar-thol'o-mew 360 

Goths,  117,  119,  122, 123,  124,  125,  126, 183 

Gower,  a  distinguished  poet 176 

Grac'chus,  Ca'i-us 87 

Grac'chus,  Ti-be'ri-us 86,  87 

Granada  {grah-nah'dah) 226 

Grand  Alliance 265,301 

Gran-fcus 53,  54 

Grant,  General ....  386,  387,  388,  389,  390 

Gratian  (gra'she-an) 123 

Gray,  a  distinguished  poet 276 

Gray,  Elizabeth 182 

Great  Britain,  312,  316,  352,  369,  374,  375, 

376,  392 

Great  Desert 22 

Grecian  Colonies 39,  6t 

Greece 33,84,124,352 

Greek  Empire 131, 137 

Greek  Fire 135,151 

Greek  Historians 14 

Greeks 35,47,138,  352,353 

Greene,  General 374 


410 


I^DEX. 


PAGE 

Greenland 146 

Greg'o-ry  the  Great 134,  148 

Gregory  VII.,  Pope. . . .  205,  214,  215,  224 

Gregory  X.,  Pope 217 

Grey,  Lady  Jane 2:38 

Guanahani  (gtvah  nah-hah'ne) 393 

Guatemala  (gwah-te-mah'lah) 393 

Guiana  (ghe<ah'nah) 245 

Guienne  (qhe-en')..  163,  187, 190,  194, 196 

Guelphs  (gwelfs) 215,  220 

Guis'card  (or  g/iees-kar'),    Robert,    223, 

224 

Gunpowder,  invention    of,  174,   (note), 

232,  (note) 

Gus-ta'vus  A-dol'phns 297,  327,  338 

Gustavus  Vasa  (vah'sah) 337 

Gustavus  IV.  of  Sweden 339 

H. 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew 262 

Hal'i-doun  HiU 173 

Ha'lys  River... 16,18 

Ham 12 

Ham'burg 216,  314 

Ham-il'car 79 

Ham'il-ton,  Alexander 375 

Hampden  (hum' den),  John. .  250,  251,  261 

Han'ni-bal 79,80,81,82 

Han'o-ver 267,  271,  277 

Han'sa 216 

Hanse  Towns 314 

Han-se-at'ic  League 216 

Haps'burg 217 

Hard'i-ca-nute 159 

Har-fleur' 197,199 

Har'old 159,160 

Harold  Harefoot 159 

Haroun  al  Raschid  (ha'roon  al  rash'id), 

152 

Har'ri-son,  General 376,  377,  3S0 

Hart'ford 362 

Hast'ings,  Battle  of 160 

Hastings,  Lord 183 

Hastings,  Warren 272,  273 

Havana  (hah-va/i'nah) 393 

Hav'e-lock,  General 279 

Haw'kins 241 

Hayti  (ha'tee) 394 

Hay'ti-en  Republic 395 

Haz'a-el 26 

He-gi'ra 149 

He'li-o-gab'a-lus 115, 116 

Hel'las 33,34,61 

Hel-le'nes 34,353 

HeHe-spont 40,  45,  53,  137 

Hen'ghist 147 

Henry  of  Burgundy 227 

Henry  I.  of  England 162, 190 

Henry  II.  of  England: 163, 190 

Henry  III.  of  England 169, 192,  193 

Henry  IV.  of  England 178 

Henry  V.  of  England 179, 199 

Henry  VI.  of  England 180,  200 

Henry  VH.  of  England,  184,  217, 232,  242, 

285,  359 
Henry  VHI.  of  England,  234,  243,  287, 

288,  290 

Henry  I.  of  Prance 189 

Henry  n.  of  France 290 


PACK 

Henry  III.  of  France . .  294,  334 

Henry  IV.  of  France 247, 294,  365 

Henry  I.  of  Germany,  (the  Fowler).  213 

Henry  n.  of  Germany 214 

Henry  III.  of  Germany 214 

Henry  IV.  of  Germany,  214,  215,  224,  244 

Henry  V.  of  Germany 215 

Henry  VI.  of  Germany 167 

Henry  of  Guise  (gweez) 294 

Henry,  Fort 386 

Henry  of  Navarre  (na-var') 294 

Henry,  Prince,  the  Navigator 227 

Hep-tan'o-mis 22 

Heraclidse  (her'a-kli'de) 37 

He-rac'li-us 134, 135, 150 

Her-cu-la'ne-um 110 

Hercules  {her'cu-Uz) 34,  35 

Heristal  (er-is-taV),  Pep'in  d' 144 

Her'mann 105 

Her'od  the  Great 105 

He-rod'o-tus  16,  19 

Hez-e-ki'ah 15,  21,  28 

Hi-ber'ni-a 165 

Hi'e-ro 78,  81 

Hil'de-brand 214,  224 

Hin-do-stan' 278 

Hip-par'chus 38 

Hip'pi-as 38,  39 

His-pan-i-o'la . .  394 

Hogue  (hog),  Cape  la 265 

Ho-hen-lin'den 310 

Hol'land,  265, 269, 273, 300, 301, 327,335,363 

Holstein  (hol-stine') 339,  340 

Ho'mer 35,  38 

Hon-du'ras 393 

Hong  Kong 280 

Ho-no'ri-us 124,  125,  131 

Hood,  General 388 

Hooker,  General 387 

Hor'ace 105 

Horn,  Cape 241 

Hor'sa 147 

Hoshea  (ho-she'ah) 28 

House  of  Commons,  English 170 

Howard,  Catharine 237 

Howard,  Henry,  Earl  of  Surrey,  237,  238 

Howard,  Lord 371 

Howe,  General 971 

Howe,  Lord,  Admiral 241 

Hud'son,  Henry 362,  371 

Hudson  River.. 362 

HughCap'et 147 

Hugh  the  Great 207 

Hu'go 147 

Huguenots  (hu'ghe-not),  292, 293, 294, 295, 
297,  301,  331,  360,  365 

Hull,  Captain 376 

Hull,  General 376 

Hume 276 

Hungary  (hung' go-re)...  218,  328,  343,  350 

Huns 123,  125,  134 

Huss,  John 218 

Hy-das'pes 55 

Hyde  (hide),  Sir  Edward 258 

Hyksos  (hik'sos) 20,  28 

Hyph'a-sis 55 

Hyr-ca-'nus,  John 93 

Hystaspes  (his-tas'pez) 33 


INDEX. 


411 


PAGE 
I. 

I-ax'ar-t6s 54 

Fber-ville 366 

I-be'rus  River . .     80 

Ib'ra-him  Pacha  (pash-aw') 352 

Iceland 146 

I-co'ni-um 137 

Il-li-nois'  {not). 378 

Il-lyr'i-a ...  114 

India. . .  23,  54,  137,  227,  241,  271,  272,  348 

Indiana , 378 

Indian  Mutiny 279 

In'dus  River 32,  55,  94,  278 

Ink'er-mann 279 

Innocent  III.,  Pope 168, 191,  209 

Inquisition 192 

Ionians 32,39 

Ion'ic  Colonization 35 

Ip'sus,  Battle  of 57,  58 

Ireland 165,  249,  254,  264,  274 

Ire'ton ,.' 254,258 

Irkoutsk  (er-kootsk') 311 

Isabella  of  Castile  (kas-teel') . . .    226,  227, 
347,  359 

Isabella  of  England 173,  174,  196 

Is'ra-el 15,22,26,27,  28 

Is-ra-el-ites' 26 

Is'sus 53,  114 

Isth'mi-an  Games 63 

Italy,  61,  67,  77,  80,  127,  132,  133,  134,  146, 
213,  215,  220,  223,  224,  344 

Iturbide  (e-toor'be-tha) 391,  393 

IvanUI 341 

Ivry  (eev're) 295 

J. 

Jack'son,  General 377,  378,  379 

Ja'cob 20 

Jac'o-bin  Club 306 

Jacquerie  (zhak'e-re),  Insurrection  of,  197 

Jaffa 310 

Ja-mai'ca 256 

James  I.  of  England 245 

James  II.  of  England 262,  301 

James  IV.  of  Scotland  233,  235 

James  VI.  of  Scotland 245,  267 

James,  Duke  of  York 259,  261,  363 

James  River 386,388 

James  the  Pretender 267,  270 

Jamestown 246,  361 

Ja'phet 11,  34 

Ja'van 34 

Jefferson 375,  379 

Jefferson  Davis 385,  390 

Jeffries,  Judge 262 

Je-hoi'a-kim 14 

Je-hosh'a-phat 28 

Je-ho'vah 27 

Jemeppe  (zha-mep')  307 

Je'na 312,  332 

Jen'ghisKhan 138, 153 

Jer-o-bo'am '. 27 

Jerome'  Bonaparte 312 

Jerome  of  Prague 218 

Je-ru'sa-lem,  14, 20, 26,  28,  92,  93, 109, 123, 
135,  137,  150,  205,  207,  208,  209 

Jews 15,21,26 

Joan  of  Arc 180, 200,  201 

John  of  England 167, 191 


PAGE 

John  of  France 175,  196,  197 

John  I.  of  Portugal 227 

John  II.  of  Portugal 227 

John  IV.,  Duke  of  Bra-gan'za 348 

John  VI.  of  Portugal 349 

John,  Don,  of  Austria 351 

John  of  Gaunt 177.  232 

John  of  Suabia 217 

Johnson,  Andrew 389,  390 

Johnson,  General 270 

Johnson,  Samuel 275 

Jor'dan 26 

Joseph    20 

Joseph  Bonaparte 311,  313 

Joseph  of  Portugal 348 

Josephine 313,  320 

Jo-se'phus 109 

Josh'u-a 26 

Jo-si'ah 21 

Jo'vi-an 123 

Juarez  (hwahjrez) 392 

Ju'ba 96 

Judah 20,  27,  28 

Ju-de'a 15,  92,  105 

Ju-gur'tha 88,  90 

Ju'li-an 122,147 

Julius  II.,  Pope 287 

Ju'ni-us  Bru'tus 68 

Juuot  (zhoo-no') 312,  349 

Ju'pi-ter 35,  63 

Jupiter  Am  'mon 53 

Jus'tin  n 134 

Jus-tin'i-an 132,  133,  134 

Jutes  {joots) 147 

K. 

Kairwan  (kire'wahri) 151 

Kan'sas 383 

Kar'nak 21 

Kearny  (kar'ne) 381 

Kent 148 

Ken-tuck'y 375 

Kharasm  {ka-rasm') 138 

Khosru  (koz'roo) 135 

Kief  (ke-ef) 340 

Kiel  (keel) 339 

Kleber  (kla-bare') 310 

Knights  Hospitallers  of  St.  John...  207 

Knights  of  the  Teutonic  Order 331 

Knights  Templars 194,  207 

Ko'ran 150 

Kosciusko  (kos-se-us'ko) 335 

Kossuth  (kos-shoof) 330 

L. 

Lacedaemon  (las-e-de'mori) 36 

La-co'ni-a 34,  36,  48,  362 

Lae-vi'nus 76 

Lafayette  (lah-fa-ef) 305,  307,  318 

La  Hogue  {hog) 265 

Lamartine  (lah-mar-teen') 319 

La'mi-a 56 

Lamian  War 56 

Lang'ton,  Stephen 168 

Languedoc  (Ian' g he-doc) ... 191, 192 

LaSalle(saJ) 366 

Lat'i-mer 239 

Latins 67,68 

Latium  (la'sJie-um) 67 


412 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Laud,  Archbishop    249 

Lauenburg  (low' en-burg) 340 

Law,  John 802,366 

Lee,  General 387,  338,  889 

Legnano  (len-yah'no),  Battle  of 216 

Leicester  (les'ter),  Earl  of 169 

Leipsic  (lipe'sik) 315,  327, 329 

Len'thall 250 

Leo,  Bishop  of  Rome 126 

Leo  III.,  Pope  145 

Leo  X.,  Pope 235,  290 

Le-on'i-das  40 

Le'o-poldl 327,337 

Leopold  II 337 

Le-os'the-nes , 56 

Le-pan'to  351 

Lep'i-dus 99 

Les'bos 44 

Leuctra  (look'trah) 48 

Lew-el'lyn lr<0 

Lew'es,  Battle  of 169 

Lex'ing-ton 272,  370 

Lib'ya 86 

Li-cin'i-an  Law 87 

Lima  (le'mah) 367 

Lincoln,  Abraham 383,  335,  390 

Lincoln,  General 373,  374 

Lis'bon 227,  313 

Lith-u-a'ni-a 333 

Little  Harbor 361 

Liv'y 105 

Loch  Lev'en  Castle 243 

Locke,  John 262 

Lo'cris 59 

Loire  (Iwahr) 143 

Lol'lards (n)  178 

Lombard  League 220 

Lombards  134,  144 

Lom'bar-dy 345 

Lon'don 216,259,261 

Lon-gi'nus 120 

Long  Island 363 

Lo-ren'zo  de1  Medici  (med'e-che) 290 

Lor-raine' 202 

Lothaire  (lo-thare') 146 

Lothaire  of  Saxony 215,  220 

Lou'is  le  Deb-on-naire' 145 

Louis  I.  of  Portugal  349 

Louis  V.  of  France  (Le  Faineant)...  147 

Louis  VI.  of  France 189 

Louis  VII.  of  France.. .  163,  165, 190,  208 

Louis  VIII.  of  France 191,  192 

Louis  LX.  of  Frauce  (St.  Louis). . . .  192, 
209,  210 

Louis  X.  of  France 195 

Louis  XL  of  France 201,  285 

Louis  Xn.  of  France 286 

Louis  XIII.  of  France 296 

Louis  XIV.  of  France,  259,  264,  265,  298, 

866 

Louis  XV.  of  France 302 

Louis  XVI.  of  France 272,  303 

Louis  XVII.  of  France  316 

Louis  XVin.  of  France 316,  317 

Louis,  Count  of  Flanders. 199 

Louis  of  Bavaria  218 

Louis  Phil'ippe  (or  loo'e  fe-leep') 318 

Louis,  Prince  of  Conde 292 

Louisburg  (kx/is-burg) 269 


PAGB 

Louisiana  (loo'is-e-ah'nah),  302,  366,  376. 

378,  385 

Lou-vaine' 191 

Louvois  {loo-vwah') 299 

Lu'bec 216,  314 

Lu'can  107 

Luck'now 279 

Lu-cul'lus 92 

Lundy's  Lane 377 

Lune'ville 311 

Lu-te'tia  (she-ah) 143 

Lu'ther,  Martin. ..  235,  237,  289,  325,  342 

Lutzen  (loot'zen) 297,  315,  327 

Ly-cur'gus...; 36,  63 

Lyd'i-a 16,17,18,19 

Lyons 115 

Ly-san'der 45 

Ly-sim'a-chus 58,  84 

Ma-caulay 280,  281 

Mac-ca-be'us,  Judas . .    93 

McClel'lan,  General 385,  386,  387 

Macedon  (mas'e-dori) 58,  139 

Macedonia 33,  49,  58,  59,  60,  84 

Macedonian  Empire 49,  84 

Ma-cri'nus 114 

Madison 376 

Ma-gel'lan 367 

Ma-gen'ta 321,  345 

Magi  (ma-ji) 33 

Mag'na  Charta  (kar'ta/i) 168 

Magna  Grsecia 61 

Mag-nen'tius  {-slie-us) 122 

Mag-ne'sia 83 

Ma'ho-met 149 

Maine 191,192,  361 

Maintenon  {rmin'te-nong),  Madame  de, 

301 

Mal'a-koff 279 

Malcolm  (mal'kum) 161 

Malplaquet  {mal-plah'ka) 266,  328 

Malsherbes  (mal-zdrl/) 303 

Malta  (maul'tah) 350 

Mam'e-lukes 209,  309 

Mam'er-tines 78 

Ma-nas'sas 385 

Ma-nas'seh 15 

Ma-ne'tho 19 

Man'fred 224 

Man-haftan  Island 363 

Mans'feldt 326 

Man-ti-ne'a 49 

Man'u-el 205 

Manuel  Com-ne'nus 208 

Manuel  the  Great 348 

Mar-a-can'da 54 

Maracaybo  (mak-rah-ki'bo) 368 

Marat  (mah-rah') 308 

Mar'a-thon 39,  42 

Mar-eel' 197 

Mar-cel'lus 81 

Marco  Bozzaris  (see  Bozzaris). 

Marco  Po'lo 222 

Marcus  Manlius  72,  74 

Mar-do'ni-us 39,  40,  41 

Ma-ren'go 310 

Margaret  of  Anjou  (ahn'joo),  180, 181,  182 
Margaret  of  Denmark 337 


INDEX. 


413 


PAGE 

Marie  Antoinette  (mah-re'  an-twah- 

net/) 304 

Maria  da  Gloria  (mah-re' ah) 349 

Maria  Louisa 313,  321 

Maria  of  Portugal 348 

Maria  Theresa 269,  328 

Marignano  (mah-reen-yah'  no) 2S8 

Marigny  (mah-reen'ye) 198 

Mar'i-on,  General 374 

Ma'ri-us,  Caius  88,  89,  90,  96 

Mail  bor-ough,  Duke  of  . . .  265.  266.  268 

Marston  Moor 252 

Mar-tel',  Charles 144,  149,  152 

Martyr,  Justin . 113 

Mary  de'  Medici  (med'e-che) 297,  298 

Mary  of  Burgundy 202,  219,  336 

Mary,  Queen  of  England....  238,  239,  291 
Mary,  wife  of  William  HI. ..  263,  264,  265 

Mary,  Queen  of  Scots 242,  243,  244 

Maryland 363,387 

Mas-i-nis'sa 85 

Mason,  John 362 

Massachusetts 249,  272,  361,  362 

Massagetse  (mas-sajfe-te) 31 

Mas-sa'li-a 61 

Mat-a-mo'ras 381 

Matilda 162 

Mau-mee' 375 

Maurice,  Elector  of  Saxony 291,  326 

Mau-ri-ta'ni-a 96 

Mav-ro-cor-da'to 352 

Max-en'tins  (she-us) 121,  122 

Max-i-mil'i-an,  Emperor  of  Germany,  202, 

219,  220,  235,  285,  288,  325,  336 

Maximilian,  Archduke  of  Austria.. .  392 

Max-im'i-an 120,  121 

Max'i-min 116 

Max'i-mus 117 

Maximus,  Pe-tro'ni-us 126 

Mayenne  (ma-en'),  Duke  of 295 

Maz'a-rin 298,  299 

Meaenas  (me-se'nas) 105 

Mec'ca 149 

Mech'lin 336 

Medes 16,18,  29,33 

Me'di-a 16,  17,  31 

Me-di'na 149 

Mee'rut 279 

Mehemet  Ali  (ma'he-met  ah'le) 352 

Me-lanc'thon 326,  343 

Mem'phis 19,  20,  22 

Men'a-hem 15 

Menes  (me'nlz) 19,  28 

Men'schi-koff 342 

Mer'cia  (she-ah) 148 

Mer'o-e 24 

Mer-o-vin'gians  143,  144 

Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a,  13, 14,  111,  117, 118, 121 

Mes-sa-li'na 107 

Mes-sa'na 61,  7S 

Mes-se'ne 60 

Mes-se'ni-a 34 

Mes-se'ni-ans 

Me-tel'lus 88 

Me-tau'rus 82 

Metz 291 

Mexico 321,  360,380,391 

Mexico,  Gulf  of 392,393 

Michigan  Territory 376,  377 


PAGE 

Mi-cip'sa 88 

Mi-cis'las 214 

Mil'an 119,  214,286,288 

Mi-le'tus 39,  61 

Milford  Haven 184 

Mil-ti'a-des 40,  43 

Milton,  John 262 

Min'den 303 

Miraheau  (me-rah-bo') 305 

Miramon  (me'rah-mon) 392 

Mississippi 378,  385 

Mississippi  River 302,  360,  866,  376 

Mis-so-lon'ghi 277,  353 

Missouri 378,  37!),  38(5 

Mith-ri-da'tes 89,  92,  96 

Moawiyah  (mo-ah-we'yah) 151 

Moesia  (me' she-ah) 117,  119,  120 

Mo-ham'med 149 

Mohammed  II 139,349 

Mohawk  River 373 

Mol-da'vi-a 278 

Monck'ton,  Colonel 270 

Mongols 314 

Monitor  (Ram) 386 

Monk,  General 254,  257,  259 

Monmouth,  Battle  of 373 

Monmouth,  Duke  of 261,  262 

Monroe,  Fortress 389 

Monroe,  James 378 

Montcalm  (mont-kam'),  Marquis  of. .  270 

Monterey  (mon-ta-ra'j 381 

Montgomery 385 

Montgomery,  General 371 

Montmorency,  Constable 291 

Moore,  Sir  John 274 

Moors 346 

More,  Sir  Thomas 236 

Mo-re'a 33,  222,  351 

Moreau  (mo-ro'),  General. . .  310,  311,  315 

Mor'gar-ten 219 

Mor'ti-mer 173 

Mortimer,  Edmund 178,  196 

Moscow 314,  341 

Moses 28,  29 

Mosquito  Kingdom 393 

Moultrie  (mole'tre),  Colonel 371 

Moultrie,  Fort 371,  379 

Mum'mi-us 61 

Mun'da 97,  98 

Murat  (mu-rah') 310 

Mur-frees-bor'o,  Battle  of 387 

Musa 151 

Myc'a-le 42 

N. 

Na-bo-nas'sar 13 

Nan'cy 202 

Na'pi-er,  Sir  Charles 278 

Naples... .  214,  223,  224,  285,  2S6,  311,  345 

Narses  (nar'sez) 132,  133,  134 

Nar'va 341 

Naseby  (naze'be) 252 

Navarino  (nah-vah-re'no) 276 

Navarre  (na-var') 187 

Navarrete  (nah-var-ra'ta) 198,  225 

Ne-ar'chus 55 

Ne-bras'ka 383,  390 

Neb-u-chad-nez'zar 14,  21,  25,  28,  29 

Neck'er 304,305 


414 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Ne-ka'o  or  Ne'chos  II 21 

Nelson 273,  310,  340 

Ne-me'a 63 

Ne-me'an  Games 63 

Nena  Sahib  (sah'eeb). 27!) 

Nop' tune 68 

Ne'ro 107,  109,  110 

Ner'va 111,114 

Neth'er-lands 219,  241,  206,  291,  335 

Neu'stri-a 143 

Nev'ille's  Cross 174 

New  Amsterdam 303 

New  Brunswick 365 

Newbury 251 

N  ewcastle 249 

New  England 246,249 

New  France 366 

New  Hampshire    361 

New  Jersey ,  .  363,  371 

Now  Mexico  381,  382 

New  Netherlands 258,  362,  363 

New  Orleans 378,  386 

New  Sweden 364 

New  York 362,  363,  371,  372,  375 

Ney  (««),  Marshal 315,  316,  318 

Nicaragua  (nik-ar-aw' guah) 393 

Ni'ce 122,  137,  138,  206,  207 

Nicholas  I 342 

Nicholas  II .352 

Nicias  (nish'e-as) 45,  78 

Ni-cop'o-lis 218 

Niemen  (ne'men) , 314 

Nile 22,24,273 

Nim'rod 12 

Nin'e-veh 14,  16,  20,  29 

Nis'sa 218 

No'ah 11 

Nor'folk 386 

No'ri-cum 104,  134 

Normandy 146, 160,  161,  223 

Normans 142,  146,  154,  160 

North  America 147,  359 

North  Carolina.  . . .  360,  365,  375,  386,  389 

Northampton 181 

Northern  Italy 220 

Northmen 146 

Norway 337 

Nova  Scotia 270,365 

Nov'go-rod 216,  340 

Nu'bi-a 20 

Nu'ma  Pom-pil'i-us 67 

Nu-man'tia  (she-ah) 86 

Nu-mid'i-a 85,  88,  97 


O. 

Oates  (ots),  Titus 

Cc-ta'vi-a 

Oc-ta'vi-ns 

O'Connell,  Daniel 

O-den-a'tus 

Od-o-a'cer 

O'Donnell 

O  >,de-thorpe,  General 

Ohio 

Ohio  River 

Ojeda  (o-Ua'dah) 

Oliver  Clisson  (see  Clisson). 

O-lym'pi-a 

0-lym'pi-ad,  First 


99. 


119, 
127, 


261 
100 
100 
277 
120 
182 
818 

2fiS 
376 
375 
36S 


35, 


PAGB 

O-lym'pi-as 57 

O-lym'pic  Games 63 

O-lyn'thus   50 

O'mar 150 

Orange,  Fort 363 

Orellana  (o-rel-yah'nah) 367 

O-res'tes 126 

O-ri-no'co  River 359 

O-ri'on 12 

Ork'ney  Islands 212 

Or'loans 200 

O-ron'tes 58,  208 

Os'car 339 

Os-ce-o'la 379 

Os'ti-n 116 

Os'tro-goths 132 

Oth'man 139, 150 

O'tho.  Emperor  of  Rome 108 

Otho  I.,  the  Great 213,  220,  221 

Otho  II 214,  223 

Otho  III 214 

Otho,  Prince  of  Bavaria 277 

Otho,  King  of  Greece 353 

O-tran'to 133 

Ot'ter-burn 178 

Ot'to-car 217 

Ot'to-man  Empire 350 

Ot'to-mans 139,  218 

Ot'way 262 

Ou'dc-narde ....  266,  328 

Oudinot  (oo' de-no) 320 

Ov'id 105 

Ox'en-stiern  (stern) 338 

Ox'ford  157 


Pacific  Ocean 367 

Pac-to'lus 17 

Pakenham  (pak'n-am) 378 

Pa-ler'mo 345 

Pal'es-tlne. . . .  15,  25,  26, 137, 205,  207,  209 

Pal-my'ra 27,  119,120 

Pal-oe-oFo-gus 138,139 

Panama  (pan-a/i-mah') 367 

Pan-no'm-a 113, 114,  119,  134,  145 

Pa-o'li 303 

Paris,  143,  146,  191, 196, 197,  198,  199,  293, 
295,303,   317 

Paris,  Treaty  of 271,  303,  352,  366 

Parr,  Catharine 237 

Par'thi-a Ill 

Paul  the  Apostle 107 

Paul,  Emperor  of  Russia 342 

Pau-sa'ni-as 41,  42,  43,  51 

Pa'vi-a 134,  144,  213,  289,  290 

Pe'kin 280 

Pe-las'gi-aus  or  Pe-las'gl 34 

Pe-la'yo 225 

Pelissier  (pa-lis-se-af) 321 

Pe-lop'i-das 48 

Pel-o-pon-ne'sus,  33,  34,  35,  36,  48,  49,  56 

Pe-lu'si-um  (-z/ie-um) 21,  29 

Penn,  Admiral 256 

Perm,  William 363,  364,  365 

Pennsylvania 364,  371,  3S7 

Pen-sa-co'la 377,  378,  385 

Pep'in  d'Her-is-tal' 144 

Pepin  the  Short 144 

Percy,  Harry 178 


I1S"DEX. 


415 


PAGE 

Per-dic'caa 55,  56,  57 

Per'ga-mus 83,84,87 

Per-i-an'der 38 

Per'i-cles  (-kllz) 43,  44 

Perry,  Commodore 377 

Per-sep'o-lis 54,  55 

Per'seus  (suse) 61 

Persia,  31,  46, 51, 116, 134, 136, 138, 150, 350 

Persian  Gulf 13,222 

Persians 14, 17 

Per'ti-nax 114 

Pe-ru'.- 367,368 

Peter  of  Aragon 193 

Peter  the  Cruel 225 

Peter  the  Great 338,  341,  351 

Peter  the  Hermit 189,  206,  207 

Petersburg 388 

Petersburg,  St 341 

Pe'trarch 225 

Pha-le're-us,  Demetrius 57 

Phar-ua'ees  (sdz) 96 

Phar-sa'li-a 98 

Phil-a-del'phia 364,  370,  372,  373,  375 

Philip  of  Burgundy 198 

Philip,  Emperor  of  Rome 117 

Philip  I.  of  France 167,  16S,  189 

Philip  II.  of  France  (Augustus),  190,  191, 
192,  208 

Philip  III.  of  France 193,  210 

Philip  IV.  of  France 172,  193 

Philip  V.  of  France 195 

Philip  VI.  of  France 174,  175, 196 

Philip  of  Macedon 49,  50.  51 

Philip  II.  of  iMacedon 60,  83,  84 

Philip  II.  of  Spain,  239,  241, 291,  292,  294, 
336,  346,  348 

Philip  III.  of  Spain 346 

Philip  V.  of  Spain 301 

Philip  Van  Artevelde  {ar'te-veld) ....  199 

Phi-lip'pa 174 

Philippe,  Louis  (see  Louis  Philippe). 

Phi-lip'pi 50,  99 

Philippine  ( iil-ip-peen')  Islands 367 

Phil-ip-pop'6-lis 117 

Phil-is'tines 26 

Phil-o-poe'men 60 

Phocion  {fo'she-on) 56 

Phocis  (Jo'sis) 34,  59 

Phoebus  (fe'bus),  Statue  of 150 

Phoenicia  (fe-nish' e-ah) 24,  53 

Phra-or'tes  (-tez) 17 

Pick'ens,  Fort 385 

Pickens.  General 374 

Pierce,  Franklin 382 

Pi-le'ser,  Tig'lath 15 

Pi-sis'tra-tus 37 

Pitt,  William  (elder) 271 

Pitt,  William  (younger) 273 

Pius  VII.,  Pope 313 

Pius  IX.,  Pope 320 

Pizarro  (pe-zar'ro) 367 

Pla-cid'i-a. . 125 

Plains  of  Abraham 270 

Plan-tag'e-net  (-taj-),  Geoffrey 169 

Pla-tse'a : 41,42,44 

Pla'to 46 

Plymouth  (plim'uth) 246,  361 

Plin'y 109 

Plu'tarch Ill 


PAGB 

Po  River 108 

Poitiers  (poi-terz),  175,  197,  198,  199,  200 

Poi-tou  (pwah-too'). : 190, 191 

Poland 134,  333,  342,  343,  351 

Pole,  Cardinal 239 

Polk,  James  K 380,  381,  382 

Po'lo,  Marco 222 

Poltava  (pol-tah'vah) 338,  342,  351 

Pol'y-carp 113 

Pol-y-sper'chon 57 

Pompeii  (pom-pe'yi) 110 

Pom'pey  the  Great,  89, 91,  92, 93, 94, 95, 96 

Po'ni-a-tow'ski 334 

Pon'tus 84,  89,  92,  96,  97 

Pope,  the  distinguished  poet 267 

Pope,  General 386,  387 

Port  Hudson 387 

Port  Royal,  Acadia 360 

Port  Royal,  South  Carolina 365,  366 

Porter,  Admiral 386 

Porto  Bello 268 

Ports'mouth 248,  361 

Por'tu-gal 227,  313,  348,  366 

Po'  rus 54 

Po-tem'kin 342 

Po-to'mac  River 387 

Prae-to'ri-an  Guards 104 

Prague  (prag) 218 

Pres'burg 311 

Pride,  Colonel 252 

Prince  of  Wales,  origin  of  the  title. .  170 

Pring,  Martin 361 

Pro-pon'tis 62 

Protestants 325,  327 

Provence  (pro-vahns') 187 

Providence 362 

Pru'sa 139 

Prussia, 307,  311,  312,  316,  331,  334 

Pruth  (proof)  River 342 

Psam-men'i-tus 21 

Psam-met'i-chus  1 21,  24 

Ptolemy  (tol'e-me) 13,  57,  58,  93 

Ptolemy,  Ce-rau'nus  (se-) 59 

Pub'li-us  Scipio  (sip'e-o) 81 

Puebla  (pweb-lah) 392 

Pul 15 

Pu-las'ki,  Count 373 

Pulaski,  Fort 386 

Pnl-che'ri-a  (-&?-) 132 

Pun'jab 278 

Pu'ri-tans 240,  246,  249,  250,  361 

Pydna  (pid'nah) 61,84 

Pyr-en-ees' 80,  143.  191 

Pyrrhus  (pir'rus) 58,  76,  77 


Quebec 270,  366,  371 

Queen  Anne's  War 865 

Quesne  (kane),  Fort  du 270 

Quin-til'i-an 109 

R. 

Raleigh  (raw'le),  Sir  Walter,  241,  245,  360 

Ra-me'ses  I 20 

Rameses  II 20,  29 

Ramillies  (ram'e-leez) 206 

Ravaillac  (rah-val-yak') ..." 296 

Ra-ven'na 124, 133,  214,  221 

Raymond  VI.,  Count  of  Languedoc,  191. 


416 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Raj-mond,  Count  of  Toulouse 207 

Red  Sea 22,27 

Re-dan' 279 

Re-gil'lus 68 

Reg'u-lus 79 

ReHio-bo'am 27 

Re'mus 67 

Rheims  (reemz) 200 

Rhine  River 94,  143 

Rhodes 140,350 

Rhode  Island 362,  375 

Rialto  (re-awl' to) 221 

Richard  I.  of  England 166,  191,  208 

Richard  II.  of  England 176, 177, 178 

Richard  HI.  of  England 183 

Richard,  Duke  of  York 180,  181 

Richelieu  (resh'e-lu),  248, 297, 298, 326, 327 

Richmond 386,  388 

Rid'ley 238,239 

Rienzi  (re-en'ze) 225 

Rio  de  la  Plata  (re'o  da  lah  plah'tah,  368 

Rio  Grande  (re'o  grahn'da) 381,  882 

Rivers,  Lord 183 

Rizzio  (reet'se-o) 242 

Roanoke  Island 361,  386 

Robert,  Count  of  Flanders 207 

Robert,  King  of  France 187, 189 

Robert  Guiscard  (ghees-kar') 223 

Robespierre  (ro-bes-pe-are'),  307,  308,  309 

Rochelle  (ro-shel') 293,  297 

Rod'er-ick 151 

Roger  1 224 

Roger  II 224 

Roger  Williams 362 

Roland 145 

Rol'lo 146,160 

Roman  Empire 320 

Rome. . .  67, 107, 110, 124, 126,  215, 224,  289 

Rom'u-lus 67 

Roncesvalles  (ron-ses-val'les) 145 

Rosebecque  (rose'bek) 199 

Rose'crans,  General 387 

Ross,  General 377 

Rouen 199,  201 

Roum  (room) 137, 138 

Roxana  (rox-ah'nah) 54,  56 

Ru'bi-con 95 

Rndolf  1 217 

Rudolf  of  Suabia 215 

Run-ny-mede' a  168 

Ru'pert,  Prince 251,  252,  259,  260 

Russell,  Admiral 265 

Russell,  Lord  John 277 

Russell,  Lord  William 261 

Russia 340,  351,  352,  353 

Rye-House  Plot 261 

Rys'wick 265,301 

S. 

Sab'a-cus 24,  29 

Sacred  War  (Greece) 50,  51 

Sad'o-wa 330 

Sa-gun'tum 80 

St.  Albans  (awl'bans) 181 

St.  Au-gus-tine'  (-teen) 148 

St.  Augustine,  City  of. 360 

St.  Ber'nard  of  Clairvaux  (dare-no') . .  208 

St.  He-le'na 317 

St.  John,  Knights  of 350 


PAGH 

St.  John's  River 360 

St.  Lawrence,  River  and  Gulf. .  360,  3(55 

St.  Louis 192 

St.  Mark ,  221 

St.  Marks 378 

St.  Mary's 364 

St.  Patrick 165 

St.  Peter 224 

St.  Petersburg. 335,  341 

St.  Quen'tin,  Battle  of 291 

Sal'a-din 153,  166,  208 

Sal-a-man'ca 274 

Sal'a-mis 40,  43 

Sa'lem 361 

Sa-ler'no 215,223,  224 

Sal'icLaw 174,195,190,  347 

Sa-lo'na .121 

Sam'ar-cand 54 

Sa-ma'ri-a 15,  28 

Sam'nite  War 75 

Sam'nites 75 

Samuel 26 

San'croft . 263 

San  Sal-va-dor' 359,  393 

San'ta  An'na 381,  382,  392 

Sa'por 117,  118 

Saracen  Empire 152,  153 

Saracens 135,  144,  149,  225 

Sar'a-cus 16 

Sar-a-to'ga 272,  373 

Sar-dan-a-pa'lus 16 

Sar-din'i-a,  Kingdom  of 321,  344 

Sar'dis 18,32,45,58 

Sar'gon 15 

Sas-san'i-des •. 116, 135 

Saul 26,  29 

Sa-van'nah 365,  373,  386,  388,  889 

Sa-voy' 344,  345 

Saxe  Co'burg,  Go'tha 278 

Saxe  (sax),  Marshal 269 

Saxon  Hep'tar-chy 148 

Saxons 142,147,148,  213 

Say'brook 362 

Scan-di-na'via 117 

Schwartzenberg    (shwartz' en-berg), 

Prince,  316 

Schweitz  (shwites) 219 

Scinde(sind) 278 

Scipio  (sip'e-o),  Roman  Consul 80 

Scipio,  Lucius  (Asiaticus) 83 

Scipio,  Pub'li-us  Cor-ne'li-us  (Af-ri- 

ca'nus),  81,  82,  83 

Scotland 171, 172,  173,  235,  242,  267 

Scots 112,  115,  147 

Scott,  General 377,382,  385 

Scott,  Sir  Walter 276 

Se-bas'tian  HI.  of  Portugal 348 

Sebastian  Cab'ot 234,  359,  368 

Se-bas'to-pol 279,  3-21 

Sedge  Moor,  Battle  of. 2(!2 

Seine  (sane)  River 146 

Se-ja'nus 106 

Se-leu'cia  (-she-ah) Ill,  115,  152 

Se-leu'cus 58,  84 

Se'lim  1 350 

Selim  II 350 

Seljuk  (sel'yook)  Turks 137,  205 

Sem'i-noles 378,  379 

Sem'pach,  Battle  of 219 


IKDEX. 


417 


PAGE 

Sem-pro'ni-us 80 

Sen-nach'e-rib 15,  21,  28 

Sen'e-ca 107 

Sen-ti'num 75 

Sep-tim'i-us  Se- ve'rus 114 

Serfdom  in  England 176,  177 

Ser-to'ri-us 91 

Ser'vi-a 139 

Ser'vi-us  Tul'li-us 68,  70 

Servile  War ....    91 

Se-sos'tris 20 

Seven  Years1  War 329,  332 

Se-ve'rus,  Alexander 116 

Severus,  Septimius 114 

Seymour,  Jane 237,  328 

Shakes'peare 244 

Shal-man-e'ser 15,  25 

She'chem 27 

Shelly 276 

Shem  11 

Shen-an-do'ah  Valley 388 

Sher'i-dan 273 

Sheridan,  General  388 

Sherman,  General 38S 

She'shonk 20 

Shi'ites 150 

Shi'nar 12 

Ship  Money 248 

Shi'shak 20,29 

Shrewsbury,  Battle  of 178 

Si-be'ri-a 341 

Sicilian  Vespers,  Massacre  of... .  193,  224 

Sicily,  61,  76,  77, 78,  79,  132, 193,  223,  224, 

.344,  345 

Sicyon  (sish'e-on) 38 

Sidney,  Al'ger-non 261 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip 244 

Si'don 52 

Sigismund  (sifis-mund)  of  Hungary,  218 

Sigismund  I.  of  Poland 333 

Sigismund  II.  Of  Poland 333 

Sikhs 278 

Sim'nel,  Lambert 233 

Simon  de  Mont'fort 169, 170 

Sin'o-pe .    62 

Si-wah' 31 

Six  Weeks1  War 330 

Slaves 214 

Sla-vo'ni-ans 133,  214 

Sles'wick 339,  340 

Slote,  Commodore 381 

Smal'cal-de,  League  of 326 

Smer'dis 31,  32 

Smo'lensk 314,333 

Smyr'na 113 

So-bi-es'ki,  John 328,  334,  351 

Social  War  (Greece) 50 

Social  War  (Italy) 89 

Soc'ra-tes  (-ieez) 45,  46 

Sog-di-a'na 54 

Solferino  (sol-fa-re' no)  321,  345 

Sol'i-man,  Sultan  of  Roum 137,  207 

Soliman  the  Magnificent 289,  350 

Sol'o-mon 27,  29 

So'lon 37 

Somerset,  Earl  of 246 

Sophia,  grand-daughter  of  James  I..  267 

Soulouque  (soo-Iook') 395 

.  South  America : . .  359,  366,  368,  369 


PAGE 

South  Carolina,  365,  371,  374,  375,  385, 386 

South  Sea  Scheme. 267 

Spain,  77,  80,  81,  82,  86,  91,  104,  125,  145. 

151,  152,  225,  256,  265,  268,  274,  313,  346, 

366,  367,  368,  378 

Spanish  Netherlands 336 

Spanish  Succession,  War  of . . . .  265,  301 

Spanish  War 86 

Spar'ta. ...  36,  37,  42,  44,  45,  46,  48,  50,  60 

Spar'ta-cus 91,  92 

Spenser 244 

Sphac-te'ri-a 44 

Spire 325 

Spu'ri-us  Cassius... 70 

Spurs,  Battle  of 235,  287 

Stafford,  Earl  of 261 

Stan'is-las,  Augustus 334,  335, 338 

Stanislas  of  Poland 302 

States  General  of  France...  195,  285,  292, 
297,  304 

Steele 267 

Stephen,  King  of  England 162, 163 

Stil'i-cho  (-ko) 124 

Stirling 171 

Stock' ton,  Commodore 381 

Strafford,  Earl  of 248,  249 

Stral'sund 326 

Stras'burg 300,  320 

Stu'art,  Arabella 245 

Stuart  Family 245 

Stuyvesant  (sti've-sanf),  Peter. . .  363, 364 

Suabians  (swa'be-ans) 213 

Su'ez 21 

Sul'ly,  Duke  of 247,  296,  297 

Sum' ter,  Fort 385,  389 

Sumter,  General 374 

Sun'nah 151 

Sun'nites 150 

Supremacy,  Act  of 240 

Su-rat' 247 

Surrey,  Earl  of 237 

Susa  (soo'sah) 32,54,  55 

Sus'sex 148 

Su-war'row,  Marshal 310,  335,  351 

Sweden,  260, 311, 312,;314, 327, 331, 334, 337 

Sweyn  (swane) 158,  159 

Swift 267 

Switzerland 217, 219,  327, 335, 343 

Syb'a-ris 61 

Sylla  (sU'lah) 89,  90,  91,  92,  96 

Syr'a-cuse 45,79,81 

Syr'i-a....  15,  25,  S4,  92,  94, 117,  118, 137, 
138,  150,  205,  310,  851 


Ta'bor,  Mount 310 

Tacitus  (tas'e-tus),  Emperor 120 

Tacitus,  the  historian 110 

Tad'mor 27 

Tal-a-ve'ra 274 

Tam'er-lane 139 

Tan'a-is,  Kiver 134 

Tan'cred 207 

Tara  (tah'rah) 165 

Ta-ren'tum 61,  76,  77,  207,  214,  223 

Ta'rik 151 

Tar'quin  the  Elder 68 

Tarquin  the  Proud 68 

Tar-quin'i-i  (-e-i) 75 


418 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Tar'ta-ry 137,222 

Tau'rus  Mountains 84 

Taylor,  General 379,  380,  381,  382 

Te-cum'seh 376 

Tell,  William 217 

Ten-nes-see' 375 

Tennessee  River 386,  388 

Ten'ny-son 2S1 

Test  Act 260 

Teu-ton'ic  Order  of  Knights 331 

Tewks'bu-ry 182 

Tex'as 380,  381,  382,  385 

Thack'e-ray 281 

Thames  (temz),  Battle  of 377 

Thames  River 259 

Thap'sus 96,  98 

Theb'a-is 22 

Thebes  (theebz)  in  Egypt 22 

Thebes  in  Greece..., , 48,  49,  51 

The-mis'to-cles  (-klez) 41,  42 

The'o-dore.  King  of  Abyssinia 280 

The-od'o-ric 132 

The-o-do'si-us  (-she-us)  the  Great,  123, 124 

Theodosius  II 131, 132 

The-re'sa,  Maria 269,  270,  304 

Ther-mop'y-lae 40,  62 

Theseus  (tlw'suse) 34 

Thes'sa-ly 33,  35,  50, 56,  60 

Thomas,  General 388 

Thot'mes  II 29 

Thotmes  III 20 

Thotmes  IV 20 

Thrace 32,  34,  44,  59, 117, 122,  139 

Thras-y-bu/lus 46 

Thu-cyd'i-des  (sid-) 45 

Ti'ber 116 

Ti-be'ri-us 104,  105,  106, 108 

Tiberius  of  France —  201 

Tiberius  Gracchus 86,  87 

Ticinus  (te-si'nus) 80 

Ti-con-de-ro'ga 373 

Tig'lath  Pi-le'ser 15 

Tigraues  (te-grah'nez) 92 

Tigris  River 14,  121, 131, 150,  351 

Til'ly 326,327 

Til'sit 312 

Ti-mo'le-on 78 

Ti'mour 139 

Tip-pe-ca-noe'  {-nod) 376 

Tir-ha'kah 21 

Tis-sa-pher'nes  (-nez) 45 

Ti'tus 109,  HO 

Titus,  Colonel 256 

To-lo'sa 225 

Tor'bay  ...  263 

Tos'tig 159 

Totila  (tot'e-lah) 133 

Tou-lon' 309 

Tou-louse'  (-loos) 191, 192,  207 

Tou-raine' 195 

Tours  (toor) 144 

Tou'ton,  Battle  of 182 

Traf-al-gar' 274 

Tra'jau Ill 

Tras-i-me'nus 80 

Tre'bi-a 80 

Tren'ton 371 

Triple  Alliance 260 

Tri-um'vir-ate 94,  99 


PAGE 

Troyes  (trwah) 179, 199,  200 

Tu'dor,  Edmund 232 

Tudor,  Henry 183,  184 

Tuilleries  (tweel're) 307,  318 

Tul'lus  Hos-til'i-us 67 

Tu'nis 193,210 

Turgot  (toor-goO 303 

Turenne  (tu-ren'),  Marshal 298,300 

Tu'rin 266 

Turkey. . . .  279,  325,  338,  342,  349,  351, 352 

Tur-kis-tan' 343 

Turks,  Ottoman 137,  352 

Turks,  Seljuk 137 

Tus'ca-ny 67 

Tus'cu-lum 68 

Ty'burn 234 

Ty'ler,  John 380 

Tyler,  Wat 176,  177 

Tyn'dale,  William 238 

Tyne(^ra?) 249 

Tyre  (tire) 25,  27,  29,  53 

U. 

Ulm 311 

Um'bri-a 75,82 

Union  of  England  and  Scotland 267 

United  Statefe 275,  366,  369 

Unterwalden  (oon'ter-wal-deri) 219 

Ur 13 

Ur'ban  EL,  Pope 206 

Uri  (oo're) 219 

Uruguay  (oo'roo-gwl) -. 368 

U'ti-ca 25,  82,  85,  96 

U'trecht,  Treaty  of 266,  301,  366 

V. 

Va'lens 123 

Val-en-tin'i-an  1 123 

Valentinian  II 123 

Valentinian  HI 125, 126, 147 

Val-div'i-a 368 

Va-le'ri-an 117, 118,  119 

Van  Ar'te-velde,  Philip 199 

VanBu'ren,  Martin 380 

Vane,  Sir  Henry 251 

Van  Tromp,  Admiral 255 

Var'ro 80 

Va'rus 105 

Vas'co  da  Gama  (gah'mah) 348 

Vauban  (vo-bahng') 300 

Veii  (ve'yi) 72 

Ven'a-bles,  Admiral 256 

Ven'e-ti 126,  '220 

Ven-e'tia  (she-ah) 345 

Ve-ne'tians  (she-ans) 351 

Ven'ice. . .  214,  220,  235,  286,  287,  309,  350 

Venezuela  (ven-e-zwa'lah) 368 

Vera  Cruz 382 

Vergniaud  (varn'yo) 308 

Vermont 375 

Vernon,  Admiral 268 

Vernon,  Mount 375 

Ve-ro'na 124,  214 

Verrazzani  (ver-rat-tsah'ne) 360 

Ver-sailles' 304 

Ve'rus  Lucius 113 

Ves-pa'si-an  (she-ari) 109, 110 

Vespucci,  Amerigo  (ves-poot'che,  ah- 

ma-re'go,  359,  368 


INDFX. 


419 


PAGE 

Ve-su'vi-us 91,  110 

Vicks'burg 387 

Victor  Emanuel 345 

"Victoria,  Queen  277 

Vienna  (v&en'nah),  113,  316, 328,  329, 334, 
340,  350,  351 

Villa  Franca 321 

Villiers  (vil'yerz),  George 206 

Vimeira  (ve-ma' e-rah) 274 

Vin-do-bo'na 113 

Vin-de-li'cia  (-lish'e-ah) 104 

Virgil 105 

Vir-gin'i-a  . .    241,  360,  361,  365,  370,  386 

Vir-i-a'tus      36 

Vi-tel'li-us 108,  109 

Vit-to'ri-a 274 

Vol'e-ro,  Law  of 70 

Vol'ga 350 

Vol'sci-ans  (she-ans) 71 

Vol-taire' 305,  332 

W. 

Wa'gram 313,  314,  330 

WaKe'field,  Battle  of 181 

Wales 147,162,  170 

Wallace,  William 171 

Wal-la'chi-a  (-ke-ah) 278 

Wal'len-stein  (stine) 326,  327 

Wal'pole,  Sir  Robert 268 

W;ri'^ing-ham,  Sir  Francis 240 

Wal'ter  the  Pennyless 206 

Wal'worth 177 

War'beck,  Perkin 233,  234 

War'saw 335 

Warwick  (war'rik),  Earl  of,  180,  181, 182 

Washington  City,  375,  377,  385,  386,  3S7 

Washington,  George,  272,  370,  371,  372, 

373  375 

Waterloo,  Battle  of 275,'  317 

Wayne,  General 375 

Wel'les-ly,  Sir  Arthur,  (274,275, 313,  316, 
Wel'ling-ton,  Duke  of,  f  317 

Went'worth,  Sir  Thomas 247,  248 

We'ser 45 

Wes'sex 148 

West  Indies 359,  393 

WestLo'cris 34 

West-pha'li-a 298 

Wick4iffe,  John 176,178 


PAGE 

William,  Duke  of  Normandy 160 

William  I.  of  England  (the  Conqueror), 

160, 189 
William  II.  of  England  (Rufus),  161,  189 
William  III.  of  England,  263,  264,  265, 

300,  336 

William  TV.  of  England 277 

William  III.  of  Holland 337 

William  the  Silent 336 

William  and  Mary 26 1 

Williams,  Roger 362 

Wind'ham 273 

Wind'sor 362 

Win'kel-ried  (-reed),  Arnold  of 219 

Wolfe,  General 270,  366 

Wolsey,  Thomas  (Cardinal)..  234,  235, 

236.  288 
Worcester  (woos'ter),  Battle  of..  254,  256 

Words'worth 276 

Wur'tem-berg 330 

Wy'att,  Sir  Thomas 238 

Wycherly  Switch' er-le) 262 

X. 

Xan-thip'pus 79 

Xen'o-phon 16,  45,  46,  47 

Xerxes  I.  (zerx'ees) 32,  40,  42,  54 

Ximenes  (Jie-ma'nez) 346 


York,  City  of 115, 121,  180,  252 

York,  Duke  of  (James)..  259,  260, 261,  363 

York  River 386 

Young 276 


Zacb/a-ry,  Pope 144 

Zama  (za'mah) 82 

Zed-e-ki'ah 14,  28 

Ze/la 96 

Ze'no 132 

Ze-no'bi-a 119,  120 

Zen'ta 328 

Zinrts-ces  (sez) 136 

Zis'ca,  John 218 

Zoll'ver-ein  (-ine) 333 

Zo-ro-as'ter 33 

Zu'rich 343 

Zwingle 343,  344 


54  J;!  94 


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